维吾尔药材红豆杉植物基原研究

从分子学角度探明维吾尔药材红豆杉的植物基原,为维吾尔药材标准化与维吾尔药产业化提供科学依据。采用试剂盒法提取红豆杉属植物及药材基因组DNA,PCR扩增ITS2片段,双向测序,应用Mega 6.0软件分析序列,计算种内及种间遗传距离,构建NJ鉴别树。红豆杉属植物ITS2序列长度为229~231bp,GC含量为59.13%~60.26%;西藏红豆杉与红豆杉及南方红豆杉种内种间K2P距离为0,与东北红豆杉、命叶红豆杉及曼地亚红豆杉种间K2P距离分别为0.012、0.013、0.015。NJ树结果表明,西藏红豆杉与红豆杉及南方红豆杉无法区分,与东北红豆杉、命叶红豆杉可区分;曼地亚红豆杉与其母本东北红豆杉聚在一起,无法区分。根据ITS2序列鉴定结果,西藏红豆杉与红豆杉、南方红豆杉可作为药材的同一基原,东北红豆杉可与曼地亚红豆杉作为同一基原,为维吾尔药材的真伪鉴别及质量标准提升提供基原鉴定依据。     

Analysis of morphological variation of the Acer tschonoskii complex in eastern Asia: implications of inflorescence size and number of flowers within sect. Macrantha

Flower and fruit specimens of 184 individuals were sampled to investigate patterns of intraspecific variation and to evaluate recognition of taxa within the Acer tschonoskii complex using morphometric analysis. Previous taxonomic treatments have considered A. tschonoskii var. rubripes (=  A. komarovii ) and A. tschonoskii var. tschonoskii to be separate species. The morphological discontinuity between these two taxa was evident in peduncle and pedicel length, and in number of flowers. In addition, the delimitations of some species within sect. Macrantha were clarified using these diagnostic characters. In view of the geographical distribution of the A. tschonoskii complex, which includes many taxa of sect. Macrantha from China to Japan through Korea, the long raceme with many flowers ( A. sikkimense ) and unlobed leaf are considered more primitive than the short raceme with a small number of flowers and five-lobed leaf ( A. maximowiczii and A. komarovii ). However, many intermediate taxa were present. This study also suggests that several Chinese taxa, such as A. metcalfii, A. taronense, A. hookeri and A. grosseri , may be subject to different taxonomic interpretation and should be reinvestigated morphologically.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 143 , 29−42.     

DNA barcoding for the discrimination of Eurasian yews (Taxus L., Taxaceae) and the discovery of cryptic species

There is currently international interest in the application of DNA barcoding as a tool for plant species discrimination and identification. In this study, we evaluated the utility of five candidate plant DNA barcoding regions [rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)] in Eurasian yews. This group of species is taxonomically difficult because of a lack of clear-cut morphologically differences between species and hence represents a good test case for DNA barcoding. Forty-seven accessions were analysed, representing all taxa treated in current floristic works and covering most of the distribution range of Taxus in Eurasia. As single loci, trnL-F and ITS showed the highest species discriminatory power, each resolving 11 of 11 lineages (= barcode taxa). Species discrimination using matK, trnH-psbA and rbcL individually was lower, with matK resolving 8 of 10, trnH-psbA 7 of 11 and rbcL 5 of 11 successfully sequenced lineages. The proposed CBOL core barcode (rbcL + matK) resolved 8 of 11 lineages. Combining loci generally increased the robustness (measured by clade support) of the barcoding discrimination. Based on overall performance, trnL-F and ITS, separately or combined, are proposed as barcode for Eurasian Taxus. DNA barcoding discriminated recognized taxa of Eurasian Taxus, namely T. baccata, T. cuspidata, T. fuana and T. sumatrana, and identified seven lineages among the T. wallichiana group, some with distinct geographical distributions and morphologies, and potentially representing new species. Using the proposed DNA barcode, a technical system can be established to rapidly and reliably identify Taxus species in Eurasia for conservation protection and for monitoring illegal trade.     

Taxonomic notes on the genus Crataegus (Rosaceae) in Turkey

The Turkish Crataegus taxa were investigated using morphological, palynological, and anatomical characters. A new series ( Crataegus Section Crataegus Series Peshmenia ), two new species ( Crataegus peshmenii and Crataegus christensenii ), and one variety ( Crataegus rhipidophylla var. kutahyaensis ) are described. Furthermore, Crataegus  ×  browicziana has been assigned to Crataegus rhipidophylla with a new status. Illustrations of the described taxa and their distribution map are also given. The lectotype for Crataegus yaltirikii is designated here.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 231–240.     

A morphometric and molecular study in Tortula subulata complex (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)

Specimens belonging to Tortula subulata complex ( T. inermis , T. mucronifolia and T. subulata ) were analysed using a combination of morphometric methods based on quantitative characters [principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA); 76 samples)] and molecular methods (ITS1 – 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2; 47 samples) to assess patterns of morphological and molecular differentiation within this complex of taxa. The study shows that four species can be recognized: T. mucronifolia , T. subulata , T. inermis and T. subulata var. angustata with bistratose border, which is elevated to the species rank as T. schimperi nom. nov. The most valuable quantitative characters for identification of these species are the strata number of the marginal laminal cells, the ratio of middle marginal laminal cell width/middle marginal laminal cell length, basal membrane of peristome length, middle laminal cell width and papillae number on the middle laminal cells. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data suggest that this group of taxa is not monophyletic, T. mucronifolia being close to Protobryum bryoides (= Tortula protobryoides ). The remaining species seem to be a monophyletic group, T. schimperi being the sister group of the clade composed by T. inermis and T. subulata . T. subulata is considered to be of high morphological variability, for which ITS sequences did not resolve the internal relationships.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 333–350.     

南方红豆杉产IAA内生芽胞杆菌的分离、鉴定及产脂肽类化合物研究

通过组织研磨法对南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var. mairei)新鲜组织进行内生细菌的分离，利用16S rRNA测序技术对分离的内生细菌进行鉴定分析，使用高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行质谱测定菌液提取物IAA含量，利用HPLC-TOF-MS对提取物脂肽类化合物进行分离、鉴定，结合数据库筛选菌株产脂肽类化合物种类及含量差异。结果表明，从南方红豆杉根茎叶中共分离鉴定出内生细菌31株，筛选出产IAA菌株20株，其中编号为KLBMPTC10的芽胞杆菌属菌株产IAA含量高达210.3955 μg·L^-1。在对产IAA菌株所产脂肽类化合物的研究中发现，菌株KLBMPTC10是所有产IAA内生细菌中脂肽类化合物含量最丰富的，其产Iturin A2相对含量为26.06%，明显优于其他产IAA菌株。芽胞杆菌属菌株KLBMPTC10同时具备高产IAA和脂肽类化合物的能力，可作为研究菌株进一步开发。     

Parmelina quercina (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) includes four phylogenetically supported morphospecies

Morphological and phylogenetic relationships of the worldwide Mediterranean lichen forming fungus, Parmelina quercina , have been studied. Specimens from western Europe, western North America and southern Australia were analysed using molecular data (nuITS rDNA, nuLSU rDNA and mtSSU rDNA) and selected morphological features (upper cortex maculae, scanning electron microscopy examination of the epicortex, ascospores and conidia shape and size, and amphithecial retrorse rhizines). The results conclusively reveal that: (1) there is not one single species but four separate species in the Mediterranean or sub Mediterranean areas of the world. Parmelina quercina and Parmelina carporrhizans (Euroasiatic species), Parmelina coleae sp. nov. (North America) and Parmelina elixia sp. nov. (Australia); (2) largely debated P. carporrhizans is not a synonym of P. quercina but supported as a valid species circumscribed to Macaronesic relict sites; (3) the geographical isolation of the Australian population is correlated with a large genetic distance; (4) morphological characters (ascospores and conidial variability and thallus epicortex) correlate with the phylogenetic hypothesis; (5) the new or revalidated species within Parmelina quercina are not cryptic species but morphologically recognizable taxa.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 455–467.     

南方红豆杉内生真菌的多样性与群落结构

从南方红豆杉480个针叶与枝条组织块中分离到628株内生真菌,根据形态特征和ITS序列鉴定为28属43个分类单元.其中,包括10种丝孢菌、20种腔孢菌、12种子囊菌和1种未知真菌,茎生拟茎点霉为优势种;根据相对频率,链格孢、出芽短梗霉、博宁刺盘孢、盘长孢状刺盘孢、黑附球菌、Fungal sp.、砖红镰孢、围小丛壳、Magnaporthales sp.、稻黑孢、斑点拟盘多毛孢、小孢拟盘多毛孢、Peyronellaea glomerata和Xylaria sp.1等在南方红豆杉中比较常见.南方红豆杉受到内生真菌侵染的程度较高,81%的组织有内生真菌存在,其资源丰富并具有较高的物种多样性;内生真菌分布受组织性质影响,南方红豆杉针叶中内生真菌的定植率、丰富度、多样性明显低于枝条,枝条间内生真菌组成比针叶与枝条间更加相似,表现出组织偏好性或专一性;组织年龄影响内生真菌的群落结构,随着南方红豆杉枝条组织年龄的增长,内生真菌的定植率、丰富度、多样性均表现出逐渐增加的趋势.系统研究南方红豆杉内生真菌的多样性与群落结构,阐明内生真菌在植物组织中的分布规律,可以为南方红豆杉内生真菌的开发利用提供基础资料和科学依据;探讨病原真菌在健康植物组织中的存在情况,对于南方红豆杉的植物资源保护具有积极意义.     

Synopsis of Turkish Acantholimon Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae)

A synopsis of Acantholimon in Turkey is given on the basis of a revisional study conducted in Turkey by the authors. An account of 52 species, ten subspecies, and 17 varieties is given, including keys to the species, subspecies, and varieties, and a general indication of their distribution, as well as their conservation status in Turkey. Seven new taxa, namely A .  ekimii sp. nov. , A. capitatum ssp. sivasicum ssp. nov. , A. calvertii var. glabrum var. nov. , A. huetii var. breviscapum var. nov. , A. acerosum ssp. longibracteolorum ssp. nov. , A. lycaonicum ssp. cappadocicum ssp. nov. , and A. halophilum var. coloratum var. nov. , are described, together with a few new combinations. A. wiedemannii , A. iconicum , and A. lycaonicum , described from Turkey in the past, but placed under other species as synonyms in the Flora of Turkey , are recognized once again as good species. A. multiflorum and A. parviflorum are given a species status. In Turkey, the presence of A. latifolium , A. araxanum , A. lepturoides , A. hohenackerii , A. senganense , A. fominii , A. petraeum , and A. tragacanthinum is also confirmed.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 154 , 397–419.     

Phenetic analysis of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) and related species

This study clarifies the taxonomic status of Anemone coronaria and segregates the species and A. coronaria infraspecific variants using morphological and morphometric analyses. Principal component analysis of the coronaria group was performed on 25 quantitative and qualitative characters, and morphometric analysis of the A. coronaria infraspecific variants was performed on 21 quantitative and qualitative characters. The results showed that the A. coronaria group clustered into four major groups: A. coronaria L., A. biflora DC, A. bucharica (Regel) Juz.ex Komarov, and a final group including A. eranthioides Regel and A. tschernjaewii Regel. The data on the A. coronaria infraspecific variants clustered into six groups: A. coronaria L. var. coronaria L., var. cyanea Ard., var. albiflora Rouy & Fouc., var. parviflora Regel, var. ventreana Ard., and var. rissoana Ard.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 417–438.     

A morphometric study of three closely related taxa in the European Isoetes velata complex

Isoetes velata A. Braun is an amphibious plant with Mediterranean and Ibero-Atlantic distribution, showing marked morphological variability. Within the same geographical area, closely related restricted-range taxa are also present, including I. velata ssp. asturicense (restricted to mountainous areas of the north-west Iberian Peninsula) and I. boryana (restricted to the southern French Atlantic coast). These related taxa have unclear taxonomy and are both threatened. We performed a morphometric study of specimens of the three taxa. Our results suggest that I. velata ssp. asturicense is better considered as a distinct species, I. asturicense Laínz (Laínz), distinguishable from the other two taxa by mean megaspore length ( N  ≥ 30) < 360 µm. In contrast, our results do not support consideration of I. boryana as a separate species, and we here propose that this taxon be considered as a variety, I. velata A. Braun var. boryana M.I. Romero & C. Real stat. nov.   © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 459–464.     

Morphological differentiation among closely related species with disjunct distributions: a case study of Mediterranean Cyclamen L. subgen. Psilanthum Schwarz (Primulaceae)

In Cyclamen subgenus Psilanthum , previous authors have recognized three species ( C. repandum, C. balearicum and C. creticum ), with C. repandum subdivided into three subspecies (ssp. repandum , ssp. peloponnesiacum and ssp. rhodense ), and two varieties (var. vividum and var. peloponnesiacum ) within C. repandum ssp. peloponnesiacum . To examine the validity of this classification and the degree of morphological differentiation among closely related endemic taxa with disjunct distributions, we undertook analyses of three quantitative and eight qualitative morphological traits of flowers and leaves, most of which have previously been used without statistical comparison in the classification of the different taxa. Cyclamen balearicum showed high levels of morphological differentiation from all other taxa in subgenus Psilanthum consistent with its specific status. In contrast, morphological differentiation between C. creticum and subspecies of C. repandum was similar to that among the three subspecies of C. repandum . When compared with a recent molecular phylogeny of this subgenus, our results suggest that C. creticum may best be described as a geographical subspecies of C. repandum . The two varieties of C. repandum ssp. peloponnesiacum showed few significant differences for individual traits and their overall morphology is very similar to each other. The morphology of plants at three sites on Corsica strongly suggest, consistent with molecular data, the occurrence of hybrid populations between C. balearicum (outside of its previously recognized distribution) and local C. repandum .  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 139 , 133–144.     

Seed coat morphology of Aizoaceae–Sesuvioideae, Gisekiaceae and Molluginaceae and its systematic significance

Macro- and micromorphological characters of the seeds of 32 species belonging to Aizoaceae (26 species), Gisekiaceae (one species) and Molluginaceae (five species) were analysed for their taxonomic value. Seed morphology is found to be of considerable taxonomic value within the taxa investigated, although additional criteria are usually necessary for distinguishing the species. However, a subgroup of Trianthema , consisting of T. cussackiana , T. megasperma , T. pilosa , T. rhynchocalyptra and T. oxycalyptra var. oxycalyptra (Aizoaceae) shares the synapomorphy of seeds with scattered idioblast cells (papillae). There is little infrageneric variation within Sesuvium and Zaleya in contrast to Trianthema , whose seeds are considerably polymorphic. The fairly different seed structures found in Aizoaceae s.s . and Molluginaceae support their treatment as two distinct families. However, the position of Lineum (Molluginaceae) remains uncertain. Moreover, seed characters support the independence of Gisekia (Gisekiaceae) in a family of its own.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 189–206.