池养条件下似刺鳊鮈早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示,在1～70日龄间,似刺鳊鮈全长平均日增长率为3．55％,体重平均日增长率为11．26％,头长／全长值随着日龄的增长而变小。全长（L,mm）与体重（M,mg）的关系式为M=O．0012L^2-0．0564L＋0．6504;体重（M,mg）与日龄（D,d）的关系式为M=O．0043e^0.0936D;全长（L,mm）和日龄（D,d）的关系式为L=0．0154D^2-0．0128D＋8．1965。在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8：00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2．3376％。20日龄仔鱼和4013龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6h、5h整个消化道排空。在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3d即开始出现死亡个体,经5d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6d开始出现死亡个体,经9d全部死亡;40日龄稚鱼经7d才开始出现死亡个体,10d后全部个体均死亡。     

池养条件下似刺鳊(鱼句)早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊(鱼句)(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究.结果显示,在1~70日龄间,似刺鳊(鱼句)全长平均日增长率为3.55%,体重平均日增长率为11.26%,头长/全长值随着13龄的增长而变小.全长(L,mm)与体重(M,mg)的关系式为M=0.001 2 L2-0.056 4L+0.650 4;体重(M,mg)与日龄(D,d)的关系式为M=0.004 3 e0.0936D;全长(L,mm)和日龄(D,d)的关系式为L=0.015 4 D2-0.012 8 D+8.196 5.在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8:00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2.337 6%.20 13龄仔鱼和40日龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6 h、5 h整个消化道排空.在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3 d即开始出现死亡个体,经5 d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6 d开始出现死亡个体,经9 d全部死亡;40 13龄稚鱼经7 d才开始出现死亡个体,10 d后全部个体均死亡.     

不同品种万寿菊对镉胁迫的生长和生理响应

以6个万寿菊品种为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的重金属镉（Cd）胁迫（0、200、400、600 mg/L）对万寿菊基径、株高以及百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量等生长指标及其质膜透性（丙二醛、相对电导率）、保护酶活性（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）以及光合特性(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率)等生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)低于400 mg/L的Cd胁迫对6个万寿菊品种的基径、株高无明显影响,而百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量却随着Cd浓度的增加显著降低,尤其是‘大英雄’和‘迪阿哥’2个品种表现的抗性较差。(2)随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,各品种丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）显著增加,而其保护酶活性不同程度降低。(3)Cd胁迫降低了万寿菊的叶绿素Chl a+b含量和Chl a/b,且抗性差的品种降低的幅度更大;叶片净光合速率（Pⁿ）明显降低,但蒸腾速率(T^r)和气孔导度(G^s)相对降幅较小,对水分利用效率（WUE）影响较小。研究表明,不同品种万寿菊对Cd毒害响应存在明显的差异,且Cd胁迫下生理响应的差异是品种间耐性差异的重要原因之一;抗性差的品种在高浓度Cd胁迫下,光合作用能力降低,抗氧化系统酶的活性受到显著抑制,膜质过氧化加剧,且品种‘珍妮’和‘金门’的抗性强于其他品种,可选择作为Cd污染区栽植植物。     

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid. eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.336 pp.     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对黄秋葵种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解黄秋葵(Abelmoschusesculentus)对干旱胁迫的应答机制,采用PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对‘纤指’和‘红秋葵’品种的种子萌发和幼苗的生理特性进行研究。结果表明,两品种的种子吸水率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、简易活力指数,幼苗下胚轴长、根长、苗鲜重和苗干重均随PEG-6000浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,旱害率则不断增加。PEG-6000浓度为20%时,两品种的种子均未能发芽。幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加,且均PEG-6000浓度为15%时最高。因此,干旱胁迫会抑制黄秋葵种子的萌发,提高细胞内含物的含量,同时引发其抗氧化系统的响应。     

低氧-酸化胁迫对大黄鱼早期发育阶段生长及生理代谢的影响

为探究低氧-酸化胁迫对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)早期发育阶段生长及生理代谢的影响,实验设置4个处理组,分别为对照组(溶解氧7.0 mg/L,pH 8.1)、低氧组(溶解氧3.5 mg/L,pH 8.1)、酸化组(溶解氧7.0 mg/L,pH 7.3)和低氧-酸化组(溶解氧3.5 mg/L,pH 7...     

Early distribution and spread of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Central and Eastern Europe

The introduction and early spread of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Central and Eastern Europe were reconstructed based on a study of all herbarium specimens of common ragweed deposited at six herbaria in Austria, Hungary and Serbia. More than 450 specimens were examined and the oldest ones, collected from 1907 to 1927, were used to map the historical spread of this highly allergenic invasive weed in this region. The herbarium records back-date the first known introduction of this noxious weed to Central and Eastern Europe as well as its early spread on the Danube-Tisza Plain, and in the North-Eastern part of Hungary. The data also confirm that the introduction of common ragweed to Central and Eastern Europe took place later than its introduction to the Western part of the continent.     

Physiological Responses to Stress Conditions and Barophilic Behavior of the Hyperthermophilic Vent Archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi

The physiology of the deep-sea hyperthermophilic, anaerobic vent archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi, originating from the Fiji Basin at a depth of 2,000 m, was studied under diverse conditions. The emphasis of these studies lay in the growth and survival of this archaeon under the different conditions present in the natural habitat. Incubation under in situ pressure (20 MPa) and at 40 MPa increased the maximal and minimal growth temperatures by 4(deg)C. In situ pressure enhanced survival at a lethal high temperature (106 to 112(deg)C) relative to that at low pressure (0.3 MPa). The whole-cell protein profile, analyzed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, did not change in cultures grown under low or high pressure at optimal and minimal growth temperatures, but several changes were observed at the maximal growth temperature under in situ pressure. The complex lipid pattern of P. abyssi grown under in situ and 0.1- to 0.5-MPa pressures at different temperatures was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The phospholipids became more complex at a low growth temperature at both pressures but their profiles were not superimposable; fewer differences were observed in the core lipids. The polar lipids were composed of only one phospholipid in cells grown under in situ pressure at high temperatures. Survival in the presence of oxygen and under starvation conditions was examined. Oxygen was toxic to P. abyssi at growth range temperature, but the strain survived for several weeks at 4(deg)C. The strain was not affected by starvation in a minimal medium for at least 1 month at 4(deg)C and only minimally affected at 95(deg)C for several days. Cells were more resistant to oxygen in starvation medium. A drastic change in protein profile, depending on incubation time, was observed in cells when starved at growth temperature.     

Growth and photosynthesis of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil. in Central Europe

Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil.) is a worldwide distributed aquatic plant. The species is native to North America and quite common also in Central and South America. In Europe, Japan and Australia it is known as an alien plant, sometimes causing serious problems for affected ecosystems and human use of water bodies. Starting from Western Europe with an eastwards directed spread, Floating Pennywort was recorded in Germany in 2004 for the first time. Since then, the species spread out and got established in western parts of Central Europe. For a definite prediction of the potential of a further spread, data about biology, in particular growth and photosynthesis are needed. Here, regeneration capacity, growth at different nutrient availabilities and photosynthesis of H. ranunculoides were investigated. In addition biomass samples were taken in the field. Results show an enormous regeneration capacity (e.g., by forming new shoots from small shoot fragments), increasing growth rates under increasing nutrient availability and a maximum increase of biomass reaching 0.132±0.008 g g⁻¹ dw d⁻¹. Dense populations of H. ranunculoides growing in ponds and oxbows were found at high nutrient content of the substrate, the biomass reaching there up to 532.4±14.2 g dw m⁻². Gas exchange analysis showed a physiological optimum of H. ranunculoides CO₂ uptake at temperatures between 25 and 35 °C and high photon flux densities (PPFD) above 800 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. In comparison, native Hydrocotyle vulgaris showed an optimum of net photosynthesis at 20–30 °C and a light saturation of CO₂ gas exchange at 350 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹.     

NaHCO3胁迫对三色堇生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

以三色堇实生苗为材料,设置不同浓度的NaHCO₃［0(CK)、25、50、100、150和200 mmol·L^-1］处理,在胁迫后第7天和第14天分别测定各处理幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及株高生长量,探讨三色堇对NaHCO₃胁迫的生理响应机制。结果表明：(1)三色堇株高生长量在NaHCO₃浓度小于等于50 mmol·L^-1时较CK显著增加,在100 mmol·L^-1时与CK相近,在大于100 mmol·L^-1时较CK显著降低。(2)各浓度处理三色堇叶片可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量在胁迫第7天均显著高于CK;而胁迫第14天时,各浓度处理的SS含量、50 mmol·L^-1处理的SP含量以及150、200 mmol·L^-1处理的Pro含量仍显著高于CK。(3)胁迫第7天时,三色堇叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各胁迫浓度下较CK均显著增强,但其过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均无显著变化;胁迫第14天时,各浓度处理的CAT活性、50 mmol·L^-1处理的POD活性以及100、150 mmol·L^-1处理的SOD活性均显著高于相应CK。(4)在NaHCO₃胁迫过程中,三色堇叶片MDA含量均随着胁迫浓度增加而逐渐增加,且均显著高于CK。(5)三色堇叶片的叶绿素含量在胁迫第7天时均无显著变化,胁迫第14天时也仅在150或者200 mmol·L^-1处理下较CK显著降低。研究发现,三色堇植株能耐受小于等于100 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫,NaHCO₃对株高生长有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的剂量效应;三色堇在NaHCO₃胁迫期间能够通过增加渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来缓解胁迫诱导的过氧化伤害,一定程度上提高了幼苗的耐受能力。     

Transgenerational Effects of Early Life Starvation on Growth,Reproduction, and Stress Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Starvation during early development can have lasting effects that influence organismal fitness and disease risk. We characterized the long-term phenotypic consequences of starvation during early larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans to determine potential fitness effects and develop it as a model for mechanistic studies. We varied the amount of time that larvae were developmentally arrested by starvation after hatching (“L1 arrest”). Worms recovering from extended starvation grew slowly, taking longer to become reproductive, and were smaller as adults. Fecundity was also reduced, with the smallest individuals most severely affected. Feeding behavior was impaired, possibly contributing to deficits in growth and reproduction. Previously starved larvae were more sensitive to subsequent starvation, suggesting decreased fitness even in poor conditions. We discovered that smaller larvae are more resistant to heat, but this correlation does not require passage through L1 arrest. The progeny of starved animals were also adversely affected: Embryo quality was diminished, incidence of males was increased, progeny were smaller, and their brood size was reduced. However, the progeny and grandprogeny of starved larvae were more resistant to starvation. In addition, the progeny, grandprogeny, and great-grandprogeny were more resistant to heat, suggesting epigenetic inheritance of acquired resistance to starvation and heat. Notably, such resistance was inherited exclusively from individuals most severely affected by starvation in the first generation, suggesting an evolutionary bet-hedging strategy. In summary, our results demonstrate that starvation affects a variety of life-history traits in the exposed animals and their descendants, some presumably reflecting fitness costs but others potentially adaptive.     

Physiological Response of Cumin to Times and Type of Stress Modulator in Rain-Fed and Irrigated Conditions

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - An experiment was conducted in a split plot factorial design with 3 replications for evaluating the physiological responses of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to...     

镉胁迫对小报春幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

该研究采用盆栽控制试验,测定不同浓度(0、5、50、100、150、200 mg/kg)土壤Cd胁迫下小报春幼苗生长及生理生化指标,以探究小报春(Primula forbesii Franch.)对重金属镉(Cd)污染的抗性和敏感性,为新型香花地被植物应用于Cd污染土壤提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)低浓度(5 mg/kg)Cd胁迫能促进小报春株高和根长的伸长,高浓度(≥150 mg/kg)Cd胁迫下株高、根长和生物量明显降低。(2)随Cd胁迫浓度增加,小报春幼苗叶片光合作用、叶绿素含量、SOD和CAT活性先上升后下降,而其超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢、丙二醛含量、叶相对电导率和POD活性持续升高。(3)在Cd胁迫条件下,小报春体内K、Zn含量降低,叶和根中Ca、Mg含量显著增加,体内Cd含量明显升高,且根系Cd含量远远高于叶和叶柄。研究发现,小报春幼苗对Cd胁迫具有一定的耐性,低浓度(5 mg/kg)Cd胁迫对小报春生长影响较小,但高浓度(≥150 mg/kg)Cd胁迫对小报春产生明显的毒害作用,影响其正常生长;小报春可能通过增强体内抗氧化酶系统活性、增加叶和根中Ca、Mg含量和根系截留镉来减轻镉胁迫的伤害,提高自身耐受镉胁迫能力。     

马尾松幼苗生长及生理特性对铝胁迫的响应

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用水培法研究铝胁迫（Al³⁺浓度为0、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mmol·L^-1）对马尾松幼苗生长及其针叶中叶绿素、渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸）、丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）等保护酶活性的影响,为揭示马尾松铝毒害生理机制及提高马尾松的耐铝能力提供理论依据。结果显示：当Al³⁺处理浓度为0.2 mmol·L^-1时对马尾松株高和基径生长的影响较小,但对马尾松根系生长有一定的促进作用;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时对马尾松株高、基径和根长的生长均会产生一定的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随着Al³⁺浓度的增大而增强。马尾松针叶中叶绿素含量和SOD、POD活性均随着Al³⁺处理浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时马尾松针叶中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质均呈上升趋势,且随着Al³⁺浓度的升高而增大;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时马尾松针叶中MDA含量也呈上升趋势,且随着Al³⁺浓度的增大而升高,说明大于0.2 mmol·L^-1的Al³⁺处理可导致马尾松膜脂产生氧化。研究表明,马尾松幼苗具有一定的耐铝能力,在铝胁迫生境下可通过提高自身SOD和POD等保护酶的合成和主动积累脯氨酸、蛋白质和可溶性糖等渗透物质,产生适应性生理响应以维持自身的生理平衡来降低铝毒害作用。     

Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region,China

The Peiligang Culture (9000-7000 cal. yr BP) in the Middle Yellow River region, North China, has long been considered representative of millet farming. It is still unclear, however, if broomcorn millet or foxtail millet was the first species domesticated during the Peiligang Culture. Furthermore, it is also unknown whether millet was cultivated singly or together with rice at the same period. In this study, phytolith analysis of samples from the Tanghu archaeological site reveals early crop information in the Middle Yellow River region, China. Our results show that broomcorn millet was the early dry farming species in the Peiligang Culture at 7800 cal. yr BP, while rice cultivation took place from 7800 to 4500 cal. yr BP. Our data provide new evidence of broomcorn millet and rice mixed farming at 7800 cal. yr BP in the Middle Yellow River region, which has implications for understanding the domestication process of the two crops, and the formation and continuance of the Ancient Yellow River Civilization.     

Genetic Variability in Recovery Growth and Synthesis of Stress Proteins in Response to Polyethylene Glycol and Salt Stress in Finger Millet

Marked differences were found among 28 finger millet genotypes(Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) in acquired tolerance to osmoticstress as assessed by the recovery of root growth from severestress [-1·2 MPa polyethylene glycol, (PEG) or 400 mMNaCl]. However, these differences in tolerance were observedonly when the seedlings were subjected to a preceding mild inductionstress (-0·6 MPa PEG or 200 mM NaCl). In two contrastinggenotypes, synthesis of stress-induced proteins was studied.Proteins with apparent molecular weight of 70-72, 52, 37, 34and 23 kDa were synthesized in the highly responsive genotype(GE 415) and poorly responsive (VL 481) genotype following amild induction stress (200 mM NaCl). However, GE-415 synthesizeda 54 kDa protein that was not observed in VL-481. Addition ofabscisic acid (ABA) to the induction medium containing 200 mMNaCl enhanced the acquired tolerance of finger millet seedlingsover those without ABA in association with the appearance ofseveral ABA-responsive proteins. GE-415 required much less ABAthan VL-481 to obtain the same response. With 10 µM ABA+ 200 mM, A NaCl induction stress, GE-415 had significantlyhigher endogenous ABA. In association with higher levels ofABA, GE-415 had greater recovery root growth following severestress from 600 mM NaCl. Pretreatment with 10 µM ABA +200 mM NaCl induced several proteins with apparent molecularweights of 70-72, 54, 45, 36, 29 and 21 kDa in both genotypes.Qualitatively, GE-415 synthesized a unique 23-24 kDa proteinand quantitatively there was significantly more of the 21 kDaprotein in GE-415 compared to VL-481. The results indicate thatthe synthesis of stress proteins is correlated with the observedvariation in acquired tolerance of the two genotypes.Copyright1995, 1999 Academic Press Eleusine coracana Gaertn., salinity, polyethylene glycol, stress proteins, ABA, ABA-responsive proteins, finger millet seedlings