视知觉学习对于识别动态随机点立体图深度运动方向的作用

立体视觉不仅指对静态深度信息的感知,也包括对物体在三维空间中的运动方向的判断。本研究记录了人眼对于动态随机点图运动方向的辨别能力以及视觉训练在提高对动态信息分辨能力的作用。实验结果表明,对于没有任何相关经验的视力正常的受试者,很难分辨出动态随机点的深度运动方向,而视觉训练可以大大提高人眼对物体深度运动方向判断的敏感度。此外,这种视觉训练所达到的效果具有较长时间的持续性（至少6个月）。这种通过视觉训练提高受试者对立体运动信息的敏感度的方式为立体视觉相关的实验和研究提供了新的视角。     

二阶运动条件下闪现滞后现象的研究

闪现滞后现象(flash—lag effect)是指运动物体旁闪现的物体在知觉中物体落后于运动物体的现象。对这个现象,有一种解释认为视网膜上对运动刺激的外推机制对闪现滞后现象有相当的贡献．用视网膜外推机制不再有效的二阶运动刺激取代前人实验中的一阶运动刺激来研究闪现滞后现象,发现在视网膜推断机制失效的情况下,闪现滞后现象并没有减小,而是和一阶运动刺激条件下的量相当。结果表明,视网膜上的加工机制并不是闪现滞后现象的主要原因,并提示闪现滞后现象的机制可能位于一、二阶运动加工通道的汇合阶段以上。     

视知觉学习对于识别动态随机点立体图深度运动方向的作用（英文）

立体视觉不仅指对静态深度信息的感知,也包括对物体在三维空间中的运动方向的判断.本研究记录了人眼对于动态随机点图运动方向的辨别能力以及视觉训练在提高对动态信息分辨能力的作用.实验结果表明,对于没有任何相关经验的视力正常的受试者,很难分辨出动态随机点的深度运动方向,而视觉训练可以大大提高人眼对物体深度运动方向判断的敏感度.此外,这种视觉训练所达到的效果具有较长时间的持续性(至少6个月).这种通过视觉训练提高受试者对立体运动信息敏感度的方式,为立体视觉相关的实验和研究提供了新的视角.     

猫对方位辨别的知觉学习

观察了猫对光栅方位辨别的知觉学习。两只成年猫(cat1和cat2)先单眼辨别方位差为30度角的两个正弦光栅以获得食物奖赏。当辨别正确率达80%以上后,猫开始学习用单眼辨别夹角连续变化的两个正弦光栅,采用二进一递进训练方法(two-correct down/one-error up staircase method,即猫连续两次辨别正确,则待辨别的两个光栅的方位差降低为原来的0.9倍;如果辨别错误一次,则方位差增加至原来的1.1倍)追踪猫可辨别的光栅方位差。在训练前后分别检测训练眼和非训练眼对不同方位差(2°,4°,6°,8°,10°,12°,16°,20°,24°,30°)光栅辨别的正确率。结果显示:对于固定方位差光栅的辨别学习,学习效果能完全传递给非训练眼;但对方位差连续减小的光栅辨别,两眼间几乎没有传递。提示固定方位角和连续变化方位角光栅的辨别学习可能由不同的信息处理机制介导。     

猫对方位辨别的知觉学习

观察了猫对光栅方位辨别的知觉学习。两只成年猫(cat 1和cat 2)先单眼辨别方位差为30度角的两个正弦光栅以获得食物奖赏。当辨别正确率达80%以上后，猫开始学习用单眼辨别夹角连续变化的两个正弦光栅，采用二进一递进训练方法(two-correct down/one-error up staircase method，即猫连续两次辨别正确，则待辨别的两个光栅的方位差降低为原来的0.9倍；如果辨别错误一次，则方位差增加至原来的1.1倍)追踪猫可辨别的光栅方位差。在训练前后分别检测训练眼和非训练眼对不同方位差(2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, 10°, 12°, 16°, 20°, 24°, 30°)光栅辨别的正确率。结果显示：对于固定方位差光栅的辨别学习，学习效果能完全传递给非训练眼；但对方位差连续减小的光栅辨别，两眼间几乎没有传递。提示固定方位角和连续变化方位角光栅的辨别学习可能由不同的信息处理机制介导。     

特定方位的光栅识别学习不改变猫外膝体背核神经元的方位敏感性

视觉信号识别训练可改变视觉通路神经元的可塑性, 其神经机制尚不清楚。已有少数研究显示, 动物(猴) 长时间进行特定方位的光栅识别学习后, 视皮层部分神经元对视觉刺激的反应表现出与学习任务相关的敏感性变化。这种敏感性变化是否亦存在于皮层下结构尚无报道。本实验训练两只成年猫分别进行水平和垂直方位的条形静止正弦光栅的识别以获得食物奖赏, 两只猫的行为识别能力逐渐提高, 4 个多月后识别的正确率达85%以上, 用与训练方位垂直的正弦光栅检测发现, 识别正确率明显下降。细胞外记录外膝体背核(Dorsal lat eral geniculate nucleus, dLGN) 神经元对不同方位正弦光栅刺激的反应显示, 与正常猫相比, 训练猫外膝体细胞的最优方位并未向着训练方位发生明显改变, 对于感受野位于中央区15度视角以内的细胞来说, 其方位选择性强度以及在训练方位的发放强度与正常猫无明显差异。以上结果表明, 猫对特定方位的光栅识别学习不改变外膝体神经元的方位敏感性, 其行为上方位识别特异性的提高可能与视皮层细胞的方位编码可塑性有关。     

生物运动识别的信息加工机制

识别其他生物体的运动对于个体的生存和社会交互都有极为重要的意义.本文首先基于生物运动识别的行为学、心理物理学、脑损伤和精神障碍研究介绍了生物运动识别的一些特性和影响因素;然后基于神经影像学、脑损伤和神经电生理学研究从视觉系统背腹侧双通路加工的角度,梳理了其信息加工机制的进展;最后对生物运动识别信息加工神经机制的研究方向提出了一点建议,并指出研究过程中需要注意的问题.     

运动观察与运动想象的皮层节律活动与神经生理机制

研究证实,运动观察与运动想象对大脑的激活有利于中风后的运动功能再学习,可用于探索人类行为过程中大脑的神经机制.为对比分析运动观察和运动想象时皮层神经元的活动特征,选取10名健康被试,采集每名被试在运动观察和运动想象时特定手部抓握动作模式下的脑电信号(EEG);引入Gabor滤波器对感觉运动区和视觉区的EEG进行时频能量谱估计,并在此基础上对EEG进行事件相关去同步/同步化(ERD/ERS)分析;最后建立ERDI(ERD index)指标对左手和右手进行模式分类并量化比较运动观察与运动想象.研究结果表明,运动观察与运动想象类似,均激活大脑感觉运动皮层,并且运动想象产生对侧主导的α和βERD;基于ERDI指标的运动想象左右手识别正确率高于运动观察分类正确率;此外,运动观察过程还同时伴随视觉皮层活动,使β节律能量产生显著衰减.本研究为运动观察和运动想象在临床康复训练以及脑机接口领域的应用提供了神经生理基础和实现途径.     

运动结构背景对视觉系统神经元反应的调制作用

对蟾蜍的５６个视顶盖神经元的视觉反应进行了定量考察和分析,发现它们不仅对黑目标起反应,也对结构目标起反应．同相运动的结构背景使５３．５％的神经元的反应完全抑制,而异相运动则只有１０％的神经元完全被抑制,却有２１．６％的神经元反应增强．遮盖感受野（ＲＦ）中心区,则同相运动使某些细胞脱抑制,而异相运动使其抑制强度稍有增强．遮盖ＲＦ的外周区,几乎全部研究过的神经元对结构背景运动本身也起反应。本研究还发现,如果预先将一目标放在兴奋性感受野（ＥＲＦ）中央静止不动,并使结构背景在水平方向匀速移动较长时间后突然停止运动,则被研究过的６６个视盖神经元中有２９个发放一串脉冲,即神经元的运动后放电．各个神经细胞放电的脉冲多寡不一。若在ＥＲＦ中央不放置静止目标,仅是结构背景的水平运动不能诱发放电．此效应的出现,既与目标背景间反差符号（即目标为白色或黑色）无关,也与背景的运动方向无关。为诱发这一效应,不仅要求背景运动时间较长（至少在２０秒以上）,而且目标的面积要有足够大。     

基于脑电四阶累积量的运动意识分类研究

提出了基于四阶累积量为脑电特征的意识任务分类思想.对被测试者想象左右手运动时的脑电归一化四阶累积量（峭度）及其动态变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,归一化四阶累积量能较好地反映左右手运动想象的脑电特征变化.在此基础上,进行了基于脑电四阶累积量的左右手运动意识识别和分类研究,实验结果表明,正确识别率能达到87.5%.由于四阶累积量的计算比较简单,而且可在线计算,因此可以认为,基于脑电四阶累积量为特征的运动意识分类及其在脑机接口技术中的应用,具有较高的实际应用价值.     

Comparison of sensitivity to first- and second-order local motion in 5-year-olds and adults

We compared sensitivity to first- versus second-order motion in 5-year-olds and adults tested with stimuli moving at slower (1.5 degrees s(-1)) and faster (6 degrees s(-1)) velocities. Amplitude modulation thresholds were measured for the discrimination of the direction of motion (up vs. down) for luminance-modulated (first-order) and contrast-modulated (second-order) horizontal sine-wave gratings. At the slower velocity (1.5 degrees s(-1)), the differences in threshold between 5-year-olds and adults were small but significant for both first- and second-order stimuli (0.02 and 0.05 log units worse than adults' thresholds, respectively). However, at the faster velocity (6 degrees s(-1)), the differences in threshold between the children and adults were 8 times greater for second-order motion than for first-order motion. Specifically, children's thresholds were 0.16 log units worse than those of adults for second-order motion compared to only 0.02 log units worse for first-order motion. The different pattern of results for first-order and second-order motion at the faster velocity (6 degrees s(-1)) is consistent with models positing different mechanisms for the two types of motion and suggests that those mechanisms mature at different rates.     

Processing Deficits of Motion of Contrast-Modulated Gratings in Anisometropic Amblyopia

Several studies have indicated substantial processing deficits for static second-order stimuli in amblyopia. However, less is known about the perception of second-order moving gratings. To investigate this issue, we measured the contrast sensitivity for second-order (contrast-modulated) moving gratings in seven anisometropic amblyopes and ten normal controls. The measurements were performed with non-equated carriers and a series of equated carriers. For comparison, the sensitivity for first-order motion and static second-order stimuli was also measured. Most of the amblyopic eyes (AEs) showed reduced sensitivity for second-order moving gratings relative to their non-amblyopic eyes (NAEs) and the dominant eyes (CEs) of normal control subjects, even when the detectability of the noise carriers was carefully controlled, suggesting substantial processing deficits of motion of contrast-modulated gratings in anisometropic amblyopia. In contrast, the non-amblyopic eyes of the anisometropic amblyopes were relatively spared. As a group, NAEs showed statistically comparable performance to CEs. We also found that contrast sensitivity for static second-order stimuli was strongly impaired in AEs and part of the NAEs of anisometropic amblyopes, consistent with previous studies. In addition, some amblyopes showed impaired performance in perception of static second-order stimuli but not in that of second-order moving gratings. These results may suggest a dissociation between the processing of static and moving second-order gratings in anisometropic amblyopia.     

Binocular Combination of Second-Order Stimuli

Phase information is a fundamental aspect of visual stimuli. However, the nature of the binocular combination of stimuli defined by modulations in contrast, so-called second-order stimuli, is presently not clear. To address this issue, we measured binocular combination for first- (luminance modulated) and second-order (contrast modulated) stimuli using a binocular phase combination paradigm in seven normal adults. We found that the binocular perceived phase of second-order gratings depends on the interocular signal ratio as has been previously shown for their first order counterparts; the interocular signal ratios when the two eyes were balanced was close to 1 in both first- and second-order phase combinations. However, second-order combination is more linear than previously found for first-order combination. Furthermore, binocular combination of second-order stimuli was similar regardless of whether the carriers in the two eyes were correlated, anti-correlated, or uncorrelated. This suggests that, in normal adults, the binocular phase combination of second-order stimuli occurs after the monocular extracting of the second-order modulations. The sensory balance associated with this second-order combination can be obtained from binocular phase combination measurements.     

Baboons (Papio papio) spontaneously process the first-order but not second-order configural properties of faces

A two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task was used to assess whether baboons (N=7) spontaneously process qualitative (i.e., first-order) or quantitative (i.e., second-order) variations in the configural arrangement of facial features. Experiment 1 used as test stimuli second-order pictorial faces of humans or baboons in which the mouth and the eyes were rotated upside down relative to the normal face. Baboons readily discriminated two different normal faces but did not discriminate a normal face from its second-order modified version. Experiment 2 used human or baboon faces for which the first-order configural properties had been distorted by reversing the location of the eyes and mouth within the face. Discrimination was prompt with these stimuli. Experiment 3 replicated some of the conditions and the results of experiment 1, thus ruling out possible effects of learning. It is concluded that baboons are more adept at spontaneously processing first- than second-order configural facial properties, similar to what is known in the human developmental literature.     

Motions Add,Orientations Don’t,in the Human Visual System

Humans can distinguish between contours of similar orientation, and between directions of visual motion. There is consensus that both of these capabilities depend on selective activation of tuned neural channels. The bandwidths of these tuned channels are estimated here by modelling previously published empirical data. Human subjects were presented with a rapid stream of randomly oriented gratings, or randomly directed motions, and asked to respond when they saw a target stimulus. For the orientation task, subjects were less likely to respond when two preceding orientations were close to the target orientation but differed from each other, presumably due to a failure of summation. For the motion data, by contrast, subjects were more likely to respond when the vector sum of two previous directions was in the target direction. Fitting a cortical signal-processing model to these data showed that the direction bandwidth of motion sensors is about three times the bandwidth of orientation sensors, and that it is the large bandwidth that allows the summation of motion stimuli. The differing bandwidths of orientation and motion sensors presumably equip them for differing tasks, such as orientation discrimination and estimation of heading, respectively.     

Adaptive computational models of fast learning of motion direction discrimination

In a previous study, we found that subjects' performance in a task of direction discrimination in stochastic motion stimuli shows fast improvement in the absence of feedback and the learned ability is retained over a period of time. We model this learning using two unsupervised approaches: a clustering model that learns to accommodate the motion noise, and an averaging model that learns to ignore the noise. Extensive simulations with the models show performance similar to psychophysical results.     

复合运动条纹刺激下的视动震颤（OKN）眼动反应

研究视动震颤眼动系统在同时包含两个二维运动的复合运动条纹刺激下的反应特性,并探讨两种子条纹运动方向的夹角和运动速度的影响。实验结果发现,在一定参数范围内,复合运动条纹引起了双重交替ＯＫＮ反应,即ＫＯＮ交替地跟踪合成运动和分别运动;在跟踪分别运动中,又是交替地跟踪两种子条纹的运动。     

Dichoptic plaids may rival, but their motions can integrate

When the eyes view incompatible images, binocular rivalry usually results: image constituents in corresponding parts of the monocular visual fields are not perceived simultaneously. We asked naive undergraduates to view dichoptic, dioptic, and monoptic plaids. The dichoptic images evoked strong binocular rivalry when contrast was high, especially if the component gratings were set in motion. Nevertheless, the subjects' visual systems integrated the motion information across the two eyes, producing a unitary motion percept that did not reflect the image in either eye alone. By manipulating the relative spatial scale of the gratings, we affected how well the motion cohered: the results were remarkably similar between dichoptic and traditional dioptic plaids. By manipulating the relative speed of the gratings, we systematically affected the perceived direction of motion of the plaids; these results were also remarkably similar for dichoptic and dioptic plaids. Thus, the motion analysis of dichoptic and dioptic plaids is proceeding according to very similar rules, even though the dichoptic images are incompatible and evoke binocular rivalry.     

Receptive field mechanisms of cat X and Y retinal ganglion cells

We investigated receptive field properties of cat retinal ganglion cells with visual stimuli which were sinusoidal spatial gratings amplitude modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. Neural responses were analyzed into the Fourier components at the input frequencies and the components at sum and difference frequencies. The first-order frequency response of X cells had a marked spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence which could be explained in terms of linear interactions between center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field. The second-order frequency response of X cells was much smaller than the first-order frequency response at all spatial frequencies. The spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence of the first-order frequency response in Y cells in some ways resembled that of X cells. However, the Y first-order response declined to zero at a much lower spatial frequency than in X cells. Furthermore, the second-order frequency response was larger in Y cells; the second-order frequency components became the dominant part of the response for patterns of high spatial frequency. This implies that the receptive field center and surround mechanisms are physiologically quite different in Y cells from those in X cells, and that the Y cells also receive excitatory drive from an additional nonlinear receptive field mechanism.