绿草履虫-小球藻共生系统中共生藻对宿主细胞超微结构的影响

应用透射电镜术显示了含小球藻绿草履虫和人工诱导获得的无小球藻绿草履虫细胞的超微结构特征,无小球藻绿草履虫细胞内有大量处于不同消化阶段的食物泡及膜性小泡,在细胞质内常见有线粒体聚集分布以及内质网分布其中,细胞大核内核仁数目增多,并聚集形成多个核仁区。含小球藻绿草履虫中细胞膜性结构较少见,细胞大核中核仁数目较少。结果表明,小球藻共生体可能影响了宿主草履虫细胞中所述细胞器的功能,数量和分布,并影响了核仁的功能,数量和分布。     

营养要素对原油降解菌生长的影响

目的:研究营养要素对原油降解菌生长的影响.方法:通过紫外分光光度计于600nm处测量菌体OD值检测6种碳源、5种氮源、无机离子含量和氯化钠含量对原油降解菌K5生长的影响.通过正交实验确定了原油降解菌K5生长的最佳营养条件.结果:当蔗糖含量0.6%、硫酸铵含量0.2%、氯化钠含量0.6%、微量元素含量0.1%时,原油降解菌生长得最好.结论:确定了原油降解菌K5生长的最佳营养条件,并且发现了培养基中的氮源和碳源对菌体生长量的影响最大以及不同微量元素对菌体生长量有不同程度的促进或抑制作用.     

富营养化水体对水芹抗氧化系统和营养品质的影响

该试验以水芹(Oenanthe javanica DC.)为材料,通过浮床栽培技术,研究水芹的营养品质和抗氧化系统在富营养化水体中的变化,以明确富营养化水体对水芹生长和营养品质的影响,探讨利用水芹进行富营养化水体生态修复的可行性。结果表明:(1)在富营养化水体中生长30d后,水芹全株鲜重增长4.18~7.00倍,且在高浓度富营养化水体中生长的水芹生物量与正常栽培条件下无显著差异,可以在富营养化水体中正常生长。(2)在富营养化水体中,水芹体内SOD和POD活性均保持较高水平,MDA含量和电解质渗透率均维持在较低水平,表现出很强的抗氧化能力和对富营养化水体的适应性,避免了膜脂过氧化伤害。(3)在富营养化水体中,水芹Vc含量显著高于对照,可溶性糖含量与对照无差异,且亚硝酸盐含量远低于国家标准,其在该试验环境下营养品质较好,符合国家允许的食用标准。研究发现,水芹对富营养化水体具有较好的适应性,可以在富营养化水体中正常生长,且营养品质未受影响,能安全食用,可用于富营养化水体的生态修复。     

蜜环菌和天麻共生营养关系的放射性自显影研究

本文利用3H-葡萄糖以打孔浇灌法标记天麻。用标记的天麻伴栽蜜环菌,追踪标记化合物是否存在蜜环菌中。显微放射自显影的结果表明：天麻自身能吸收标记物,同化的标记物其长距离运输靠天麻的纵向维管组织进行。天麻表皮外的蜜环菌菌索的光镜、电镜自显影显示,蜜环菌能从天麻中获取营养,蜜环菌和天麻之间存在营养物质的相互交流,菌麻之间存在着特殊的共生关系。     

季节变化对沙漠生态系统土壤中自由生活线虫和原生动物间营养关系的影响

选择沙漠常绿灌木丛枝霸王(Zygophyllum dumosum)群落及群落间的开阔地带采样,研究土壤线虫和原生动物的种群大小、物种组成及营养结构.本研究共获线虫29属,裸变形虫33属90种;在所获各类原生动物中,鞭毛虫和纤毛虫均为食细菌类群,而鞭毛虫个体数量最多;在沙漠生态系统中,土壤湿度被认为是影响生物活性的最重要因素之一.然而,本研究显示:土壤湿度对线虫和原生动物是否重要取决于这些动物对土壤湿度的生理生态适应能力;土壤线虫和原生动物的体型大小、生活史策略和活动能力与土壤湿度的有效性相关不显著,但它们对微生物和微小土壤动物区系间的相互作用有重要影响,在干旱生态系统中,这种影响能够显著改变土壤生态系统短期的养分循环.本研究还表明,土壤线虫和原生动物种群间的关系主要取决于两者营养类群组成的变化.     

瘤菌根菌对铁皮石斛根系形态的影响及其共生关系的研究

为了解瘤菌根菌(Epulorhizasp.)与铁皮石斛(Dendrobiumofficinale)根系的共生关系及其对根系农艺性状的影响,用液体培养瘤菌根菌浇灌无菌盆栽铁皮石斛苗根部共培养,观察石斛根的表型和超微结构变化,并用分子检测鉴定菌丝是否定殖根中。结果表明,瘤菌根菌菌丝能侵入根的皮层细胞,诱导生成菌丝团形成共生关系。共生后的菌丝能提高IAA含量,诱导根系结构发生改变生成侧根,增大了根系体积,促进根系的生长并显著提高根系活力。瘤菌根菌与铁皮石斛根共培养后建立共生关系形成菌根且能定殖于根中,诱导根系结构的变化,侧根的形成对石斛生长具有重要作用。     

食物营养对黑腹果蝇中肠干细胞的影响

【目的】研究市场上常见的几种儿童、青少年较为喜爱的小食品的主要营养成分,及其对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的体重、发育等的影响,进而探讨膳食中营养均衡的重要性。【方法】采用双缩脲法、苏丹Ⅲ染色法及碘酒染色法分别对食物中的蛋白质、脂肪及淀粉含量进行测定。分别用基础培养基或实验用食品配制的培养基培养黑腹果蝇,待果蝇卵孵化后,取一定数量果蝇个体进行称重,并对果蝇中肠进行解剖和免疫荧光染色,观察果蝇肠道发育情况。【结果】基础食物(培养基)中的蛋白质、脂肪及淀粉含量配比较为均衡,而实验用零食有些脂肪含量较高,有些蛋白质含量较高,有些淀粉含量较高,配比严重失衡。淀粉及脂肪含量均较高的食物能引起果蝇体重超重;同时果蝇肠道细胞Arm/Pros的染色显著增加,显示肠道干细胞数目显著增加,另外果蝇肠壁明显加厚;而食物中淀粉或蛋白质严重缺失的食物则引起果蝇发育障碍。其中,在高碳水化合物但几乎没有蛋白质存在的食物中,果蝇干细胞数目同样增加很多,肠壁加厚,但其体重显著降低,同时发育迟缓。在高蛋白高脂肪低碳水化合物的食物中,中肠干细胞数目明显减少,果蝇肠壁变薄,发育受到影响。将几种实验组食物按照基础食物的蛋白质、脂肪及淀粉含量进行配比混合,模拟营养的均衡配比,喂养果蝇后发现,营养成分配比均衡极大地缓解配比失衡后所造成的中肠损伤,并使果蝇的个体发育恢复均衡。【结论】食物中的营养失衡会显著影响果蝇的体重以及肠壁和肠道干细胞的数目,导致果蝇体重下降或上升,肠道细胞增殖功能紊乱,对果蝇发育产生严重影响。这些结果提示了儿童偏好零食引起的营养不良和过度肥胖及肠道功能障碍,因此建议青少年儿童不能偏好零食,要做到合理膳食,营养均衡。     

低浓度SO2对云杉幼苗中碳水化合物代谢的影响研究

研究了低浓度SO₂对云杉幼苗的光合作用速率及碳水化合物代谢的生理生化过程的影响,测定了CO₂摄取速率、幼苗蔗糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶和转化酶活性及ATP/ADP值.结果表明,低浓度的SO₂(200μg·m^-3)能瞬时刺激幼苗对CO₂的吸收.与对照组相比,幼苗中的蔗糖含量及蔗糖磷酸酶活性明显下降,ATP/ADP处于低水平.因此,在受到SO₂污染形成可见伤害前,幼苗的生理生化过程可能已受到干扰.     

铅锌镉联合染毒及营养干预对大鼠血液系统的影响研究

目的:了解铅锌镉联合染毒对大鼠血液系统的影响及营养干预对其损伤的修复作用。方法:选择SPF级初断乳Wistar大鼠72只,随机分为对照组、染毒组和干预组,分别采用生理盐水、铅锌镉联合染毒液及染毒后以营养干预液灌胃28天和56天之后,检测其血液系统中五元素和血细胞的指标。结果:染毒组较对照组大鼠血铜、血锌含量高,血钙含量低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);染毒组血铜含量高于干预组,血钙含量低于干预组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组红细胞(RBC)计数、血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(HCT)均高于染毒组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组白细胞(WBC)计数高于染毒组、干预组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:铅镉对大鼠血铜、血钙、血锌水平有影响;综合营养干预对重金属元素造成的血液系统损伤有明显的拮抗作用,对血液系统有一定的保护及修复作用。     

红壤典型地区大气硫输入的干沉降通量研究

在江西（鹰潭）红壤典型地区农田下垫面上进行大气SO2、硫酸盐（SO4^2-）的浓度采样,利用阻力模式计算SO2和SO4^2-的干沉降速度,估算大气S输入农田生态系统的干沉降通量,结果表明,农田下热垫面上SO2和SO4^2-干沉降速度的平均值分别是0．43、0．23cm.s^-1,干沉降速率具有明显的日变化特征,一般白天大于夜间,午后出现最大值,大气S输入农田生态系统的半年干沉降通量为6．7g.m^-2。     

Effects of sulphur dioxide on leaf photosynthesis: the role of temperature and humidity

The effect of temperature and humidity on SO₂–induced photosynthetic depression was determined in gas exchange experiments with leaves of Vicia faba , L. Stomatal behaviour was sensitive to humidity resulting in higher uptake rates of SO₂ and stronger reductions of photosynthesis at low VPD (vapour pressure deficit). After a fumigation period of 2 h, when the photosynthetic rate had stabilized, photosynthesis of leaves exposed to SO₂ at 8°C was reduced much more than at 18°C at the same rate of SO₂ uptake. Data analysis with a mechanistic model revealed that this effect was due to the slower rate of S(IV) oxidation at lower temperatures, resulting in higher accumulation of S(IV) and thus stronger reduction of photosynthesis. These results were confirmed by experimental analyses of the S(IV) concentration in leaves following fumigation, which showed that more S(IV) accumulated in leaves exposed at a lower temperature. This may explain the high sensitivity of plants exposed to SO₂ under winter conditions, when both VPD and temperature are low.     

Impact of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria

Aims: To investigate the impact of acetaldehyde‐ and pyruvic acid‐bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Methods and Results: Growth studies were performed where Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus parvulus, Ped. damnosus and Lactobacillus hilgardii were inoculated into media containing various concentrations of acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid and an equimolar concentration of SO₂ at pH 3·50 and 3·70. Low concentrations of acetaldehyde‐ and pyruvic acid‐bound SO₂ were inhibitory to the growth of all bacteria although acetaldehyde‐bound SO₂ was generally more inhibitory than pyruvic acid‐bound SO₂. Inhibition was greater at pH 3·50 than 3·70, and Lact. hilgardii was the most sensitive to acetaldehyde‐bound SO₂, while O. oeni was the most sensitive to pyruvic acid‐bound SO₂. Degradation of SO₂‐bound acetaldehyde was observed for all LAB, and aside from O. oeni, there was also complete degradation of SO₂‐bound pyruvic acid at both pH values. O. oeni only degraded pyruvic acid at pH 3·70. Degradation of SO₂‐bound acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid did not correlate with bacterial growth as inhibition was always observed in media containing bound SO₂. Conclusions: Acetaldehyde‐ and pyruvic acid‐bound SO₂ were inhibitory to wine LAB growth at concentrations as low as 5 mg l^?1. Despite this inhibition, all wine LAB degraded SO₂‐bound acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid suggesting that bound SO₂ may have a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal action. Significance and Impact of the Study: Sulphur dioxide bound to acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid is inhibitory to growth of wine LAB and must be considered when conducting the malolactic fermentation or controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria such as Pediococcus and Lactobacillus.     

作物籽粒中NO_3~-N和NO_2~--N的积累与氮肥种类和数量的关系

1996～1997在芸豆(云南)、红小豆(河北)、大豆(黑龙江)和花生(山东)绿色食品产地,研究了施用有机肥和化肥对这些作物籽粒中NO-3、NO-2的累积特点.结果表明,芸豆和红小豆不论施用有机肥还是尿素,土壤中的速效氮与籽粒中NO-2的灰色关联最好;施用有机肥的最大关联度分别出现在土壤库内部(全氮与速效氮之间)或籽粒库内部(NO-3、NO-2之间);而施用化肥的最大关联度分别出现在土壤库与籽粒库的全氮与NO-3之间.芸豆和红小豆随着施肥水平的提高,籽粒中NO-3/NO-2比值动态变化趋势因施用有机肥和施用化肥而不同.这4类作物籽粒中的NO-3与NO-2存在着极显著的负直线相关关系和极显著的直线回归关系     

Effects of sulfur dioxide on the development of powdery mildew of cucumber

Environment is a major factor that does influence host parasite relationships. Air pollution caused by SO₂ may directly alter the environment around the plant and pathogen. It is hypothesised that plants may respond differently to foliar pathogens in air polluted environments. To test this hypothesis, effects of intermittent exposures of SO₂ at 143, 286 and 571 μg m⁻³ were investigated on the development of powdery mildew of cucumber (Cucumis sativa) caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, using pre-, post- and concomitant-inoculation exposures in closed-top chambers. Sulfur dioxide (except 143 μg m⁻³) and the fungus acting alone caused chlorosis and/or necrosis, and mildew colonies on leaves, respectively and both reduced the plant growth and yield of cucumber. Fungus colonization was relatively greater on the plants exposed to 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³, but at the higher concentrations, the colonies were greatly suppressed. Gas injury on fungus-infected plants was also less in the other treatments. Conidia of S. fuliginea collected from exposed plants varied in size. Conidial germination was considerably greater at 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³. This concentration also promoted germination of the conidia exposed on glass slides. Higher concentrations (286 and 571 μg m⁻³), however, suppressed the germination of conidia from exposed plants or exposed on glass slides. The number of fibrosin bodies declined at all the concentrations. Synergistic effects of 143 μg SO₂ m⁻³ and S. fuliginea were recorded on plant growth and yield of cucumber. Sulfur dioxide at 571 μg m⁻³ and powdery mildew infection had an antagonistic effect on plant growth.     

红壤典型地区大气硫输入的干沉降通量研究——以江西红壤站为例

在江西(鹰潭)红壤典型地区农田下垫面上进行大气SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)的浓度采样,利用阻力模式计算SO₂和SO₄^2-的干沉降速度,估算大气S输入农田生态系统的干沉降通量.结果表明,农田下垫面上SO₂和SO₄^2-干沉降速度的平均值分别是0.3、0.23cm·s^-1.干沉降速度具有明显的日变化特征,一般白天大于夜间,午后出现最大值.大气S输入农田生态系统的半年干沉降通量为6.7g·m^-2.