淀山湖浮游植物群落特征及其演替规律

为探明淀山湖浮游植物群落结构演变与富营养化之间的关系,于2004-2006年对上海市最大天然淡水湖泊淀山湖的浮游植物进行逐月采样调查,分析其群落结构特征.共采集到淀山湖浮游植物84属205种,主要由绿藻(种类数占50%)、硅藻(20%)、蓝藻(13%)、裸藻(13%)等组成.相邻两月之间种类相似性系数呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低的趋势:优势种为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)、小席藻(Phormidium tenus)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、具缘微囊藻(M.marginata)、湖泊鞘丝藻(Lyngbya limnetica)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus),颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.angustissima )、啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgate)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)等.浮游植物群落细胞数量主要由蓝藻(42.73%)、绿藻(37.75%)、硅藻(12.67%)和隐藻(6.06%)组成;生物量主要由硅藻(36.75%)、蓝藻(16.78%)、绿藻(16.36%)和隐藻03.53%)等组成.淀山湖浮游植物群落结构季节演替模式不同于PEG(Plankton Ecology Group)模型,其中蓝藻从春末开始大量出现,夏季大量繁殖,一直延续到秋初.综合文献资料看出,淀山湖浮游植物群落已从1959年的硅藻一金藻型、1987-1988年的隐藻-硅藻型演变为2004-2006年的蓝藻-绿藻型;数量由1959年的103 ind./L上升至2004-2006年的1.11×107 cells/L.演替的总体趋势表现为:贫中营养型的金藻、甲藻比例下降,富营养型的蓝藻、隐藻和微型绿藻增加.浮游植物数量和群落结构的演变指示了淀山湖水体的富营养化进程.     

上海崇明岛明珠湖浮游植物群落结构

2007年1月至12月对崇明岛明珠湖的浮游植物群落结构和物种多样性的周年动态进行了初步研究.共发现浮游植物120种, 隶属于8门63属.优势种包括小席藻、微小平裂藻、旋折平裂藻、不定微囊藻和肘状针杆藻.浮游植物的年平均丰度和年平均生物量分别为5361.57×10⁴ cell·L^-1和7.68 mg·L^-1.浮游植物现存量各月间差异极显著(P<0.01),在7月达到最高峰值, 但各站点间差异不显著.浮游植物的Shannon多样性指数和Margalef指数夏秋季低, 冬春季高.生物学评价显示,明珠湖冬春两季的水质要优于夏秋两季, 且目前正处于中富营养阶段, 水体为α-中污型.典范相关分析结果表明, 影响明珠湖浮游植物群落结构的主要因子依次为温度、总磷和总氮.     

Seasonal variation patterns of the fish community in the littoral waters of northern Lake Ontario,the Pickering-Darlington area

The ecotone fish community of the littoral waters is a mixture of onshore migratory pelagian species and littoral species. It is characterized by high numeric and diversity variations produced under the effect of migrations, thermal perturbations and the local habitat variations. The sixty analyzed sampling units belong to five years of records, three seasons and three types of littoral habitats. The Kendall tau test identifies the seasonal variation as a significant criterion for sample classification. From the ecological view point it corresponds to phases of the thermal stratification. The start of the thermal stratification identifies the season of a highest pelagian onshore migration. The maximum thermal stratification shows the community structure at the end of a massive pelagian return. The late fall circulation describes the community structure prevailed by the local populations. The quantitative patterns were evaluated for each season based on a 95% confidence interval of the mean and on normalized weighed averages. A comparison of subsequent community structures allowed a species classification by the magnitude of their numeric variations. Regarding the analyses of the diversity variations, a new strategy was introduced based on independently derived indices of the community diversity. The strategy identifies two features: the seasonal models of the diversity variation and the abnormal cases. The models depict the trends/features of the diversity variations. The abnormal cases evaluate the local/temporal side effects.     

Phytoplankton community structure and environment in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria

• 1 Phytoplankton species composition, numerical abundance, spatial distribution and total biomass measured as chlorophyll a concentration were studied in relation to environmental factors in September 1994 (dry season) and March 1995 (rainy season), respectively, in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria; 103 species were recorded.
• 2 Blue‐green algae (Cyanophyceae) were most diverse, followed by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae) and dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae).
• 3 Twinspan separated the phytoplankton communities in the Nyanza Gulf and those in the open lake during both seasons. During the dry season, the Nyanza Gulf was strongly dominated by blue‐greens, while diatoms dominated in the open lake. During the rainy season, blue‐greens remained dominant in the Nyanza Gulf although the number of species found was lower than during the dry season; in the open lake, blue‐greens replaced diatoms as the dominant group and there were more species than in the dry season.
• 4 Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the phytoplankton species distribution was significantly correlated with turbidity during the dry season and with SiO₂ during the rainy season. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 71.5 mg m^‐3 in the dry season and 2.0–17.2 mg m^‐3 in the rainy season confirm earlier reports of increasing phytoplankton biomass in Lake Victoria since the 1960s.

     

Phytoplankton pigments and community composition in Lake Tanganyika

1. A 2‐year (2002–2003) survey of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments is reported for two off‐shore stations of Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma (Tanzania) and Mpulungu (Zambia), and from three cruises between those sites. Chlorophyll a concentrations were low (0.3–3.4 mg m^?3) and average chlorophyll a integrated through the 100 m water column were similar for both stations and years (36.4–41.3 mg m^?2). Most pigments were located in the 0–60 m layer and decreased sharply downward. Chlorophyll a degradation products (phaeophytins and phaeophorbides) were detected at 100 m depth, whereas carotenoids became undetectable. Temporal and seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of pigments was high. 2. The biomass of phytoplankton groups was calculated from marker pigment concentrations over the 0–100 m water column using the CHEMTAX software. On average for the study period, chlorophytes dominated in the northern station, followed by cyanobacteria T1 (type 1, or Synechococcus pigment type), whereas cyanobacteria T1 dominated in the south. Cyanobacteria T2 (type 2, containing echinenone), presumably corresponding to filamentous taxa, were detected in the rainy season. Diatoms (and chrysophytes) developed better in the dry season conditions, with a deep mixed layer and increased nutrient availability. Very large variation in the vertical distribution of algal groups was observed. 3. Our observations on phytoplankton composition are broadly consistent with those from previous studies. Our pigment data provide evidence for the lake‐wide importance of picocyanobacteria and high interannual variation and spatial heterogeneity of phytoplankton in Lake Tanganyika, which may render difficult assessment of long‐term changes in phytoplankton driven by climate change.     

The effects of land use and cultural development on the Lake Ontario ecosystem since 1750

Lake Ontario is the lowest in the chain of five Great Lakes which form part of the boundary between Canada and the United States. Although European exploration began as early as 1615, it was not until the mid-18th Century that permanent settlement began in the Great Lakes basin. Construction of the Erie Canal which links Buffalo with New York via the Hudson River, and its branch to Oswego, strengthened ties between settlements around the lower Great Lakes (lakes Erie and Ontario) and rapidly growing populations along the Atlantic seaboard. The coming of railroads greatly expanded these ties, and provided a direct link between Canadian settlements and the port of Montreal. Over the past 200 years, successive waves of immigrants entered the region, particularly from Europe.Cultural development has resulted in a wide range of environmental impacts throughout the Great Lakes basin. Impacts have been particularly severe in Lake Ontario. Major changes in water quality and the structure of biological communities have resulted from forest clearance, agricultural expansion, intensive fishing, industrial and urban development, and lake level control. Introductions of exotic species, inputs of nutrient and toxic contaminants, and the effects of climatic variation and modification of microclimates have all interacted such that it is often impossible to establish singular cause and effect. The effects of cultural impact became most severe during the early 1970s and prompted strong support for the International Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1972) between Canada and the United States. In response to this agreement and subsequent revisions, contaminant loadings have been greatly reduced. Present water quality is generally good in Lake Ontario although some persistent toxic substances remain a problem. Programs to restock the lake have also provided major benefits. Although much further work remains, Lake Ontario is undoubtedly a good example of successful large scale remedial actions.     

抚仙湖超微型浮游藻类群落结构空间分布特征

2016年7月对抚仙湖进行采样调查,研究抚仙湖超微型浮游藻类（超微藻）的空间分布特征及关键影响因子。结果表明,抚仙湖超微藻平均丰度为（8.58±3.25）×10³个/mL,其中超微蓝藻丰度显著高于超微真核藻。超微藻丰度在沿岸带较高,敞水区相对较低,北部最深点低于南部最深点;垂直方向上,超微藻丰度在水下10 m处达到最大值,随着深度的增加丰度逐渐下降。通过方差膨胀因子分析和建模得到超微藻丰度和环境因子的相关关系,水体的浊度、pH以及总磷对超微真核藻丰度有显著影响,而超微蓝藻的丰度主要是受到总磷的影响。结合流式细胞分选和高通量测序得到了抚仙湖超微真核藻的群落结构特征,主要是金藻纲、硅藻纲、甲藻纲等,其中金藻纲占绝对优势。在空间上,不同湖区和不同深度超微真核藻的群落组成也存在差异：表层水体以金藻纲、硅藻纲、甲藻纲为主;而在深层水体中超微真核藻的多样性降低,金藻纲为优势种。超微藻作为贫营养湖泊初级生产力的主要贡献者,对其组成和分布的研究有助于更全面的认识抚仙湖生态系统结构和功能。     

大辽河水系夏季浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价

作为建立中国水环境生态学基准的基础性工作,于2010年7月,按照相关规范的要求,对大辽河水系浮游植物群落结构和水质状况进行了调查.结果表明:调查期间大辽河水系共检出5门124种或变种,其中以绿藻和硅藻为主,分别占43.55％和31.45％;总细胞密度在2.05×105～1.46×107个·L-1,平均6.35×106个·L-1,绿藻和硅藻占优势;主要优势种是硅藻的颗粒直链藻极狭变种(Melosira granulata var.angustissima);共检出污染指示种44种,其中β-中污带指示种居多,有36种,占所有指示种的81.81％;Shannon多样性指数为1.43 ～2.68,Margalef指数为1.00～1.78,Pielou均匀度指数为0.52 ～0.83;综合水体中浮游植物的密度、优势种类、指示种、生物多样性指数评价表明,大辽河水系处于富营养化状态、中等程度污染水平.     

五大连池浮游动物群落结构的时空分布特征

基于2011—2013年五大连池的调查,对浮游动物群落结构时空分布特征进行分析,探讨重点放养鱼类之一鳙Aristichthys nobilis的合理放养量。结果表明,五大连池浮游动物4类82种(含未定种);主要优势种集中于原生动物和轮虫,有恩氏筒壳虫Tintinnidium entzii、纵长异尾轮虫Trichocerca elongate等,大型浮游动物中仅剑水蚤Cyclops sp.、无节幼体Nauplii形成优势;密度、生物量总计为3794.98ind/L和2.4558mg/L;多样性指数H'、J、d均值分别为2.15、0.7和0.98;浮游动物群落时空差异显著,五池密度、生物量、多样性、均匀度较高,二池(P2)、三池(P3)相似且次于五池;另外,二池(P2)、三池(P3)浮游动物的密度、生物量、多样性均呈现夏季高于春秋季;根据结果获得五大连池鳙的合理放养量为5.71×105尾。研究可为五大连池生境保护和渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Distribution of bacteria and chlorophyll A at a nearshore station in Lake Ontario

Analysis of weekly water samples taken at three depths from a nearshore station in Lake Ontario indicated significant (P > 0.05) relationships between particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN), chlorophyll a and total bacteria. Application of a stepwise multiple regression indicated that particulate organic carbon (POC) and temperature were the only two measured parameters that had significant effect on total bacterial numbers.     

龙江河近岸沉积物细菌群落结构特征及其影响因素

【背景】2012年“溃坝事件”发生以来,龙江河重金属污染持续受到关注。【目的】揭示重金属污染河流近岸沉积物中细菌群落结构特征及环境影响因子。【方法】基于高通量测序方法（Illumina MiSeq PE300）研究龙江河近岸沉积物细菌群落多样性、分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性。【结果】龙江河近岸沉积物中As、Cd和Zn平均含量分别为25.06、3.20和205.36 mg/kg,分别达到广西土壤环境背景值的1.22、11.97和2.72倍,均存在不同程度的污染;C/N值在3.66-13.15之间,平均值为10.55,沉积物中有机氮处于矿化消耗状态。细菌群落在门水平上的优势物种有绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi,12.16%-35.36%）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria,7.69%-30.85%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria,8.56%-22.48%）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes, 5.26%-30.41%）、脱硫杆菌门（Desulfurobacteria,1.14%-10.65%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria,1.55%-4.17%）这6个门;...     

Rotifer community structure in the south basin of Lake Biwa

Seasonal changes in abundance and species composition of rotifers were surveyed at five locations under different physical and chemical conditions in the south basin of Lake Biwa during July 1987–June 1988. Total density of rotifers showed similar seasonal fluctuation with three peaks, although the maximum density showed north (low)-south (high) gradient. Polyarthra spp. (P. vulgaris and P. dolichoptera with low density) dominated except during July–October 1987 and April–May 1988. In the former period the species of Brachionus, Trichocerca, Filinia and Hexarthra, and in the latter, those of Synchaeta, Keratella and Kellicottia had somewhat different proportions in the communities of north and south stations, respectively. The difference in composition during July–October suggests a difference of trophic state between the northern and southern areas in the south basin of Lake Biwa. However, the dominance of Polyarthra and the difference in the composition during April–May 1988 could not be explained by such a difference in trophic state. No critical difference was observed in the community structure of the eastern area of the south basin, where the seasonal fluctuations in nutrient levels and phytoplankton community structure were different from other areas in the south basin. The present results, therefore, suggest that physical and chemical conditions were not effective in controlling the rotifer community structure in the south basin of Lake Biwa.     

Influence of environmental variables on macroinvertebrate community structure in Lianhuan Lake

The structural characteristics of the macroinvertebrate community can effectively reflect the health status of lake ecosystems and the quality of the lake ecological environment. It is therefore important to identify the limiting factors of macroinvertebrate community structure for the maintenance of lake ecosystem health. In this study, the community composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages and their relationships with environmental variables were investigated in 13 small lakes within Lianhuan Lake in northern China. A self‐organizing map and K‐means clustering analysis grouped the macroinvertebrate communities into five groups, and the indicator species reflected the environmental characteristics of each group. Principal component analysis indicated that the classification of the macroinvertebrate communities was affected by environmental variables. The Kruskal–Wallis test results showed that environmental variables (pH, total phosphorus, nitrate, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, permanganate index, and ammonium) had a significant effect on the classification of the macroinvertebrate communities. Redundancy analysis showed that mollusks were significantly negatively correlated with pH and chlorophyll a, while annelids and aquatic insects were significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the species richness and Shannon''s diversity of macroinvertebrates were significantly negatively correlated with total phosphorus, while the biomass of macroinvertebrates was significantly negatively correlated with pH. High alkalinity and lake eutrophication have a serious impact on the macroinvertebrate community. Human disturbances, such as industrial and agricultural runoff, negatively impact the ecological environment and affect macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, macroinvertebrate community structure should be improved by enhancing the ecological environment and controlling environmental pollution at a watershed scale.     

城市新建景观湖泊浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2019年对南通市中央创新区新建湖泊紫琅湖的浮游植物进行了4个季度的调查,旨在研究典型城市新建景观湖泊的浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子关系。紫琅湖全年共鉴定出浮游植物种类7门186种,春季种类数最多,共6门113种,其中蓝藻门（Cyanophyta）占17.7%,绿藻门（Chlorophyta）占19.5%,硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）占39.8%;夏季种类数最少,共7门43种,其中蓝藻门占32.6%,绿藻门占30.2%,硅藻门占16.3%;冬季和春季则硅藻种类多。从丰度来看,各季节浮游植物组成均以蓝藻为主,冬、夏、秋季蓝藻的丰度分别为（26.81±6.70）×10⁶ ind./L、（12.77±1.02）×10⁶ ind./L和（31.99±10.23）×10⁶ ind./L,显著高于其他藻类（P<0.05）。典范对应分析（CCA）表明透明度、pH、总磷和浊度是与浮游植物群落相关性较强的4个环境因子,其中透明度是最主要的环境因子。冬季和春季浮游植物主要与透明度正相关,夏季主要与总磷和浊度呈正相关,秋季主要与pH呈正相关。紫琅湖的浮游植物优势类群以蓝藻门为主,其中伪鱼腥藻（Pseudoanabaena sp.）为全年唯一的优势藻类（优势度指数分别为Y_冬=0.66,Y_春=0.10,Y_夏=0.16,Y_秋=0.26）。综合营养指数表明湖泊处于轻度富营养水平,浮游植物多样性水质评价表明夏季水体污染相对严重。城市新建景观湖泊紫琅湖营养水平较高、透明度低、浮游植物群落结构波动大,暴发蓝藻水华的可能性较高,研究结果可为城市新建景观湖泊水质改善和健康生态系统的构建提供科学依据。     

巴松措原生动物群落结构季节及垂直分布

为揭示我国西藏高原湖泊原生动物群落结构特征及垂直分布格局,于2017年11月及2018年5月和9月,在巴松措中心分7层设置采样点,利用25号浮游生物网采集原生动物。采用活体观察和固定染色相结合的方法,共鉴定到原生动物195种(其中春季86种,夏季93种,秋季80种),隶属于2门11纲24目43科59属。其中以肉鞭门种类较丰富,砂壳类纤毛虫占优势。垂直分布的物种组成和群落结构复杂表现为：表层>中层>底层,物种多样性、丰富度和优势度指数表现为：表层>中层>底层,均匀度指数大多数为1;季节分布的物种组成和群落结构群复杂程度表现为：夏季>春季>秋季,物种多样性、丰富度指数表现为：夏季>秋季>春季,优势度指数表现为：夏季>秋季>春季,均匀度指数表现为：秋季>春季>夏季;优势物种和群落结构都会随水深的增加而减少。总体呈现出物种多样性较低、均匀度较高,具有明显的时空异质性。     

汉江中下游浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

南水北调中线工程调水后,汉江中下游水华频发引起社会关注。为掌握调水后汉江中下游浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2017年11月、2018年2月、4月和8月在汉江中下游的8个断面对浮游植物进行了定量调查。调查结果显示:共鉴定浮游植物163种,群落组成以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为主,其次是蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)。浮游植物优势种主要为硅藻门的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.)、变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata),隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata),蓝藻门的弯曲颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.),且都有较高的优势度。浮游植物密度和生物量的季节变化范围分别为0. 33×106cells/L～1. 82×106cells/L和0. 49 mg/L～7. 38 mg/L。基于Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数以及优势种评价法对汉江中下游的水质进行评价,判断汉江中下游水质整体处于中污状态。     

长期砷胁迫下大屯海浮游植物群落的季节性特征及其驱动因子

重金属是影响湖泊水质和生态健康的重要胁迫因子,系统识别生物对长期污染胁迫的响应模式是开展污染湖泊生态修复的重要基础.本研究以经历持续砷污染的大屯海为研究对象,于2017年6月—2018年3月对水体浮游植物和环境因子开展季节性调查.结果显示:大屯海的浮游植物群落主要由蓝藻门组成,与已有研究反映的长期砷胁迫下浮游植物组成以...     

甘肃省苏干湖浮游植物多样性研究

于2006年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(10月)对大、小苏干湖水体进行采样分析,以研究特殊地理位置和气候条件下苏干湖中浮游植物的物种组成和季节变化特征.结果表明,(1)大苏干湖中共有浮游藻类61种(含变种),其中:硅藻18属,37种;蓝藻11属,15种;绿藻7属,8种;而甲藻仅1属,1种.(2)小苏干湖水体中共发现浮游藻类68种(含变种),其中:硅藻16属,42种;蓝藻9属,13种;绿藻6属,11种;裸藻及甲藻仅各1属,1种.(3)硅藻在苏干湖水体中始终占据着绝对优势;夏季小苏干湖中蓝、绿藻开始复苏并大量繁殖.各季节两湖中都存在特定的优势属,在春、夏、秋三季,大苏干湖中优势属分别为桥穹藻属、小环藻属、粘杆藻属;而小苏干湖中分别为针杆藻属、菱形藻属、脆杆藻属.纤细舟形藻,长圆舟形藻,湖沼色球藻等为常年优势种,且这种优势物种和季节变化主要是由湖泊中盐度和气温等因素决定的.     

2012年夏季长湖浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

为查明长湖浮游植物群落特征及其水环境影响因子, 并确定水体富营养化程度, 于2012年夏季对长湖浮游植物及相关环境因子进行调查检测分析, 运用藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法, 对长湖水体营养状态进行综合评定, 同时利用典范对应分析法(CCA)对浮游植物与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明, 2012年夏季长湖浮游植物共有53种(含变种、变型), 隶属于7门41属, 其中以绿藻最多(24种, 占总数量的38.9%), 其次为蓝藻(15种, 占总数量的36.0%)和硅藻(7种, 占总数量的14.1%)。优势种(优势度指数大于0.02)共10种, 其中两栖颤藻(Oscillatoria amphibia)是4个区域的共有优势种, 最高优势度达0.72。浮游植物丰度为12.03 × 10 ⁶- 62.13 × 10 ⁶cell·L ^-1, 平均值为27.71 × 10 ⁶cell·L ^-1。浮游植物丰度的平面分布呈现圆心湖、海子湖、马洪台、庙湖依次降低的特点。浮游植物多样性指数变化范围为0.89-3.24, 均匀度指数变化范围为0.23-0.83。选取叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、透明度和化学需氧量5项参数计算得出综合营养化指数。通过藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法进行综合评价发现: 2012年夏季长湖处于中度富营养化到富营养化程度。典范对应分析表明: 浮游植物空间分布主要受总氮、总悬浮物、总磷、溶氧以及亚硝酸氮等环境因子的影响。针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)、两栖颤藻、席藻属(Phormidium)、鱼腥藻属(Anabeana)等蓝藻对总氮的需求较大。长湖各站点由于在不同程度上受到地形、人为干扰以及水动力条件的影响, 它们与环境因子的典范对应分析表现出明显的区域性。     

Phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure after nutrient additions to the oligotrophic Lake Hecklan,Sweden

Lake Hecklan, in central Sweden, was fertilized with phosphorus and nitrogen during thermal stratification (late May-early Oct) 1984–1987. The nutrient additions were relatively small and raised the total phosphorus concentrations from 6 to 10 µg l^–1. The working hypothesis was that this moderate increase in the phosphorus concentration could increase the phytoplankton biomass without adverse changes in the planktonic community structure. The fertilization increased the phytoplankton biomass from 0.1 to a maximum of 2 mm³ l^–1. Chrysophyceae and Cryptophyceae dominated throughout the experimental period. Thus, the phytoplankton composition remained typical for a Swedish forest lake and provided a potential for increased zooplankton growth. An increased growth of zooplankton was indicated by increased biomass of Cladocera and Copepoda in 1984 and 1985, and by increased fecundity of herbivorous zooplankton.