中国口蘑属种类名录(英文)

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

REVISION OF THE TYPE MATERIAL AND NOMENCLATURE OF MASTODONSAURUS GIGANTEUS (JAEGER) (TEMNOSPONDYLI) FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF GERMANY

Abstract: The type material of Mastodonsaurus is revised and its complicated taxonomic history resolved. The genus was erected by Jaeger in 1828 without a species name, which was added subsequently by Holl (1829) who named the type species Mastodonsaurus jaegeri. The large tooth on which Jaeger based his Mastodonsaurus is chosen herein as lectotype of the type species. A smaller second individual, represented by a piece of an occiput, was also named by Jaeger in 1828 as Salamandroides giganteus and, owing to the find of a complete skull, was recognized in 1833 by the same author as belonging to the same species as the Mastodonsaurus. Therefore, Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) is a senior subjective synonym of the type species M. jaegeri Holl, 1829. The precedence of the two generic names was chosen in 1834 by the first reviser, von Alberti, in favour of Salamandroides, but all later authors, including von Alberti himself, followed Jaeger, who decided in 1837 to retain the name Mastodonsaurus. The established usage of Mastodonsaurus is preserved formally herein (nomen protectum). The names Batrachosaurus Fitzinger, 1837, and Labyrinthodon Owen, 1841 are unjustified replacement names of Mastodonsaurus. The names M. jaegeri von Meyer, 1832, S. jaegeri von Alberti, 1834 and M. salamandroides Jaeger, 1837 are junior homonyms and synonyms of M. jaegeri Holl, 1829, and M. giganteus (Jaeger, 1828), respectively. A recent attempt to replace the universally used Capitosauroidea Watson, 1919 by the unused and newly elevated Mastodonsauroidea Lydekker, 1885 is rejected. Two older synonyms of Mastodonsauridae Lydekker, 1885 (nomen protectum) are rejected as unavailable (Labyrinthodontidae von Meyer, 1842 ) and nomen oblitum (Batrachosauridae Fitzinger, 1843), respectively. The holotype of Mastodonsaurus giganteus is reinstated and valid on the basis of three diagnostic features present: the tripartite posterior rim of the parasphenoid, a laterally pushed suture between the parasphenoid and basipterygoid, and a wide slit‐like eustachian tube opening. Mastodonsaurus is known from specimens representing a continuous growth series, now also encompassing the lectotype of Mastodonsaurus jaegeri, which until rather recently stood isolated from other specimens as the largest find by far.     

On the Identity and Taxonomic Status of Coluber nuthalli Theobald, 1868, with Redescription of the Type Specimens of Coluber nuthalli and Elaphis yunnanensis Anderson, 1879(Reptilia,Squamata, Colubridae)

The taxa Coluber nuthalli Theobald, 1868 and Elaphis yunnanensis Anderson, 1879 are compared and redescribed, based on the examination of their type material. The morphological similarities of these two taxa revealed them as conspecific. Elaphis yunnanensis Anderson is thus declared as a protected name(nomen conservandum) with priority over C. nuthalli Theobald(nomen oblitum). A lectotype for Elaphis yunnanensis is designated and described. The validity of yunnanensis as subspecies name in combination with Orthriophis taeniurus(Cope) will be discussed. A key to the subspecies of O. taeniurus is provided.     

International Code of Area Nomenclature

Biogeography needs a standard, coherent nomenclature. Currently, in biogeography, the same name is used for different areas of biological endemism, and one area of endemism is known by more than one name, which leads to conflict and confusion. The name 'Mediterranean', for example, may mean different things to different people – all or part of the sea, or the land in and around it. This results in ambiguity concerning the meaning of names and, more importantly, may lead to conflicts between inferences based on different aspects of a given name. We propose the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN), a naming system that can be used to classify newly coined or existing names based on a standard. When fully implemented, the ICAN will improve communication among biogeographers, systematists, ecologists and conservation biologists.     

Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (≡ Cordyceps sinensis) is one of the most valued medicinal fungi in China, used for its invigorating effects in strengthening the body and restoring energy. The fungus parasitizes larvae of moths and converts them into sclerotia from which the fungus fruiting body grows. Since the late 1950s, considerable effort has been devoted to the study of host insects related to the fungus. In the present paper, the research history of insect species associated with Ophiocordyceps sinensis is briefly reviewed and an extensive literature survey is presented. Ninety-one insect names, spanning 13 genera, related to host insects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis are investigated. The relationships between the reported insect species and Ophiocordyceps sinensis are analyzed. Fifty-seven of these are considered as recognizable potential host species of the fungus distributed throughout the Tibetan Plateau, whilst eight are considered as indeterminate hosts and 26 as non-hosts. Among the names of recognizable potential host insects, three are invalid (nomen nudum) and require further study. This work provides basic information for management of the insect resources and for the conservation and sustainable use of Ophiocordyceps sinensis.     

Nomenclature survey of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) 3. Names linked to the Italian flora

The application of sixteen names in Acnida, Amaranthus and Euxolus that are linked to Italian flora has been studied. One new combination (Am. emarginatus subsp. emarginatus var. pseudogracilis) is proposed here. Am. strictus is a nomen nudum, and its concept was investigated on the basis of a specimen collected by M. Tenore and preserved in NAP. The name Am. × monteluccii is a nom. inval. and it is validated here. The remaining 14 names are valid from the nomenclatural point of view, and they were typified on specimens kept in B, BM, BOLO, FI, G, K, MO, NY, P, PH, US and iconographies by Dodonaei (for Am. ascendens) and Balbis (for Am. prostratus).     

被子植物非国产科汉名的初步拟订

报道了中国产12种苔藓植物染色体数目,结果为:壶苞苔Blasia pusilla,n=9;艳 绿光苔Cyathodium smaragdinum,n=9;紫背苔Plagiochasma rupestre,n=9;石地钱Rebou lia hemisphaerica,n=9;宽片叶苔Riccardia latifrons,n=10;尖叶美喙藓Eurhynchium eustegium,n=11;东亚沼羽藓Helodium sachalinense,n=11;白齿藓Leucodon sciuroides,     

“Did You Call Me?” 5-Month-Old Infants Own Name Guides Their Attention

An infant's own name is a unique social cue. Infants are sensitive to their own name by 4 months of age, but whether they use their names as a social cue is unknown. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured as infants heard their own name or stranger's names and while looking at novel objects. Event related brain potentials (ERPs) in response to names revealed that infants differentiate their own name from stranger names from the first phoneme. The amplitude of the ERPs to objects indicated that infants attended more to objects after hearing their own names compared to another name. Thus, by 5 months of age infants not only detect their name, but also use it as a social cue to guide their attention to events and objects in the world.     

Should taxon names be explicitly defined?

Overviews are provided for traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. In traditional nomenclature, a name is provided with a type and a rank. In the rankless phylogenetic nomenclature, a taxon name is provided with an explicit phylogenetic definition, which attaches the name to a clade. Linnaeus’s approach to nomenclature is also reviewed, and it is shown that, although the current system of nomenclature does use some Linnaean conventions (e.g., certain rank-denoting terms, binary nomenclature), it is actually quite different from Linnaean nomenclature. The primary differences between traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature are reviewed. In phylogenetic nomenclature, names are provided with explicit phylogenetic definitions, whereas in traditional nomenclature names are not explicitly defined. In phylogenetic nomenclature, a name remains attached to a clade regardless of how future changes in phylogeny alter the clade’s content; in traditional nomenclature a name is not “married” to any particular clade. In traditional nomenclature, names must be assigned ranks (an admittedly arbitrary process), whereas in phylogenetic nomenclature there are no formal ranks. Therefore, in phylogenetic nomenclature, the name itself conveys no hierarchical information, and the name conveys nothing regarding set exclusivity. It is concluded that the current system is better able to handle new and unexpected changes in ideas about taxonomic relationships. This greater flexibility, coupled with the greater information content that the names themselves (i.e., when used outside the context of a given taxonomy or phytogeny) provide, makes the current system better designed for use by all users of taxon names.     

Parents Accidentally Substitute Similar Sounding Sibling Names More Often than Dissimilar Names

When parents select similar sounding names for their children, do they set themselves up for more speech errors in the future? Questionnaire data from 334 respondents suggest that they do. Respondents whose names shared initial or final sounds with a sibling’s reported that their parents accidentally called them by the sibling’s name more often than those without such name overlap. Having a sibling of the same gender, similar appearance, or similar age was also associated with more frequent name substitutions. Almost all other name substitutions by parents involved other family members and over 5% of respondents reported a parent substituting the name of a pet, which suggests a strong role for social and situational cues in retrieving personal names for direct address. To the extent that retrieval cues are shared with other people or animals, other names become available and may substitute for the intended name, particularly when names sound similar.     

Generation of a large gene/protein lexicon by morphological pattern analysis

The identification of gene/protein names in natural language text is an important problem in named entity recognition. In previous work we have processed MEDLINE documents to obtain a collection of over two million names of which we estimate that perhaps two thirds are valid gene/protein names. Our problem has been how to purify this set to obtain a high quality subset of gene/protein names. Here we describe an approach which is based on the generation of certain classes of names that are characterized by common morphological features. Within each class inductive logic programming (ILP) is applied to learn the characteristics of those names that are gene/protein names. The criteria learned in this manner are then applied to our large set of names. We generated 193 classes of names and ILP led to criteria defining a select subset of 1,240,462 names. A simple false positive filter was applied to remove 8% of this set leaving 1,145,913 names. Examination of a random sample from this gene/protein name lexicon suggests it is composed of 82% (+/-3%) complete and accurate gene/protein names, 12% names related to genes/proteins (too generic, a valid name plus additional text, part of a valid name, etc.), and 6% names unrelated to genes/proteins. The lexicon is freely available at ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/tanabe/Gene.Lexicon.     

Identifying gene-specific variations in biomedical text

The influence of genetic variations on diseases or cellular processes is the main focus of many investigations, and results of biomedical studies are often only accessible through scientific publications. Automatic extraction of this information requires recognition of the gene names and the accompanying allelic variant information. In a previous work, the OSIRIS system for the detection of allelic variation in text based on a query expansion approach was communicated. Challenges associated with this system are the relatively low recall for variation mentions and gene name recognition. To tackle this challenge, we integrate the ProMiner system developed for the recognition and normalization of gene and protein names with a conditional random field (CRF)-based recognition of variation terms in biomedical text. Following the newly developed normalization of variation entities, we can link textual entities to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP) entries. The performance of this novel approach is evaluated, and improved results in comparison to state-of-the-art systems are reported.     

The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla

Data are presented on the type-material representing the species described by Linnaeus in his genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla , The names here considered total 158; six are currently applied in the Hymenoptera Parasitica. Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Fifteen Linnaean names are here placed as synonyms. One name is attributed to an author other than Linnaeus, and live names remain species incertae sedis. The remainder, 118, are applied as valid names in die Hymenoptera Aculeata. Holotype specimens in London, Uppsala or Stockholm represent 60 names; 55 names are based on lectotype specimens of which 49 are here designated, two by other authors. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in Lund, and one by a lectotype figure. One non-aculeate species is based on syntypes. Specimens appear to be lost with respect to 25 names; three specimens in Uppsala may be the holotypes of a further three species.
Eight new combinations are made, and twelve new synonyms established; three further new combinations and three further new synonymies are suggested. A systematically arranged summary of species treated and of nomenclatural changes made is given. Nomenclatural changes affecting non-Linnaean names are included where relevant; lectotypes are designated for two non-Linnaean species.     

Index nominum familiarum plantarum vascularium

A list of 2510 vascular plant family names is provided, valid and not validly published as well as legitimate and not legitimate. Each entry has a full bibliographic reference, nomenclatural status, generic type (when based on a generic name), means of validation, original place of publication for pre-1789 works, isonyms, invalid names proposed prior to a name’s validation, first use of correct orthography (if not given in the original publication), first uses of other orthographic variations, divisional placements of typified names, indication of acceptance in the botanical literature after 1960, and a four-letter abbreviation for the legitimate family name. In addition, nomenclaturally correct, typified names are listed for the ranks of order, superorder, subclass, class, subdivision, division/phylum, and subkingdom (for a total of 753 names), with full bibliographic citations. A similar list of 1569 currently available extant vascular plant family names is also given, of which 960 are considered to be in “current use.” A starting date for all names is assumed to be 4 August 1789 (Jussieu,Generaplantarum). Current difficulties with family nomenclature, and potential changes to bibliographic citations as a result of recently proposed changes to theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature, are noted.     

The PhyloCode: a critical discussion of its theoretical foundation

The definition of taxon names as formalized by the PhyloCode is based on Kripke's thesis of "rigid designation" that applies to Millian proper names. Accepting the thesis of "rigid designation" into systematics in turn is based on the thesis that species, and taxa, are individuals. These largely semantic and metaphysical issues are here contrasted with an epistemological approach to taxonomy. It is shown that the thesis of "rigid designation" if deployed in taxonomy introduces a new essentialism into systematics, which is exactly what the PhyloCode was designed to avoid. Rigidly designating names are not supposed to change their meaning, but if the shifting constitution of a clade is thought to cause a shift of meaning of the taxon name, then the taxon name is not a "rigid designator". Phylogenetic nomenclature either fails to preserve the stability of meaning of taxon names that it propagates, or it is rendered inconsistent with its own philosophical background. The alternative explored here is to conceptualize taxa as natural kinds, and to replace the analytic definition of taxon names by their explanatory definition. Such conceptualization of taxa allows taxon names to better track the results of ongoing empirical research. The semantic as well as epistemic gain is that if taxon names are associated with natural kind terms instead of being proper names, the composition of the taxon will naturally determine the meaning of its name.
© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.     

Yelirella nomen novum for Rileyella Spratt, 2003 (Pentastomida: Cephalobaenida), a junior homonym of Rileyella Townsend, 1909 (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Yelirella nomen novum is proposed as a replacement name for Rileyella Spratt, 2003 (Pentastomida: Cephalobaenida), which is a junior homonym of Rileyella Townsend, 1909 (Diptera: Tachinidae), resulting in the new combination Yelirella petauri (Spratt, 2003) n. comb.     

Phylogenetic classification and the definition of taxon names

Taxon names should be founded on phylogenetic relationships. and the names defined on the basis of common ancestry. Definitions based on evolutionary relationships relate the names to a phylogeny, and while the inclusiveness of the name may change with changing hypotheses of monophyly, the actual name remains unaltered. The limits of the name arc fixed by pointing to a monophyletic clade, where group membership is determined by the relationship to this clade. and not to subjective decisions of taxon delineations. Since phylogenetic definitions unambiguously connect the name to a specified clade, and not to a type, the conventional type concept becomes superfluous. We furthermore consider the Linnean categories poorly suited to convey the information in evolutionary trees, and suggest that these categories are abandoned.     

Species group taxa of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae) described by N. N. Plavilstshikov and their types preserved in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University and in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,St. Petersburg

The names of all 135 species-group taxa of Cerambycidae described by N. N. Plavilstshikov are listed. Types of all these taxa preserved in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University and in the Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg) are catalogued, with lectotypes and paralectotypes designated. New synonymies are proposed: Pseudosieversia rufa (Kraatz, 1879) = Macrorhabdium ruficollis Plavilstshikov, 1915, syn. n.; Pseudo sieversia Pic, 1902 = Macrorhabdium Plavilstshikov, 1915, syn. n.; Agapanthia angelicae Reitter, 1898 = A. jacobsoni Plavilstshikov, 1915, syn. n. Dorcadion arietinum phenax Jakovlev, 1900, stat. n. is a valid name of the taxon known before as D. arietinum strandi Plav. Alosterna tabacicolor subsp. tokatensis Pic, 1901 (= A. t. caucasica Plavilstshikov, 1936, syn. n.) is regarded as a valid name (nomen protectum), and A. chrysomeloides var. subvittata Reitter, 1885 is regarded a nomen oblitum, as well as Cortodera umbripennis var. pallidipes Pic, 1898, while C. ruthena Plavilstshikov, 1936 is nomen protectum. Vadonia bipunctata puchneri Holzschuh, 2007, stat. n. is widely distributed in southern Ukraine and southern Russia from Dnepropetrovsk to Rostov-on-Don, and in the North Caucasus; specimens of this subspecies, as also specimens of V. saucia (Mulsant et Godart, 1855), stat. rest., known from the southern Crimea, constitute a part of the type series of V. bipunctata mulsantiana (Plavilstshikov, 1936).