不同pH 值土壤及其浸提液对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同pH值土壤以及重度盐碱土和非盐碱土浸提液对羊草(Leymus chinensis)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。不同pH值土壤由配土和调酸两种方式取得, 前者由重度盐碱土(pH = 10.24)与非盐碱土(pH = 7.49)按不同比例配制, 后者是由重度苏打盐碱土经硫酸调酸处理得到。配土发芽的实验结果表明, 当pH值在7.49-9.14时, 种子的发芽率均在50%以上, 且幼苗能够正常生长; pH = 9.53时, 羊草种子的发芽率低于50%, 仅部分幼苗个体能够成活; 当pH > 9.86时, 幼苗在萌发后50天左右全部枯死。说明羊草种子个体萌发期最大耐受pH值在9.14-9.53之间。重度苏打盐碱土调酸发芽实验结果表明, 当调酸后 的土壤pH值降至7.0-10.0时, 均能显著促进羊草种子的萌发, 且幼苗生长正常。确定了羊草种子萌发的最适pH值为8.0-8.5。土/水比为1: 1的非盐碱土浸提液能够显著提高羊草种子发芽率, 而重度苏打盐碱土浸提液对羊草种子萌发没有产生显著抑制。     

不同pH值土壤及其浸提液对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同pH值土壤以及重度盐碱土和非盐碱土浸提液对羊草(Leymus chinensis)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。不同pH值土壤由配土和调酸两种方式取得,前者由重度盐碱土(pH=10．24)与非盐碱土(pH=7．49)按不同比例配制,后者是由重度苏打盐碱土经硫酸调酸处理得到。配土发芽的实验结果表明,当pH值在7．49-9．14时,种子的发芽率均在50％以上,且幼苗能够正常生长;pH=9．53时,羊草种子的发芽率低于50％,仅部分幼苗个体能够成活;当pH>9．86时,幼苗在萌发后50天左右全部枯死。说明羊草种子个体萌发期最大耐受pH值在9．14-9．53之间。重度苏打盐碱土调酸发芽实验结果表明,当调酸后的土壤pH值降至7．0-10．0时,均能显著促进羊草种子的萌发,且幼苗生长正常。确定了羊草种子萌发的最适pH值为8．0-8．5。土／水比为1:1的非盐碱土浸提液能够显著提高羊草种子发芽率,而重度苏打盐碱土浸提液对羊草种子萌发没有产生显著抑制。     

松嫩平原退化草地羊草种子萌发对环境因子的响应

研究了温度(恒温和变温)、水分(含水量2.5%-40.0%)和干旱胁迫、土壤类型(盐碱土和非盐碱土)和盐碱胁迫(NaCl和Na₂CO₃)等环境因子对羊草(Leymus chinensis)种子萌发的影响。恒温下未经打破休眠处理的羊草种子发芽率不足2%, 变温下羊草种子发芽率可达85.3%, 表明温度是影响羊草种子萌发的关键因素之一。羊草种子萌发的适宜土壤含水量为2.5%-15.0%, 随着含水量继续增加, 发芽率呈下降趋势。松嫩平原盐碱化土壤对羊草种子萌发具有显著的抑制作用, 羊草种子在重度盐碱土(pH 10.24)中发芽率仅为6.0%, 而在非盐碱土中发芽率可达61.3%。羊草种子在萌发阶段的耐盐碱能力差, 随着NaCl和Na₂CO₃浓度增加, 发芽率呈显著下降趋势, 且Na₂CO₃的抑制作用更强。松嫩平原盐碱环境下羊草种子萌发受到抑制是该地区羊草草地退化的原因之一。     

假酸浆种子发芽特性研究

在不同温度、不同贮藏时间和方法下,对来源于印度尼西亚的假酸浆种子发芽特性进行研究。结果表明:不同温度对假酸浆种子萌发的影响差异极显著,在15/25℃变温条件下种子发芽率最高,为84.3%,发芽快且整齐;假酸浆种子采收后立即播种其发芽率非常低,室温下贮藏6～9个月时在25℃恒温或15/25℃变温条件下均有较高发芽率,说明假酸浆种子有休眠性,通过延长贮藏时间能打破休眠,促进种子发芽;但室温贮藏15个月后,种子活力下降非常明显。低温冷藏在一定条件下能提高假酸浆种子萌发能力,能延长种子寿命。     

窄叶野碗豆种子的休眠与发芽特性

以青藏高原野豌豆属窄叶野碗豆(Vicia angustifolia)种子为材料,就其休眠类型、发芽对温度与水分的响应以及休眠破除方法进行了研究。结果显示:(1)窄叶野碗豆新鲜种子具有复合休眠特性,而贮藏种子仅具有物理休眠特性。(2)与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽温度范围变窄,高温显著抑制其种子的发芽,在25℃条件下新鲜种子的发芽率仅为4%,而贮藏种子可达90%以上。(3)新鲜种子发芽对水分的要求较高,在-0.4 MPa以及10℃、15℃、20℃条件下,新鲜种子的发芽率分别为85%、55%、8%,而贮藏种子的发芽率分别为95%、91%、89%。(4)氟啶酮(FL)和赤霉素(GA3)对贮藏种子的发芽与发芽速率均无明显作用,但可显著提高新鲜种子的发芽速率;与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽对脱落酸(ABA)的抑制作用更为敏感;除高浓度多效唑(PA)显著抑制新鲜种子的发芽外,其他浓度的PA对新鲜种子与贮藏种子均无显著影响。研究表明,脱落酸可能是引致窄叶野豌豆种子生理休眠的主要原因;硫酸及切破种皮处理均可破除贮藏种的物理休眠,其中硫酸处理20min效果最好。     

头花蓼种子贮藏与寿命研究

目的:研究包装材料、贮藏时间和环境对头花蓼种子发芽率的影响,为其贮藏提供科学方法。方法:将头花蓼种子分别装于牛皮纸袋与棉布袋后,置干燥器、冰箱里及室温下贮藏12个月时测发芽率,以后每隔6个月测1次发芽率,直至室温下的发芽率为零时。结果:用透气性良好的棉布袋与用透气性较差的牛皮纸袋包装贮藏头花蓼种子,其发芽率无显著差异。头花蓼种子贮藏于室温下18个月时,发芽率就显著下降,30个月时,发芽率降为零;贮藏于冰箱中24个月时,发芽率才显著降低,30个月时,仍有发芽能力;而贮藏于干燥器中达30个月时,发芽率才明显下降。结论:包装材料的透气性差异对头花蓼种子的发芽率无显著影响。头花蓼种子的寿命为30个月,干燥和低温环境能延长其寿命。     

氮添加对盐胁迫条件下芦苇和盐地碱蓬种子萌发竞争的影响

【摘要】为了探讨黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬和芦苇种子萌发阶段在不同盐胁迫条件的竞争关系, 以及氮添加对其竞争的影响, 本实验采用培养皿纸上发芽床法, 分析了不同浓度氮、盐及混合培养等条件下两种种子发芽率、发芽速度的响应。结果表明, 盐胁迫对盐地碱蓬和芦苇种子发芽率均有显著性影响, 盐浓度低于300 mmol·L-1时盐地碱蓬发芽率并未有显著降低, 而芦苇种子发芽率随着盐浓度增加而呈现显著降低趋势; 低盐条件下, 氮添加未对两物种发芽率产生显著影响, 但高盐胁迫条件下适度的氮添加显著增加了种子发芽率。混合培养显著增加了低盐环境中芦苇的发芽率, 当盐胁迫浓度升高时, 培养模式对两物种发芽率影响程度降低。对于发芽速度而言, 低盐处理下单独培养盐地碱蓬的发芽速度显著高于混合培养, 氮添加对盐地碱蓬发芽速度未产生显著影响; 而低盐条件(0、100 mmol·L-1)下芦苇的发芽速度则是在混合培养高于单独培养方式, 当盐浓度升高(400 mmol·L-1)时, 混合培养抑制了芦苇的发芽速度, 此时, 高氮(40 mmol·L-1)添加处理则能够显著缓解混合培养对芦苇发芽的抑制作用。研究结果可以为黄河三角洲滨海典型物种生态适应机制研究提供一定的理论依据。     

低温贮藏下真空与非真空包装对小麦种子生活力的影响

对以铝箔袋真空包装和铝盒非真空包装的89份小麦种子,在-4～0℃的低温种质库中贮藏11年后的贮藏效果进行了研究.从种子贮藏后的发芽率与入库前的初始发芽率差异,2种包装方式的种子年份间、同一年份2种方式间的种子发芽率差异等3个方面探讨了2种包装方式的种子在低温贮藏条件下的贮藏效果.结果表明:通过低温贮藏11年的小麦种子生活力测定.82%的材料在低温保存后其种子平均发芽率高于初始发芽率.而贮藏第10年后发芽率才出现较初始发芽率明显下降;铝箔袋包装的种子发芽率下降幅度小于铝盒包装,且差异达显著水平;铝箔袋真空密封包装的贮藏效果明显好于非真空包装的种子.     

不同贮藏条件下豆薯种子的脂质过氧化研究

豆薯(Pachyrhizuus erosus(L.)Urban)种子分别在4℃、15℃相对湿度(RH)45%及室温开放条件下贮藏,或新鲜种子进行超干处理将其含水量降到6.43%后密封贮存,以探讨种子劣变的生理机制.结果表明,豆薯种子在室温开放贮藏12个月的发芽率降至50%,24个月后发芽力完全丧失.4℃下贮藏豆薯种子最有效,贮藏后种子的电导率和紫外吸收值较低,过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性仍保持较高水平,种子萌发时释放出的挥发性醛也较低.适当的超干处理效果与15℃45%RH相似,但不及4℃的.     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种子萌发特性的研究

 秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)为中国特有种,主要分布于中国秦巴山地,现为渐危种,被列为国家二级保护植物。经测定,秦岭冷杉种子千粒重为(33.92±1.01)g,与其它冷杉属的种子比较,其种子千粒重较大。四唑（TTC,1.0 %）染色测种子生活力的结果表明:有生活力的种子占26.00%,空粒占20.50%,涩粒占33.75%,说明秦岭冷杉种子饱满度很差,反映了比较高的种子败育率;染色结果与对比发芽实验的结果很接近,说明用四唑染色来测定秦岭冷杉种子的生活力是较准确的方法。把种子进行0、14、21、28d低温(4℃)层积处理,发现低温层积可以显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,但是层积21d与28d发芽势没有差异。设置恒温20℃、25℃和变温20～30℃ 3种温度条件下发芽比较,发现最终的发芽率并没有差异,但是发芽势差异显著,恒温25℃达到最大发芽率的90%的时间要比另外两种温度下提前9d,可见25℃是秦岭冷杉种子发芽的适宜温度。光照(8 h·d-1,100μmol·m-2·s-1)和黑暗下种子的最后发芽率差异不显著,但是光照发芽势高,可见光照可以促进秦岭冷杉种子发芽迅速、整齐。实验证明,用砂床做发芽基质与用纸床做发芽基质相比,前者的发芽率和发芽势均比后者高。     

冷层积和室温干燥贮藏对河西走廊8种荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

不同贮藏和处理条件对不同植物的种子萌发有不同的影响。该文以河西走廊干旱半干旱区8种荒漠植物为研究对象, 探讨了种子经历不同冷层积(4 ℃、-5 ℃、-26 - 10 ℃)和室温干燥贮藏后的萌发响应。研究结果表明: 1)冷层积可使种子萌发率提高、保持不变或降低, 冷层积的有效温度下界可降至-5 ℃或更低。4 ℃和-5 ℃的冷层积使多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum)和驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum fabago)种子的萌发率升高、萌发速度加快, 冬季过低的气温以及较大的温度变幅(-26 - 10 ℃)使部分种子萌发率升高。3种冷层积和室温干燥贮藏使黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)种子萌发率达到90%-100%。唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)、苦马豆(Sphaerophysa salsula)种子经过3种冷层积和室温干燥贮藏后萌发率变化较小。中亚紫菀木(Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus)种子对各种贮藏条件的响应不明显, 部分种子活性丢失。刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)种子扩散时有较高的萌发率(84%), 经-5 ℃和-26 - 10 ℃冷贮藏后, 种子仍具有较高的萌发率, 经4 ℃冷贮藏后几乎不萌发, 大部分种子活性丢失。2)不同物种的种子经过不同方式的贮藏后, 萌发对温度的响应不同。经冷层积后的多裂骆驼蓬种子萌发响应于恒温, 驼蹄瓣和刺沙蓬种子萌发更加响应于变温条件; 多数植物种子在变温培养下萌发速度慢于恒温下。     

Assessing seed priming,sowing date,and mulch film to improve the germination and survival of direct‐sown Miscanthus sinensis in the United Kingdom

Direct sowing of Miscanthus seed could lower crop establishment costs, and increase the rate of grower uptake and biomass supply for the emerging bio‐economy. A replicated field trial was conducted at two contrasting UK sites: Aberystwyth (ABR) in mid‐Wales and Blankney (BLK) in Lincolnshire. These sites encompass the west–east meteorological gradient in the United Kingdom where the growing season at ABR is cooler and wetter while BLK is warmer and drier. Primed and unprimed Miscanthus sinensis seeds were sown directly onto the soil surface with and without a clear biodegradable mulch film, at nine dates interspersed from May to October. Average daily mean soil surface temperatures measured over the first 2 months after sowing under the mulch film were higher than control plots (2.7°C ABR and 4.2°C BLK). At both sites, the film covering also affected soil volumetric moisture relative to uncovered control plots (?3% ABR and 8% BLK), demonstrating the negative impact of mulch film when sowing on dry soil. Over nine sowings, seed germination at ABR under film varied between ?28% and +18% of germination under control conditions. Seedlings from the first three sowings at both sites under film had sufficient physiological maturity to survive the first winter period. At BLK, mulch film significantly increased tiller count and height in both the first and second years after sowing. At ABR, where temperatures were lower, film covering significantly increased tiller height but not count. Water priming had no significant effect on seed viability or germination in the field tests. Base temperatures for germination of primed and unprimed seeds on a thermal gradient plate were 7.0°C and 5.7°C, respectively, with a ± 1.7°C confidence interval. Based on our results for M. sinensis in the United Kingdom, we recommend the sowing of unprimed seed in May under film and only when the soil is moist.     

储藏条件和时间对六种多年生湿地植物种子萌发的影响

研究了储藏条件和时间对 6种湿地植物种子萌发的影响 ,以便为采用种子恢复和重建湿地植被提供指导。将新鲜种子在浸泡 -冷、湿 -冷、湿 /干 -冷和干 -冷 4种条件下储藏 3个月后再进行种子萌发 ,结果表明 ,普通野生稻 (Oryza rufipogon)和野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)在 3种水胁迫冷藏条件下的种子萌发率显著高于干 -冷储藏时的萌发率 ;柳叶箬 (Isachne globosa)和水毛花(Scirpus triangulatus)种子发芽率最高的储藏条件分别是浸泡 -冷或湿 -冷储藏和干 /湿 -冷藏。小慈姑 (Sagittaria potam-ogetifolia)和野荸荠 (Eleocharisplantagineiformis)在 4种储藏条件下的发芽率没有显著差异。将种子在干 -冷条件下分别储藏1个月、6个月、18个月和 30个月后再进行萌发 ,结果显示储藏时间延长显著提高了普通野生稻、柳叶箬、野荸荠和小慈姑的发芽率。野慈姑的发芽率在前 3个储藏期随储藏时间延长而提高 ,但 30个月后发芽率开始下降。水毛花在所有储藏期间的发芽率均小于 2 %。结果建议采用种子恢复和重建湿地植被时 ,将种子水胁迫冷藏利于种子的萌发。同时 ,结果也表明干 -冷储藏 30个月的种子仍可作为湿地恢复的种质资源     

画眉草种子萌发对策及生态适应性

研究了画眉草种子在不同贮藏条件以及光照、温度和降雨等环境因素下的萌发对策.结果表明,画眉草新种子具有较强的内在休眠;4个月的干藏和冷藏处理对解除种子休眠作用不明显,但较长时间的贮藏（干藏1年）则能促进种子成熟.画眉草种子在光照和黑暗条件下都能萌发,但较强的光照更有利于种子萌发.种子萌发适宜温度是28 ℃,温度升高和降低都会导致画眉草种子萌发率下降;变温条件下（16～28 ℃）种子萌发率高于恒温28 ℃条件,但两个处理间的萌发率没有显著差异.种子萌发降雨阈值是10 mm,种子萌发率和萌发持续时间均随降雨量的增加而增加.画眉草种子具有迅速萌发和推迟萌发时间超过1年以上两种萌发对策.根据种子形态特征和萌发策略,推断画眉草具有持久土壤种子库.     

培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对三种海滨植物种子萌发的影响

研究了培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对3种海滨植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)种子萌发的影响,探索在潮间带环境下海滨植物种子萌发适应策略。结果表明:3种植物的干藏种子和湿藏芦苇种子随着盐度的升高,萌发率和萌发速率均显著下降,湿藏互花米草和盐地碱蓬种子在各盐度下萌发率和萌发速率差异不显著。各盐度-土培-干藏互花米草,中、高盐度-土培-干藏盐地碱蓬,土培各处理,中、高盐度-水培-干藏,高盐度-水培-湿藏芦苇种子萌发失败。湿藏提高了各盐度处理下土培互花米草,中、高盐度-水培和土培盐地碱蓬,淡水、中盐度-水培芦苇种子的萌发率和萌发速率。干藏互花米草种子在中、高盐度和土埋条件下种子的萌发受到抑制,限制了互花米草向高潮带与潮上带的扩展;而经常受潮水浸淹保持湿润的种子能抵抗高盐和泥沙沉积,导致互花米草种群逐步向低潮带方向发展;湿藏芦苇种子在淡水中萌发率和萌发速率最高,当潮上带盐度降低时,芦苇具有很强的竞争优势,但是对盐度和土埋敏感,限制了其向海的拓展;盐地碱蓬在中、高盐度和土培条件下萌发速率最高,快速萌发的适应策略和广适应性在盐地碱蓬占据高潮带和中潮带广大区域的过程中起到了重要的作用。     

Restoring the Victorian Western (Basalt) Plains grassland. 1. Laboratory trials of viability and germination, and the implications for direct seeding

Summary   The Victorian Western (Basalt) Plains grassland is one of Australia's most threatened plant communities. Practitioners using seed for its restoration need to know whether seed can be sown fresh or whether it requires an after-ripening period. This study assessed the viability and germination of freshly harvested wild seed from 64 grassland species indigenous to the Basalt Plains of western Victoria. The seed was collected as part of a broader experiment that examined the potential of direct-sown complex seed mixes for the restoration of grassland communities. The germination of fresh seed at 25°C varied widely between species. Comparisons with tetrazolium viability tests for each species indicated varying levels of dormancy within the species pool. Germination separated into three broad responses at day 28. One-third of the species failed to germinate, one-third germinated at 1% to 50% and the remaining species germinated between 51% and 100%. Therefore, if the aim of a sowing was the rapid and synchronous establishment of most of the sown species, the use of fresh seed in restoration could be problematic. After 3 months of dry storage, eight species were re-tested for germination. Each of the selected species had shown high viability but low initial germination. Only two species significantly increased their total germination at 25°C. The annual species, Triptilodiscus pygmaeus , increased its total germination from 6% as fresh seed to 99% after dry storage. Testing the viability and germination capacity of freshly harvested seed from a large and diverse sample of native grassland species demonstrated that many of the species were unlikely to germinate rapidly or synchronously when sown in complex seed mixes soon after harvest. This finding has implications for the scheduling and management of restoration projects that rely on the use of such seed.     

Dormancy and viability of Ferocactus peninsulae (Cactaceae) seeds

Knowledge on seed dormancy is crucial for the understanding of plant population dynamics, as it controls seed germination and seed bank formation. Dormant seeds have high potential to establish in soil seed banks, but such information within Cactaceae is scarce, although it is essential for conservation programs. The aim of this study was to determine if seeds of Ferocactus peninsulae showed any kind of dormancy and to test their germination capacity after storage. This was assessed with 15 seed sowing experiments done over 4 years with seeds stored under room conditions (20 ± 2°C). We demonstrated the existence of physiological dormancy in F. peninsulae seeds that is broken with an after-ripening period. Germination was low during the first 3 months of storage (d = 0.206) but increased after 10 months of storage (d = 0.654), and seeds maintained their viability at 48 months (d = 0.707). Also, their speed of germination increased with storage time. Ferocactus peninsulae seeds are positively photoblastic, and the requirement for light for germination persisted over all experiments. The results provide crucial information for propagation and conservation research and may allow us to infer that F. peninsulae seeds are able to form a persistent soil seed bank, as they maintained their viability after dormancy is released.