c-fos-like蛋白在尖唇散白蚁繁殖蚁和工蚁性腺中的表达

为了探讨c-fos原癌基因在白蚁生殖品级和非生殖品级性腺发育中的作用,揭示白蚁不同品级性腺发育的调节机理,本研究运用免疫细胞化学定位方法对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis繁殖蚁和工蚁精、卵发生过程中的c-fos蛋白表达进行了研究。结果显示：雌性繁殖蚁在末龄若虫期的卵子发生过程中有c-fos-like表达, c-fos-like免疫阳性物质定位于生长期的卵母细胞核和滤泡细胞核中;而繁殖蚁成虫的卵子发生过程中没有c-fos-like免疫阳性反应。雄性繁殖蚁在末龄若虫期时精子发生过程中没有c-fos-like表达, 而发育到成虫期有c-fos-like免疫阳性反应,阳性物质定位于精原细胞的细胞核中。工蚁精、 卵发生过程中均没有c-fos-like的表达。结果提示：c-fos在调节繁殖蚁精子和卵子发生方面有重要作用,c-fos可能通过调节精原细胞增殖参与精子的发生;在卵巢中可以直接作用于生长期的卵母细胞和滤泡细胞来调节卵子的发生。在工蚁性腺中c-fos表达缺失可能导致卵母细胞和滤泡细胞无法正常发育,精原细胞停止增殖而使精子发生处于相对抑制状态。工蚁性腺退化不育可能与c-fos没有正常表达有关。     

类雄激素受体在尖唇散白蚁繁殖蚁和工蚁精子发生中的免疫细胞化学定位

为了比较和探讨类雄激素受体 (androgen receptor-like,AR-like)在白蚁生殖品级和非生殖品级精子发生过程中的作用,运用免疫细胞化学方法对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis繁殖蚁和工蚁精子发生中的AR-like的定位进行了研究。结果显示：在繁殖蚁和工蚁精子发生过程中都有AR-like免疫阳性细胞的分布,均分布于初级精母细胞的细胞质和细胞核中;与繁殖蚁相比,AR-like在工蚁中的表达较弱。结果提示,AR-like的表达与精子发生过程中初级精母细胞的减数分裂有关,雄激素及其受体通过调控精母细胞的第一次减数分裂来影响白蚁精子的发生。虽然工蚁的精巢发育受抑制,但其精子发生和维持具有与繁殖蚁相同的激素调节机制,能形成精子。本研究为工蚁性腺退化不育而根据群体的变化又可以发育为补充繁殖蚁这一特殊的生理功能提供了组织学依据。     

八种白蚁的兵蚁和工蚁消化道形态比较研究(等翅目)

为探讨白蚁消化道形态品级差异及其系统学意义,对4个科8种白蚁兵蚁和工蚁的消化道进行比较形态学研究.结果表明:低等白蚁的兵蚁和(拟)工蚁形态较为相似,高等白蚁的兵蚁与工蚁局部特征存在明显差异.由低等到高等兵蚁和工蚁消化道各部分差异呈增多趋势.前、中、后肠占消化道的百分比在山林原白蚁Hodotermopsis sjoest...     

两种鼻白蚁之间的入侵关系

设计了5个实验以研究台湾乳白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus)和黄肢散白蚁(Reticulitermes flavipes)的种间斗争关系。所试白蚁来自阿拉巴马州。实验1将两组白蚁的兵蚁和工蚁以自然比例混合(台湾乳白蚁工蚁：兵蚁＝20：5,黄肢散白蚁工蚁：兵蚁＝24：1);实验2观察了双方同数量(各25头)工蚁的种间斗争能力;实验3观察两者同数量(各5头)兵蚁的种间斗争关系;实验4、5分别研究双方工蚁与兵蚁的斗争关系。因两种工蚁形态相似,所以在实验前用0．1％Nile blue A染过的滤纸饲喂一方白蚁24h使虫体着色以便观察。所有实验在22℃,65％RH荧光灯下进行。每个实验将两方白蚁同时放入一培养皿中,观察至一方100％受伤,然后把培养皿移到培养箱内,24小时后统计死亡率。结果表明,实验一开始,双方的工蚁和兵蚁都立即进入残酷的厮杀斗争,台湾乳白蚁兵蚁和工蚁的斗争能力都明显强于黄肢散白蚁;兵蚁的斗争行为不受工蚁的影响,工蚁的斗争能力也不受兵蚁的制约。实验中台湾乳白蚁的工蚁与黄肢散白蚁的兵蚁攻击能力相当,但黄肢散白蚁的工蚁却远弱于台湾乳白蚁的兵蚁。上述结果说明,自然界中不可能出现此两种白蚁群体的偶然性融合;外来的台湾乳白蚁很可能在其群体建立的地区占据优势[动物学报49(3)：295—302,2003]。     

尖唇散白蚁兵蚁和工蚁卵巢和卵子形态特征的比较

兵蚁和工蚁是白蚁中的非生殖品级,兵蚁是由工蚁分化产生。为了探讨兵蚁品级性腺不育的原因以及兵蚁和工蚁性腺发育的差异,采用组织学染色观察与测量方法对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis Tsai et Hwang的兵蚁和工蚁的卵子发生各阶段进行比较和分析。结果显示:两者性腺发育大小呈极显著性差异(P<0.01),兵蚁与工蚁卵巢横切面面积之比约为1∶7;兵蚁的卵子发生与工蚁相比,仅有卵母细胞的分化期,没有生长期;兵蚁的卵母细胞比工蚁的小,两者的分化期卵母细胞体积之比约为1∶16。该结果表明工蚁向兵蚁转化过程中性腺进一步退化,兵蚁性腺极度退化使其丧失了成为补充繁殖蚁的可能性。该研究结果为兵蚁不能生殖提供组织学上的证据,同时又揭示了兵蚁和工蚁在潜在生殖能力差异方面的组织学基础。     

尖唇散白蚁工蚁、兵蚁和繁殖蚁精子发生的比较研究

为探讨白蚁非生殖品级和生殖品级生殖细胞发育差异,采用组织学染色技术对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis Tsaiet Hwang繁殖蚁、工蚁和兵蚁的精巢发育以及精子发生进行了显微观察和比较研究。结果发现3个品级间精巢发育的程度差异很大,三者精巢切面面积相对大小之比为:繁殖蚁∶工蚁=1.7∶1;繁殖蚁∶兵蚁=29.3∶1;工蚁∶兵蚁=17.1∶1。繁殖蚁和工蚁精巢管内有精子的形成,工蚁和繁殖蚁精子的发生都经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子时期,但工蚁有大量次级精母细胞呈细胞凋亡状态。兵蚁生殖细胞发育仅有精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞,没有精细胞和精子产生。工蚁的生殖细胞显著小于同一时期繁殖蚁的生殖细胞,兵蚁的各时期生殖细胞均极显著小于繁殖蚁同一时期的生殖细胞。研究表明各品级之间生殖功能分化与生殖细胞发育有直接关系,工蚁有转化为补充繁殖蚁和兵蚁的能力;而兵蚁由于精巢极度退化不能产生精细胞和精子,因此是非生殖品级分化的终极形式,不具有转化成补充繁殖蚁或其它品级的能力。     

三种白蚁的头胸部及消化道结构特征比较

【目的】白蚁具有降解木质纤维素的能力,主要场所在消化道内,因此消化道形态结构的研究具有重要意义。【方法】本文对采自河南省的3种白蚁(平额散白蚁Reticulitermes planifrons Li et Ping、湖南散白蚁Reticulitermes hunanensis Tsai et Peng和双工土白蚁Odontotermes dimorphus Li et Xiao的兵蚁和工蚁头胸部特征及其消化道结构进行了比较。【结果】两种散白蚁兵蚁的头壳、后颏和上颚没有明显差异,但与双工土白蚁差异显著。3种白蚁工蚁的前肠、后肠及消化道平均长度均大于兵蚁,且差异显著(P<0.05),而中肠的差异不显著;双工土白蚁的肠道总长度工蚁/兵蚁比值(1.4倍)大于两种散白蚁(1.1倍);除了嗉囊和囊形胃外,两种散白蚁工蚁的其余消化道各段差异显著(P<0.05),与双工土白蚁相比差异也显著。【结论】工蚁的消化道比兵蚁发达,散白蚁的消化道结构与土白蚁有较大不同,这些结果与工蚁和兵蚁的社会分工有关,同时也表明高等白蚁与低等白蚁相比不仅是采食习惯的差别,自身消化系统结构与分区也有较大不同,并为白蚁的生物防治和生物质资源利用提供了资料。     

类雄激素受体在尖唇散白蚁繁殖蚁和工蚁卵子发生中的免疫细胞化学表达

为探讨类雄激素受体 (androgen receptor-like,AR-like)在白蚁卵子发生过程中的作用,采用免疫细胞化学方法对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis雌性繁殖蚁和工蚁卵子发生中的类雄激素受体进行了定位检测。结果发现：繁殖蚁和工蚁卵巢中均有类雄激素受体免疫阳性反应。类雄激素受体在末龄若虫和成虫卵母细胞的分化期和生长期定位于卵母细胞质,而在成虫的卵黄形成期定位于滤泡细胞;在工蚁卵巢中,类雄激素受体定位于分化期和生长期的卵母细胞质,无卵黄形成期。结果提示类雄激素受体在白蚁的卵子发生过程中有重要作用： 工蚁的卵巢发育受抑制,其卵子发生相当于末龄若虫水平,但根据群体的变化又可以发育为补充繁殖蚁,有发育的潜能。     

黑翅土白蚁触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】通过黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes fomosanus(Shiraki)幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角感器种类、数量及分布的研究,分析不同龄幼蚁、工蚁和兵蚁的触角感器特征,为进一步研究触角感器发育特点及不同个体的行为分化机制提供参考。【方法】通过扫描电镜观察触角形态,分析触角节数、感器种类、数量及分布特征。【结果】工蚁、兵蚁、幼蚁个体触角长度差异显著,触角长度顺序:工蚁>兵蚁>3龄幼蚁>2龄幼蚁>1龄幼蚁;触角感器共有9种类型,分别为短毛形感器、长毛形感器、短刺形感器、长刺形感器、锥状B?hm氏鬃毛、球状钟形感器、刺突状钟形感器、球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型、长刺具泡状感器。工蚁、兵蚁缺少长刺具泡状感器。幼蚁触角感器种类和数量随龄数而增加,1龄幼蚁具7种感器,缺少球状钟形感器和球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型2种类型;2龄幼蚁具有8种感器,缺球状钟形感器;3龄幼蚁具有全部9种类型感器。【结论】黑翅土白蚁幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角节数和感器显著差异,可作为幼蚁龄数以及非生殖品级判别的形态指标,应用于白蚁非生殖品级行为多型等相关研究。     

尖唇散白蚁工蚁和繁殖蚁卵子发生比较

为探讨白蚁工蚁品级性腺不育的原因,采用组织学观察与测量对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis Tsai et Hwang的工蚁和繁殖蚁的卵子发生各阶段进行比较和分析。结果表明,成熟工蚁的卵子发生与繁殖蚁相比,仅有卵母细胞的分化期和生长期,没有卵黄形成期,其分化期和生长期的卵母细胞大小与繁殖蚁这2个时期的卵母细胞大小呈显著性差异;生长期时,工蚁的卵母细胞和滤泡细胞之间出现较大间隙并且呈现萎缩退化状态;工蚁卵子发生相当于雌性繁殖蚁末龄若虫水平。该结果将为工蚁不能生殖提供组织学上的证据,同时又表明了工蚁具有潜在生殖能力的结构基础。     

Conformational adaptation of nuclear receptor ligand binding domains to agonists: potential for novel approaches to ligand design

Ligands occupy the core of nuclear receptor (NR) ligand binding domains (LBDs) and modulate NR function. X-ray structures of NR LBDs reveal most NR agonists fill the enclosed pocket and promote packing of C-terminal helix 12 (H12), whereas the pockets of unliganded NR LBDs differ. Here, we review evidence that NR pockets rearrange to accommodate different agonists. Some thyroid hormone receptor (TR) ligands with 5′ extensions designed to perturb H12 act as antagonists, but many are agonists. One mode of adaptation is seen in a TR/thyroxine complex; the pocket expands to accommodate a 5′ iodine extension. Crystals of other NR LBDs reveal that the pocket can expand or contract and some agonists do not fill the pocket. A TRβ structure in complex with an isoform selective drug (GC-24) reveals another mode of adaptation; the LBD hydrophobic interior opens to accommodate a bulky 3′ benzyl extension. We suggest that placement of extensions on NR agonists will highlight unexpected areas of flexibility within LBDs that could accommodate extensions; thereby enhancing the selectivity of agonist binding to particular NRs. Finally, agonists that induce similar LBD structures differ in their activities and we discuss strategies to reveal subtle structural differences responsible for these effects.     

Structure activity studies of the serine-AIB dipeptide domain in 2,3-dihydroisothiazole based growth hormone secretagogues

A series of growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) based on 2,3-dihydroisothiazole has been synthesized in the search for a potential treatment of growth hormone deficiency or frailty in the elderly. This paper describes the evaluation of the SAR of the benzyl-d-Ser-aminoisobutyric acid dipeptide fragment. Introduction of substituents in the peptide backbone and in the phenyl ring has been investigated, as well as replacements for the benzyl group and for the AIB residue. A number of modifications resulted in enhanced potency over the parent benzyl-d-Ser-AIB derivative.     

Production of a biologically active novel goldfish growth hormone in Escherichia coli

Goldfish pituitary contains two types of growth hormones. One with five cysteine residues (type-I) similar to other Cyprinid GHs, and the other with four Cys residues (type-II) similar to those of other fish and tertapod species. Recombinant goldfish type II GH (gfGH-II) was produced in Escherichia coli using the pRSETB expression vector. The gfGH-II was produced fused to a leader sequence, which sequestered into inclusion bodies after expression. The inclusion bodies were solubilized using sodium hydroxide and the fusion protein purified by chelating affinity chromatography. Subsequently, gfGH-II was cleaved and analyzed by Western blotting, using a specific antiserum. For comparison we also produced recombinant common carp GH (cGH) which has 95% similarity to gfGH-II, and tested their growth promoting activity in goldfish. Both forms of GH significantly increased the growth rate of goldfish (P<0.05), although cGH was found to have a somewhat higher potency than gfGH-II.     

Higher molecular weight immunoreactive species of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: possible precursors of the hormone.

Separation of extracts of sheep hypothalami on Sephadex G-25 gave three peaks exhibiting luteinizing hormone releasing hormone immunoreactivity. One peak corresponded in elution volume with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone but the others (I and II) eluted earlier, indicating that they are of higher molecular weight. Elution volumes were unaffected by 8 M urea treatment. Incubation of I and II with hypothalamic peptidases produced a small quantity of immunoreactive material eluting in the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone region. Digestion of I with trypsin resulted in a marked increase in total immunoreactivity and the production of material with the same elution volume as II. Tryptic digestion of II gave rise to a small quantity of immunoreactive peptide eluting in the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone region. The amount of I and II relative to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone was lower in the median eminence than in the supra optic chiasmatic and basal hypothalamic regions.     

Chronic orchidectomy does not influence the sensitivity of the pituitary somatotropes to varying doses of GHRH administered intravenously to the adult male rhesus monkey

In the present study, the pituitary growth hormone (GH) response to graded doses of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) was determined in intact (n = 3) and chronically orchidectomized (n = 3) adult rhesus monkeys (Mucaca mulatta). GHRH in doses of 0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 microg/kg BW was infused through a teflon cannula implanted in the saphenous vein. Blood samples were collected 60 min before and 90 min after the injection of the neurohormone at 15 min intervals. All bleedings were carried out under ketamine hydrochloride anesthesia. The plasma levels of GH were determined by using AutoDELFIA time-resolved flouroimmunoassay, whereas plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol were determined using specific radioimmunoassay systems. The GH responses to GHRH were not significantly different between intact and chronically orchidectomized monkeys at any of the dose levels tested (p > 0.05). The administration of GHRH resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of GH secretion at all the doses tested and in both the groups studied. In both intact and orchidectomized animals, the greatest response was observed at 6.25 microg/kg and no further increase was noted with the higher doses of GHRH. In conclusion, the present study suggests that chronic orchidectomy does not influence the sensitivity of the pituitary somatotropes to GHRH stimulation implying that the responsiveness of the pituitary somatotropes to GHRH is independent of testicular steroid modulation.     

Specific binding of an immunoreactive and biologically active 125I-labeled N(1)acylated substance P derivative to parotid cells

A biologically active ¹²⁵I-substance P derivative (I¹²⁵-BH-substance P), prepared by conjugation of substance P with [^125I]Bolton-Hunter reagent, binds specifically to isolated rat parotid cells. The Kd is 4 nM for I-BH-substance P, 5 nM for substance P, 0.18 μM for substance P octa(4–11)peptide, and 1.6 μM for substance P [pyroglutamyl⁶]hexa(6–11)peptide. Substance P free acid and substance P penta(7–11)peptide are much weaker competitors and the C-terminal tri(9–11)peptide has no effect at 30 μM. The binding is also inhibited by 1 μM physalaemin, eledoisin and substance P methyl ester, but not by unrelated peptides. The selective inhibition of the binding by the biologically active analogs and fragments of substance P indicates that the ¹²⁵I-labeled N(1)acylated substance P derivative may interact with a substance P receptor on parotid cells.     

慢病毒载体介导GHRH基因在小鼠肌肉组织表达及对动物生长的影响

人与动物体内生长激素受生长激素释放激素(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone,GHRH)与生长激素抑制激素(Somatostatin,SST)两种因子共同调节,在体内表达外源GHRH,可以提高体内GH基础水平,进而达到促进体内GH释放,加速动物生长的效果.对慢病毒载体系统加以改造,使之成为C...     

保幼激素的代谢

保幼激素的代谢由保幼激素酯酶、保幼激素环氧水解酶和保幼激素二醇激酶等共同催化完成。在这些代谢酶的作用下,保幼激素代谢成保幼激素酸、保幼激素二醇、保幼激素酸二醇和保幼激素二醇磷酸。作者总结了保幼激素代谢的研究方法;按实验室和昆虫种类为线索,归纳和概括了每一种保幼激素代谢酶的研究进程;对保幼激素酯酶和保幼激素环氧水解酶作了序列分析;最后对保幼激素的代谢研究进行了展望。     

生长激素促分泌素受体(GHS-R)的发现及影响

生长激素的分泌不仅受到GHRH、SRIF的调节 ,还受到GHS R及其配体GHS的作用。本文综述了GHS R的发现背景、结构特点以及生理功能 ,讨论了GHS R促GH分泌的分子机制及其对多种组织器官可能影响 ,同时还探讨了除Ia和Ib亚型外还存在其它GHS R亚型的可能性。