猴头菌子实体和菌丝体多糖的分离纯化与理化特征的比较

人工栽培的猴头菌子实体和固体培养的菌丝体分别经热水提取,浓缩、醇析后得子实体粗多糖（HFP）和菌丝体粗多糖（HMP）,HFP的得率和多糖含量均高于HMP;两者再经透析、Sevag法脱蛋白、乙醇分级沉淀、SephadexG-100柱层析纯化,得子实体纯多糖hfp-1和菌丝体纯多糖hmp-2,经HPLC检测hfp-1和hmp-2为单一均匀多糖,气相色谱分析表明hfp-1的单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,摩尔比为：0.12:0.04:1.00:0.71;hmp-2的单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,磨尔比为：0.25:0.41:0.31:1.00:0.29。紫外光谱分析表明组成中不含核酸和蛋白质,红外光谱分析二者均有多糖特征吸收峰,hfp-1有β-型连接的吸收峰,hmp-2无明显的β-型连接的吸收峰;经HPLC进行分子量测定,hfp-1的分子量为54000,hmp-2的分子量为68000,猴头菌子实体多糖和菌丝体多糖在化学组成上有一定的差异。     

蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝体胞内多糖成分分析

比较蝉虫草子实体、孢梗束、虫体以及蝉虫草发酵菌丝体的胞内多糖含量、单糖组成和分子量差异,结果表明,蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝中胞内多糖的含量和组成均存在差异。葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖是蝉虫草发酵菌丝体和子实体粗多糖中主要的3种单糖,阿拉伯糖和木糖是子实体粗多糖中的特征性单糖,而果糖属于菌丝体的特征性单糖。子实体粗多糖中高分子量组分（>1×10 ⁶Da）的相对含量明显高于菌丝体粗多糖。本研究对提升蝉虫草发酵多糖产品品质、促进蝉虫草开发应用具有参考价值。     

香菇菌丝体多糖LeBDl—1的分离纯化和分析

香菇(Lentinula edodes)465菌株用添加啤酒发酵醪泥的培养基发酵培养10d后,菌丝体经洗涤、热水浸提、乙醇沉淀,再经DEAE-纤维素柱(CI—型)分离和Sephadex G—100柱层析纯化,得到白色絮状多糖LeBD1—1。经醋酸纤维薄膜电泳和HPLC检测纯度,LeBD1—1为均一成分。HPLC法测得分子量为130000Da,红外光谱测定其糖苷键为α型。经完全酸水解后用硅胶薄层层析和气相色谱法分析单糖组成,LeBD1—1中含D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖和D-阿拉伯糖,各单糖摩尔比为2.45:1.00:0.03:0.08:0.10,是一种以含甘露糖为主的杂多糖。     

小刺猴头菌液体深层培养过程中多糖积累及其特征的研究

本文探讨了气升环流反应器培养小刺猴头菌过程中菌体生物量、胞内外真菌多糖的积累规律,与同一菌株复元的子实体多糖的含量、组成分别进行分析对比,得到液体深层培养菌丝体多糖的含量为0．0918g／g（干）,而子实体仅为外0．378g／g（干）,发酵液中多糖含量达0．285g／l,它们的单糖构成比例均相同,即葡萄糖：甘露糖：半乳糖＝20．2：5．2：1,但液体深层培养的菌丝体多糖与人工栽培的子实体多糖的电荷性能不同。     

小刺猴头菌液体体深层培养过程中多糖积累及其特征的研究

本文探讨了所升环流反应器培养小刺猴头菌过程中的菌体生物量、胞内外真菌多糖的积累规律,与同一菌株复元的子实体多糖的含量、组成分别进行分析对比,得到液体深层培养菌丝体多糖的含量为０．０９１８ｇ／ｇ,而子实体仅为０．０３７８ｇ／ｇ,发酵液为多糖含量达０．２８５ｇ／ｌ,它们的单糖构成比例均相同,即葡萄糖：甘露糖：半乳糖＝２０．２：５．２：１,但液体深层培养的菌丝体多糖与人工栽培的子实体多糖的电荷性能不同。     

浒苔多糖的分离、纯化和分析

浒苔（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈａｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａ）经热水提取,Ｓｅｖａｇｅ法除去蛋白质,用乙醇沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００柱层析,得浒苔多糖（简称ＥＰ）精制品。经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００柱层析鉴定为单一对称性洗脱峰。红外光谱分析具有多糖特征吸收峰,紫外光谱分析未见有核酸和蛋白质的特征吸收峰。总糖含量为８８．８％,其中糖醛酸含量为３３．６％。单糖组成为Ｌ－阿拉伯糖、Ｌ－岩藻糖、Ｄ－甘露糖、Ｄ－半乳糖及Ｄ－葡萄糖,平均分子量为２５０００。     

金耳子实体和发酵菌丝体多糖的分离、纯化与结构的比较研究

人工段木栽培的金耳（TremellaaurantialbaBandonietZang）子实体和深层培养的金耳菌丝体分别经沸水提取、醇析、透析,Sevape法脱蛋白、SephadexG—100柱层析纯化,得子实体纯多糖TAf和菌丝体纯多糖TAm。玻璃纤维纸电泳表明TAm和TAf为单一均匀多糖。薄层层析表明,TAm的单糖组成为半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖。TAf的单糖组成为葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸。UV分析表明组成中不含核酸和蛋白质。TAf经乙醇分级分离得TAf－1和TAf－2。TAf－1经SephadexG－100柱层析表明其为单一均匀物质。红外光谱分析证明,TAf－1和TAf－2有多糖吸收峰,存在吡喃环,α-糖苷键和β-糖苷键连接。     

阿魏蘑多糖理化性质及免疫活性研究

以阿魏蘑Pleurotus ferulae Lanzi子实体和菌丝体为试验材料,采用水浸法提取阿魏蘑多糖,分别得到子实体粗多糖A和菌丝体粗多糖B。将A经Sevag法去蛋白、透析、CTAB络合、乙醇沉淀、NaCl溶液溶解、透析,得到多糖A1。紫外光谱分析鉴定多糖A1为均一组分。苯酚一流酸法测得多糖A1糖含量为82．9％。凝胶渗透色谱法测得多糖A1数均分子量Mn=141088,重均分子量MW＝142897。气相色谱分析多糖A1单糖组成及其摩尔比为Xyl:Gal:Gal=1:1.02:2.899。巨噬细胞吞噬作用试验、迟发型变态反应试验、白细胞介素－2（IL－2）的诱生与检测试验测得粗多糖A、粗多糖B具有免疫活性。     

猴头菌子实体和固体培养菌丝体提取物化学组成及生物活性的比较

比较了猴头菌子实体和固体培养菌丝体的提取物化学成分的组成和含量的差异。研究结果表明,猴头菌子实体和培养菌丝体提取物的单糖含量分别为6.67%和6.68%,基本一致;蛋白质含量分别为12.73%和13.91%,比较接近;多糖的含量相差较大,分别为26.63%和18.71%,子实体提取物的多糖含量比培养菌丝体提取物高7.92%;而培养菌丝体中重金属的含量比子实体中的高;红外光谱分析子实体提取物的特征吸收峰显示二者在多糖构型上有差异;动物实验表明在等生药量时,猴头菌子实体提取物对大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护作用优于培养菌丝体的提取物。研究结果表明,猴头菌子实体较培养菌丝体更合适于相应功能食品的开发。     

浒苔多糖的分离,纯化和分析

浒苔经热水提取,Ｓｅｖａｇｅ法除去蛋白质,用乙醇沉淀,Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ－Ｇ－１００柱层析,得浒苔多糖（简称ＥＰ）精制品。经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００柱导析鉴定为单一对称性洗脱峰。红外光谱分析具有多糖特征吸收峰,紫外光谱分析表未见有核酸和蛋白质的特征及吸上峰,总糖含量为８８．８％,基中糖酸酸含量为３３．６％。单糖组成为Ｌ－阿拉伯糖,Ｌ－岩藻糖,Ｄ－甘露糖,Ｄ－半乳糖及Ｄ－葡萄糖。平均分子量为２５００     

Composition analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Dendrobium denneanum

Three polysaccharide fractions (DDP1-1, DDP2-1 and DDP3-1) were successfully purified from the crude polysaccharide of Dendrobium denneanum by DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The average molecular weights (Mws) of these fractions were 51.5, 26.1 and 6.95 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide components analysis indicated that DDP1-1 and DDP2-1 were composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.82:57.11:140.82:7.76 and 1.00:1.62:1.18:77.5:7.79. DDP3-1 was composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.03:8.84:2.00. On the basis of antioxidant test in vitro, DDP2-1 exhibited the highest antioxidant ability among these samples.     

滑菇多糖wPNP-a1的制备及结构分析

利用传统热水浸提法提取滑菇粗多糖(wPNP),进而用季铵盐沉淀法和Sephadex G-150凝胶色谱柱层析对wPNP进行纯化,得滑菇多糖wPNP-a1.以高效液相色谱(HPLC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FIR)、气相色谱(GC)、核磁共振(NMR)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)和原子力显微镜(AMF)等方法分析wPNP-a1的结构,结果表明,滑菇多糖wPNP-a1的分子量为419310 Da,具有一般类多糖的特征吸收峰,糖苷键为β-型,不含乙酰基,由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为3.91∶2.77∶1.91∶1;wPNP-a1的分子间排斥力较大,分子间吸引力较小,在云母表面呈直链状分布,链宽23 nm左右,链高0.7～0.8 nm.     

Structural aspects of the exudate from the fruit of Chorisia speciosa St. Hil

Mature fruit of Chorisia speciosa yield an exudate (E-I) following mechanical injury. The polysaccharide contains rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 20:11:1:3:2:40:23. The main chain of the structure is composed by beta-galactopyranosyl units linked (1 --> 3) and (1 --> 6) as indicated by NMR spectra and methylation data. Arabinosef and rhamnose are terminal residues. In order to compare E-I with the polysaccharides from the fruit mesocarp, the latter was submitted to different extractions. The water fraction contains rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and uronic acid in molar ratios of 18:4:1:2:3:44:28. It was treated with CTAB yielding a precipitate which was decomplexed with NaCl, giving four fractions. The fraction obtained using 0.15 M NaCl had a quantitative composition similar that of E-I.     

Purification,structural elucidation and in vivo immunity-enhancing activity of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds

ABSTRACT

Quinoa crude polysaccharides (QPS) were extracted from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. The soluble non-starch polysaccharide fraction (QPS1) was subsequently purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography, using QPS as raw materials. Its chemical structure was identified using FT-IR, NMR, AFM, SEM and Congo red staining. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) was used to determine molecular weight, and composition by HPLC. QPS1, with a molecular weight of 34.0 kDa, was mainly composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.63:2.40:1.64:6.28:1.95:2.48:5.01. In addition, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of QPS1 on the improvement of anti-cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in ICR mice. The result exhibited significantly immune-enhancing activity: QPS1 successfully improved the content of IFN-γ, IL-6, IFN-ɑ, IgM and lysozyme (LYSO) in serum for three weeks, enhanced the phagocytic function of mononuclear macrophages and ameliorated delayed allergy in mice.     

Characterization and antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides

Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharide (GBEP) was obtained by hot water extraction, the crude polysaccharide was deproteinized by Sevag method and fractionized by a DEAE Sepharose fast flow anion-exchange column. Five fragments were obtained, including neutral polysaccharide (GBEP-N) and four acidic polysaccharides (GBEP-A1, GBEP-A2, GBEP-A3 and GBEP-A4). GBEP-N and GBEP-A3 were further purified by Superdex 200 gel column chromatography. The resulted two fractions GBEP-NN, and GBEP-AA were characterized by FT-IR, and HPGFC (high pressure gel filtration chromatography). Monosaccharide composition was determined by RP-HPLC method of precolumn derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-5-pyrazolone. GBEP-NN was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, while GBEP-AA was mainly made up of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, galactosamine, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose. The crude GBEP exhibited certain antioxidant activity. At the concentration of 5 mg/mL, the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect of GBEP was 90.52%, greater than 77.37% for the positive control ascorbic acid.     

Analysis of chemical components of shiitake polysaccharides and its anti-fatigue effect under vibration

The shiitake polysaccharides were obtained from shiitake mushroom. Four fractions were isolated from the polysaccharides using a Sephadex G-100 gel column. Chemical components of the two main fractions were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). F1 was composed of rhamnose, glucose, and mannose. F3 was composed of xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose. The obtained results still showed that administration of shiitake polysaccharides could improve muscle's comfortability of animals under a long period of vibration. The above findings might be applicable to studies of vibration ergonomics.     

蔓三七茎多糖理化性质及抗氧化和免疫调节研究

为提取蔓三七茎中的多糖及研究它的理化性质并评价其抗氧化、免疫调节活性,以蔓三七茎为原料,采用水提醇沉法获得蔓三七茎粗多糖(GPSCP),先测定了粗多糖的含量、糖醛酸含量、硫酸根含量、蛋白质含量。再采用Sevage试剂和透析法对蔓三七茎粗多糖进行纯化,得到蔓三七茎多糖(GPSP)。采用气相色谱法测定GPSP中单糖组分和红外光谱测定多糖的结构,通过总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基、OH自由基的清除能力评价GPSP的体外抗氧化能力;通过体外实验评估GPSP对RAW264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节活性。结果表明,所得GPSCP的得率为15.56%,总糖含量为52.32%;GPSP的得率为8.67%,含量为78.54±2.13%;GPSP中单糖组成为鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖,摩尔比为1.69∶4.64∶9.17∶1.00∶1.92∶4.85。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,GPSP具有良好的抗氧化能力,对总抗氧化能力、DPPH和OH自由基清除效果明显。GPSP可显著提高RAW264.7细胞内一氧化氮(NO)的浓度,在给药浓度为50.0μg/mL时,NO的分泌量达到最大,为39.28±3.25μmol/L,GPSP可以提高免疫力,在功能食品的开发中,可以作为一个潜在的免疫调节剂。     

高效液相色谱法测定金钱菇多糖的单糖组成

采用高效液相色谱法,测定金钱菇多糖的单糖组成.用超声辅助提取金钱菇多糖,通过1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑酮(PMP)衍生水解后的单糖,高效液相色谱法检测衍生物.结果表明：金钱菇多糖由甘露糖(Man)、核糖(Rib)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)组成,其摩尔为1．00∶0．90∶0．91∶28．03∶1．58∶0．11.该方法快速、简便、重现性好,可用于测定金钱菇多糖的单糖组成.     

Chemical compositions and bioactivities of crude polysaccharides from tea leaves beyond their useful date

The chemical compositions and bioactivities of crude tea polysaccharides (TPS) from the out-of-date tea leaves (beyond their useful date), namely Xihu Longjing (XTPS), Anxi Tieguanyin (TTPS), Chawentianxia (CTPS) and Huizhoulvcha (HTPS), in market were investigated. These TPS showed similar neutral sugar content and different distribution of molecular weight (1-800 kD). These crude TPS were mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, and galacturonic acid. IR spectra confirmed that these crude TPS were composed of polysaccharide, protein and uronic acids. These TPS showed similar DPPH scavenging activity and exhibited lower DPPH scavenging activities than Vc within 25-200 μg/mL. However, these TPS with higher concentrations (200-400 μg/mL) showed similar DPPH scavenging activity with Vc. HTPS exhibited significant higher superoxide anion scavenging activity than others TPS and gallic acid. XTPS showed significant higher inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase with inhibitory percentages of 64.35% and 82.24% than others TPS. TTPS, XTPS, and HTPS exhibited similar inhibition ability on α-d-glucosidase and α-amylase. The overdue tea leaves can be a resource of tea polysaccharides as function food.     

Characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus

Two polysaccharide fractions (PSPO-1a and PSPO-4a) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus using ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. Both fractions were heteropolysaccharide containing protein and uronic acid. PSPO-1a was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose and rhamnose with a molar ratio of 2.47:0.91:1.00:1.66:3.87. PSPO-4a was composed of only three monosaccharides: rhamnose, mannose and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.92:2.69:1.00. The average molecular weight of PSPO-1a and PSPO-4a determined by HPLC were estimated to be 1.8 × 10(4)Da and 1.1 × 10(6)Da respectively. The in vitro tests revealed that two polysaccharides were natural potential antioxidant. Both polysaccharides presented stronger DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity with increasing concentrations, but less effective on scavenging hydroxyl radical. Compared with PSPO-4a, PSPO-1a was the more effective free-radical scavenger. In conclusion, the two polysaccharides may be useful as a naturally potential antioxidant agent for application in food and medicinal fields.