替换HIV-1衣壳蛋白基因SHIV的构建及其活性测定

将猴免疫缺陷病毒(Simianimmunodeficiencyvirus,SIVmm239)中gag基因的衣壳蛋白部分置换成人免疫缺陷病毒(Humanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1,HIV-1HXBc2)的相应部分,构建出替换了衣壳蛋白基因的人/猿嵌合免疫缺陷病毒(SHIV)原病毒DNA。用此SHIV原病毒DNA转染293T细胞,细胞中能够检测到嵌合病毒基因的转录与翻译;在细胞培养液上清中亦可检测到装配出的病毒颗粒。病毒颗粒形态正常,含有基因组RNA,具有反转录酶活性,嵌合的外源衣壳蛋白能够正确剪切,形成棒状的核心。将此嵌合SHIV病毒感染MT4细胞,病毒能够吸附并进入细胞,能完成反转录过程,但不能增殖。     

HIV-1衣壳蛋白的结构研究进展及应用策略分析

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)已在全球蔓延并且出现了耐药性,急需开发新的高效、低毒的抗艾滋病药物和新的治疗策略。衣壳蛋白(CA)在HIV病毒颗粒的组装、成熟过程中的作用举足轻重,其单体主要由N端区域(NTD)和C端区域(CTD)组成。近年来HIV衣壳蛋白的空间精细结构得到了解析。本文总结了HIV衣壳蛋白在X射线晶体衍射技术下的空间结构特征,分别介绍了CA的NTD-NTD、NTD-CTD和CTD-CTD界面处的结构特征。本文也分析了基于HIV CA结构的AIDS治疗方法,并结合Crispr/Cas9基因编辑技术阐述了以CA为靶点的AIDS治疗新策略。     

携带GFP发光基因人猴嵌合免疫缺陷病毒SHIV的构建及活性检测

目的获得正常感染宿主细胞并稳定表达绿色荧光的SHIV毒株,为后期建立发光SHIV/恒河猴感染模型奠定基础。方法通过分子克隆手段,将绿色荧光蛋白基因克隆到携带HIV-1包膜蛋白的SHIV病毒全基因组中,并在细胞水平检测各毒株的感染活性及荧光蛋白表达能力。结果得到一株可表达绿色荧光蛋白的病毒株SHIV-KB9nefGFP,并具有感染TZM-bl细胞系及猴PBMC的能力。结论该毒株在宿主细胞恒河猴PBMC中具有一定复制能力,希望通过后续的猴体内传代实验获得毒力更强的发光病毒。     

HIV-1 Tat蛋白在细胞核中的功能

HIV-1 Tat蛋白是HIV-1病毒基因表达的重要调控蛋白,其通过与不同的细胞分子及信号通路相互作用来调控细胞过程。Tat蛋白由感染细胞产生,也可由感染细胞产生后分泌而作用于其他细胞;因此,它既能影响感染细胞,也能影响未感染细胞。Tat蛋白积聚在细胞核中,但根据其表达水平的不同,其可能会定位于核质或核仁,并发挥不同的核效应。该文针对Tat蛋白的结构、核输入机制及细胞核效应的研究进展进行概述。     

中国株HIV-1外膜蛋白真核表达载体的构建与表达

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(Acquired immunode- ficiency syndrome,AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)引起的世界广泛流行、严重危害人类健康的疾病.     

趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响

研究趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫应答的影响,以探求防治HIV的新策略.将pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因或者pVAX1GP120单独免疫Balb/c小鼠,采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体和IFN-γ水平,用MTT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试验检测小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的应答.与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1d基因免疫组小鼠血清的抗HIV-1gp120抗体滴度升高,有显著性差异(p＜0.01);与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1d基因免疫组小鼠血清的IFN-γ升高,有显著性差异(p＜0.01);pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖实验刺激指数(SI)以及特异性CTL活性均高于pVAX1GP120免疫组,有显著性差异(p＜0.01).RANTES、MIP-1α基因联合HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗免疫小鼠,可能增强HIV特异性Th1细胞和CTL反应,RANTES、MIP-1α基因对体液免疫有加强作用.因此,RANTES、MIP- 1α基因对于HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂.     

中国株HIV-1核心蛋白真核表达载体的构建与表达

运用限制性内切酶XbaⅠ、SalⅠ对pKSGAG进行双酶切,获得HIV-1 gag基因,并与真核表达载体pCI-neo连接,构建含有中国流行株HIV-1 核心蛋白真核表达载体pCI-neoGAG.经XbaⅠ/SalⅠ双酶切及测序鉴定证实,成功地构建了HIV-1 核心蛋白真核表达载体pCI-neoGAG.通过脂质体将pCI-neoGAG转染入p815细胞,G418筛选4周后,使用间接免疫荧光方法检测表达产物.结果表明所构建的HIV-1 核心蛋白真核表达载体能在p815细胞中高效表达,为下一步进行HIV-1 DNA疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

HIV-1壳体蛋白的结构及其病毒样颗粒疫苗

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的壳体蛋白(CA)在HIV病毒的组装和成熟过程中起着至关重要的作用。近年来,壳体蛋白的体外表达及其疫苗的研制成了HIV各项研究的焦点。由于壳体蛋白具有较好的的保守性,用其制得的疫苗也会提供比包膜蛋白更为广泛的免疫保护力。另外若将CA在体外表达成一个颗粒状结构,会增强其免疫原性,可以使疫苗发挥出更大的效力。     

AAV衣壳蛋白基因工程的修饰研究进展

腺相关病毒(AAV)作为栽体进行基因治疗已经越来越受人们的青睐,其安全性在帕金森病、囊性纤维病和视网膜疾病等单基因突变疾病临床治疗中得到证明.利用AAV栽体进行临床治疗的应用在逐渐增多,提高AAV靶向性和转染效率是人们期盼解决的一道难题.而目前对AAV衣壳蛋白基因工程的修饰,可以明显提高其转导效率和靶向性,一定程度上扫除了其广泛应用AAV的障碍.阐述重组AAV( rAAV)衣壳蛋白在基因工程修饰方面的研究进展及其对基因治疗应用前景的综述.     

趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响

研究趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫应答的影响,以探求防治HIV的新策略。将 pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因或者pVAX1GP120单独免疫Balb／c小鼠,采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠 的特异性抗体和IFN-γ水平,用MTT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试验检测小 鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的应答。与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP- 1α基因免疫组小鼠血清的抗HIV-1gp120抗体滴度升高,有显著性差异(p<0．01);与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较, pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠血清的IFN-γ升高,有显著性差异(p<0．01); pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖实验刺激指数(SI)以及特异性CTL活性 均高于pVAX1GP120免疫组,有显著性差异(p<0．01)。RANTES、MIP-1α基因联合HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗免 疫小鼠,可能增强HIV特异性Th1细胞和CTL反应,RANTES、MIP-1α基因对体液免疫有加强作用。因此, RANTES、MIP-1α基因对于HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂。     

SHIV感染恒河猴十二指肠黏膜活检组织病理学观察

目的使用消化内窥镜对SHIV感染恒河猴十二指肠黏膜进行观察。方法SHIV感染恒河猴,消化内镜检查并进行活检取材,对活检标本进行固定,石蜡包埋,常规HE染色镜检。结果内镜大体观察胃黏膜和十二指肠黏膜基本上完整平滑,1例胃黏膜有弥漫性白斑,3例有小面积的出血;光镜下十二指肠黏膜完整未见脱落,固有层中有散在分布的慢性炎细胞,活检取材最深可达黏膜下层,未见其他特异性病理改变。结论不同毒株,不同感染时间的SHIV感染恒河猴和对照恒河猴的十二指肠黏膜活检组织HE染色组织结构清晰,呈慢性炎症改变,病理形态上没有明显的差异。     

Rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses

A spectrum of pathogenicity has been observed for primate lentiviruses in their natural hosts. For example, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a potent etiologic agent for AIDS in man, whereas there is no evidence to date which indicates that simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys (SIVAGM) causes immunodeficiency in AGM. We measured the relative rates of amino acid change, as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions, for six primate lentiviruses evolving in their respective hosts. These rates for the external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and gag coding sequences are 2–3 times higher for pathogenic HIV-1 and SIV..ac (macaque) than for minimally pathogenic SIVAGM and SIVsn,m (sooty mangabey), and intermediate for HIV-2. We speculate that the increased rates of nonsynonymous changes in gp120 and gag coding sequences are due to viral escape from immune surveillance and are indicative of higher immunogenicity of these proteins in their hosts. Based on these results and available experimental data, we conclude that there is a positive correlation between lentiviral pathogenicity and immunogenicity of the Env and Gag proteins in a given host. This hypothesis is consistent with recent data suggesting that immune system activation or autoimmunity induced by viral antigens may be important in the pathogenesis of AIDS.Correspondence to: E.G. Shpaer     

猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立快速、敏感、特异的猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,对SIV病毒核酸进行定量检测。方法RT—PCR扩增SIVmac251保守gag基因序列796bp片段,进行TA克隆,构建标准品质粒pMD—SIVgag。通过对SIV定量外标准品的定量分析,优化反应体系,检测TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR方法的灵敏度、特异性和重复性。结果所建立的SIVQPCR检测方法,质粒DNA模板在10’～10。拷贝之间表现较好线性和相关性,标准曲线所得斜率为-3．26,相关系数为0．999。检测灵敏度达到200拷贝,方法重复性测试,检测25份临床样品CV％均小于1％。结论建立的SIVQPCR检测方法特异性、敏感性高,稳定性好,可用于定量测定猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）核酸拷贝量。     

Manipulating the Interferon Signaling Pathway: Implications for HIV Infection

During human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection, type I interferon(IFN-I) signaling induces an antiviral state that includes the production of restriction factors that inhibit virus replication, thereby limiting the infection. As seen in other viral infections, type I IFN can also increase systemic immune activation which, in HIV disease, is one of the strongest predictors of disease progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality.Moreover, IFN-I is associated with CD4 T cell depletion and attenuation of antigen-specific T cell responses. Therefore,therapeutic manipulation of IFN-I signaling to improve HIV disease outcome is a source of much interest and debate in thefield. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of timing(acute vs. chronic infection) and have suggested that specific targeting of type I IFNs and their subtypes may help harness the beneficial roles of the IFN-I system while avoiding its deleterious activities.     

Experimental Infection of African Green Monkeys and Cynomolgus Monkeys With a SIVAGM Strain Isolated From a Healthy African Green Monkey

An infection occurred in all African green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys experimentally inoculated with SIV_AGM [TYO-1], as demonstrated by the appearance of an antibody to SIV_AGM [TYO-1] and the isolation of the virus. No monkey exhibited overt clinical disorders throughout the experimental period of 42 weeks. Thus, SIV_AGM was not pathogenic to its original host or to macaques, This system is proposed as a model for HIV infection manifesting no overt disease.     

Multiple Roles of HIV-1 Capsid during the Virus Replication Cycle

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid(HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. During virion assembly, CA drives the formation of the hexameric lattice in immature viral particles, while in mature virions CA monomers assemble in cone-shaped cores surrounding the viral RNA genome and associated proteins. In addition to its functions in late stages of the viral replication cycle, CA plays key roles in a number of processes during early phases of HIV-1 infection including trafficking, uncoating, recognition by host cellular proteins and nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. As a result of efficient cooperation of CA with other viral and cellular proteins, integration of the viral genetic material into the host genome, which is an essential step for productive viral infection, successfully occurs. In this review, we will summarize available data on CA functions in HIV-1 replication, describing in detail its roles in late and early phases of the viral replication cycle.     

Infection of an HIV-1/SIVmac Chimeric Virus Having HIV-1 env to Macaque Monkeys via the Vaginal Cavity

We previously reported that an HIV-1/SIVmac chimeric virus (designated as NM-3rN) having HIV-1 env efficiently infected macaque monkeys by intravenous inoculation. In this study, this chimeric virus was atraumatically inoculated into the vaginal cavity of two rhesus and one cynomolgus monkeys. Although antibody response and detection of proviral genome by PCR were observed in both rhesus monkeys, virus recovery was only once from PBMC in one of them. In the cynomolgus monkey, no virus was recovered and proviral DNA detection was rare. Thus, vaginal inoculation with NM-3rN resulted in poor systemic infection, implying the presence of selective pressure while passing through mucosal membranes.     

猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）猴模型的建立

应用ＳＩＶｍａｃ毒株感染中国恒河猴１３只,感染剂量为病毒液的１０－１～２×１０－５;感染食蟹猴４只,感染剂量为１０－２。感染后２周出现各种症状和体征如皮疹,浅表淋巴结肿大,脾肿大,血象白细胞总数下降,出现异常淋巴细胞和中性白细胞。感染后期Ｔ４下降,Ｔ４、Ｔ８比例倒置等。从外周血淋巴细胞和血浆分离病毒阳性,血清抗体上升。淋巴结组织切片呈规律性改变,即淋巴滤泡增生－滤泡耗竭－淋巴组织耗竭或逐渐恢复。感染后２．５个月有急性死亡病例,以后呈散在死亡例,尸检还发现机遇性感染如肺寄生虫,肺、肝巨细胞病毒感染等。