Alterations in Endogenous Levels of Gibberellin-like Substances during Germination of Phaseolus vulgaris Seeds

The endogenous gibberellin-like substances were determined in mature dry and germinating bean seeds, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Alabaster. Methanol extracts were partitioned against ethyl acetate and butanol at neutral and acid pH. Each phase was individually chromatographed on a silica gel column. The gibberellin activity was measured with the Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice micro-drop bioassay. Each extract was tested in two dilutions. Extracts from dry seeds showed the highest gibberellin activity, largely attributable to ethyl acetate-soluble substances. The activity was considerably reduced in extracts from seeds imbibed for 1 day. Gibberellin-like substances soluble in butanol appeared in extracts from seeds soaked for 1 or more days.     

Two forms of glutamine synthetase in leaves of Cucurbita pepo

It has been shown that the leaves of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) contain two molecular forms of glutamine synthetase (GS), one occurring in the cytosol (GS₁)and the other in the chloroplasts (GS₂). The activities of both forms were greater when ammonium ion was infiltrated into the leaves and this was shown to be due to de novo synthesis. The two synthetases were purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, selective adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The MWs of GS₁ and GS₂, estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, were 480 000 and 370 000 respectively. During polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS both GS₁ and GS₂ were dissociated into polypeptide chains with MWs of 58 000 and 50 000 respectively, suggesting that GS, ₁ and GS₂ are octamers consisting of identical monomers. The synthetases showed noticeable differences in their amino acid composition. In GS₁ and GS₂ the proportions of α- helical segments were 34 and 17 % respectively. In the presence of Mg²⁺, the pH optima for GS₁ and GS₂ were 7.25 and 7.75 respectively, and K_m values toward l-glutamate were 13 and 46 mM respectively. From the experimental data it is inferred that GS₁ and GS₂ are isoenzymes.     

赤霉素和光对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以拟南芥的赤霉素 (GA)缺陷型突变体ga 1,ga 2 ,ga 3和GA不敏感型突变体ga i为材料 ,研究了光和 4种GA对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的相互关系。结果表明 :(1)烯效唑对ga i种子萌发的抑制在光下可明显被GA恢复 ,而在黑暗中GA的作用不明显。 (2 )在光下低浓度的外源GA3 可使ga 1,ga 2和ga 3的种子萌发 ,而在黑暗中同样浓度的GA3 则难以使种子萌发。 (3)光可以降低种子萌发所需求的GA的剂量。 (4 )ga i和ga 1的幼苗的呼吸代谢有明显差异。以上结果说明 :光对拟南芥种子萌发的促进主要是提高了种子对GA反应的敏感性而不是增加GA的生物合成     

盐胁迫对蓝蓟种子萌发及早期幼苗的影响

研究了不同浓度盐(NaCl)处理对蓝蓟种子发芽势、发芽率及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)不同盐胁迫处理对蓝蓟种子的萌发具有显著影响。随着盐处理浓度的增加,发芽率呈下降趋势,蓝蓟在无盐环境(蒸馏水)和低盐环境中(0.05 mol/L)长势最好、发芽率最高、发芽速度最快。(2)将不同盐溶液处理5 d的未萌发种子转移到蒸馏水后,蓝蓟种子的萌发能力均可恢复,原来较高盐浓度(0.3 mol/L～0.5 mol/L)下的种子在恢复后,其萌发恢复率均在75%以上,发芽率基本上随着原浓度的升高呈上升的趋势。研究表明,NaCl处理对蓟种子没有造成伤害,其抑制萌发是通过渗透效应而不是离子毒害。     

Germination of Tagetes minuta L. II. Role of gibberellins

The effect of the application of gibberellins to Tagetes minuta L. achenes (seeds) was determined at both 25°C, the optimal germination temperature, and 35°C, at which temperature the achenes are thermoinhibited. Both GA₃ and GA₄₊₇ accelerated germination at 25°C. Seed germination at 25°C was inhibited by paclobutrazol, but on subsequent application of GA₄₊₇ rapid germination was induced. Following application of GA₃ or GA₄₊₇ to thermoinhibited seeds, a significantly higher final germination percentage was observed than in the distilled water control. However, endogenous gibberellin levels in germinating and thermoinhibited seeds did not differ significantly.     

氯化钠胁迫对罗布麻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度的氯化钠溶液处理罗布麻种子,试验结果表明,氯化钠浓度低于0.8%时,可促进罗布麻种子萌芽,高于0.8%小于2.0%时抑制萌芽,超过2.0%时极显著抑制种子萌芽。氯化钠浓度高低均对罗布麻幼苗生长有抑制作用,当浓度大于0.4%时,出叶速度减慢,植株矮化、相对抑制率超过60%,鲜重与对照相比降低了50%以上。     

Endogenous gibberellin- and cytokinin-like substances in cultured shoot tissues of apple,Malus pumila cv. Jonathan,in relation to adventitious root formation

The frequencies of adventitious root formation in vitro of isolated shoots from bud cultures of apple (Malus pumila cv. Jonathan) after 1, 7 and 31 subcultures (weeks 5, 29 and 109 after the initial culture) were 5, 78 and 95% respectively. Endogenous gibberellin-like substances (GA) were extracted, chromatographed on SiO₂ partition columns, and assayed on dwarf rice (Oryza sativa cv. Tan-ginbozu). The levels of GA in shoots from the 1st, 7th and 31st subcultures were 40, 19 and 14 ng GA₃ eq./g dry weight of tissue, respectively, a trend which suggests an inverse relationship between endogenous GA level and rooting ability. This is consistent with the fact that applied GA₃ inhibits rooting in apple and many other species. The major peak of GA activity eluted coincidentally with GA₁/GA₃/GA₁₉. Endogenous cytokinin-like substances (CK) were chromatographed on paper and assayed with soybean hypocotyl sections. In contrast to the decrease in GA activity, CK activity increased 1.5–2.7 fold in the later subcultures (cytokinin activity per shoot, however, declined).     

Effects of Cytokinins on In Vitro Seed Germination and Early Seedling Morphogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L.

We determined the effects of zeatin (ZEA), isopentenyl adenine (2iP), kinetin (KIN), benzyladenine (BA), and thidiazuron (TDZ) on seed germination, elongation of seedling shoots and roots, frequency of regeneration, and the number of regenerants per seedling in Lotus corniculatus L. Sterilized seeds were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar, and various cytokinins (0, 0.08, 0.22, 0.35, 0.80, 2.20, and 3.50 μM). After 30 days, seedlings were transferred to cytokinin-free medium for another 60 days. All cytokinins stimulated the rate and percentage of seed germination at least twofold in optimum concentrations; TDZ and ZEA were the most active, followed closely by BA, whereas KIN and 2iP stimulated germination in higher concentrations only. Elongation of shoots and roots was strongly inhibited at the lowest TDZ and BA concentrations, whereas ZEA, KIN, and 2iP exerted moderate, dose-dependent inhibition. The frequency of regenerant-producing seeds was highest on ZEA and BA, whereas the greatest number of regenerants per seedling was found on TDZ. It is concluded that the culture of seeds on cytokinin-containing media, followed by transfer to cytokinin-free medium, is a suitable procedure for rapid production of a large number of uniform regenerants. The presumed role of particular cytokinins is discussed.     

光照、温度和土壤水分对孜然芹种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

连续光照和连续黑暗条件下,孜然芹种子萌发最适宜温度为25℃;16h光照18h黑暗的条件下,萌发最适温度为20℃和25/16℃的日夜变温。种子萌发最适宜土壤含水量为15％。     

Seedling Growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. The Early Growth of Cultivars Selected for Seedling Cold Tolerance

Silbernagel has described a test for selecting cultivars ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. which exhibit rapid seedling emergenceat low temperatures, and using this test has identified threecold-tolerant cultivars. We have compared the growth of thesecultivars with that of three control cultivars. Both at 25/20°C and at 20/15 °C day/night temperatures, Silbernagel'scultivars emerged more rapidly than the controls. This was dueto more rapid hypocotyl elongation, not to earlier germination.Rapid hypocotyl elongation was associated with high relativegrowth rates of the seedling axis and rapid loss in weight ofthe cotyledons. After emergence, cotyledons of all cultivarscontinued to lose weight at a constant exponential rate. Relativegrowth rates of the axes were not constant but declined withtime. There was no evidence that genotypic differences in growthrates before emergence were reflected in growth rates afteremergence. A simple quantitative analysis suggested that thedecline in axis relative growth rate after emergence was dueto a declining contribution from cotyledonary reserves. There were significant differences between cultivars in theinitial weight of the seedling axis. Axis weight (A) was notlinearly proportional to seed weight (S), but the curvilinearallometric relationship A = 0.0773 S^0.697 satisfactorily accountedfor most of the variation in initial axis weight between cultivars.In all cultivars, axis weights at emergence were smaller inthe cool regime than in the warm, because low temperatures depressedaxis relative growth rates relative to the rate of emergence.The biggest difference between the Q₁₀ of relative growth rate,and of emergence rate, and hence the biggest effect of low temperatureon axis weight at emergence, occurred in the cold-susceptiblecultivar Seafarer. However, genotypic cold tolerance duringthe period when growth is dependent on reserves did not appearto guarantee cold tolerance during the main period of growth. Phaseolus vulgaris, L., bean, seedling growth, temperature, cold tolerance     

石灰氮催芽对葡萄芽内源物质含量的影响(英文)

用15%石灰氮对巨峰葡萄(Kyoho grapevine)进行催芽后,于葡萄休眠解除过程中对芽内源激素含量、蛋白质含量以及淀粉酶活性的动态变化进行测定分析,以探讨石灰氮解除葡萄休眠的生理机制.结果显示:(1)用15%石灰氮催芽5 d后葡萄芽解除休眠而萌发,比对照提前5～8 d,处理21 d后休眠已经被打破;(2)处理后葡萄芽内ABA含量急剧下降了86.48%,而GA_3、ZR和IAA分别升高了461.70%、107.24%和1 020.41%;(3)IAA的急剧升高,伴随着淀粉酶活性加强,加速淀粉降解为可溶性糖;而蛋白质含量则先下降后升高.可见,石灰氮催芽后,葡萄芽内的生长抑制类激素ABA含量降低的同时生长促进类激素IAA、ZR和GA_3含量急剧增加,内源激素平衡被打破,加强了葡萄芽内有机物质的代谢,为葡萄芽的萌发提供了物质基础.因此,石灰氮处理促进葡萄休眠芽萌发的主要原因可能是调节了葡萄芽内各种激素平衡关系,从而加速了葡萄芽内有机物质的代谢而最终解除芽体休眠.     

Regulation of arginine decarboxylase and putrescine levels in Cucumis sativus cotyledons

Arginine decarboxylase (arginine carboxy-lyase EC 4.1.1.19) of Cucumis sativus cotyledons, has a pH optimum of 8.3 and a temperature optimum of 40°. Among the various plant hormones administered to excised cotyledons in culture, benzyladenine and its riboside were most effective in increasing the arginine decarboxylase activity and putrescine content. The enzyme activity and putrescine content were significantly increased on acid feeding of the cotyledons and decreased by KCl treatment. The KCl effect could be only partially reversed by benzyladenine. Abscisic acid inhibited cotyledon growth and also reduced arginine decarboxylase and putrescine levels. This effect was overcome by cytokinins. The half life of the enzyme using cycloheximide was 3.7 hr. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 5′-AMP also marginally stimulated the enzyme and putrescine levels. Mixing experiments indicate that there is neither a non-dialysable activator nor inhibitor of the enzyme.     

NaCl胁迫对超大甜椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以超大甜椒种子和幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究低、中、高浓度(50、150、250 mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)低浓度NaCl处理促进种子萌发,而中、高浓度NaCl处理抑制种子萌发;NaCl处理第18天时,高浓度NaCl处理植株全部死亡,其余各处理植株苗高、叶面积、地上部鲜重和干重均随处理浓度升高而下降,但低浓度NaCl能刺激超大甜椒的根系生长.(2)低、中浓度NaCl处理时,植株叶绿素含量未受到大的影响,类胡萝卜素含量却随胁迫时间延长微量升高;在盐胁迫7 d的周期内,低、中浓度NaCl处理植株MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量均随浓度升高及时间延长显著增加,脯氨酸含量在低浓度下变化不明显而中浓度下显著升高;在高浓度NaCl处理3 d中,MDA含量急剧升高,SOD活性先升高后下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加.研究发现,NaCl胁迫浓度越高对超大甜椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制效应越明显;低中浓度NaCl处理幼苗能通过自身的抗氧化酶清除系统和渗透调节物质来抵抗胁迫引起伤害,类胡萝卜素可能也有一定的抗胁迫作用,而高浓度NaCl处理增加了膜脂过氧化程度,严重影响了活性氧和渗透调节物质的正常代谢.     

化学药剂对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以早丰 11号水稻种子为材料 ,用KNO3、KH2 PO4 、Na2 HPO4 等不同药液浸种 .结果显示 ,早丰 11号种子在适当浓度的KNO3、KH2 PO4 、Na2 HPO4 浸种后 ,发芽势、发芽率比对照有所提高 ,幼苗生长加快 ,表现在根长、发根数、苗高、鲜重比对照生长好 ,并且对水稻秧苗表现有抵抗低温的作用 .     

水稻胚胎发生与萌发早期分离胚中内源激素的变化

以酶联免疫吸附检测技术分析了水稻(Oryza sativa ssp. japonica)分离胚不同发育时期及萌发早期的内源激素含量的动态变化.GA1含量是所测激素中含量最高的.GA1的变化趋势基本上与ABA相反.花后4 d的胚中GA1和ABA的含量最高;花后8 d到18 d,GA1的含量下降,而ABA含量增加.在早期萌发过程中,种子吸涨后2 d的胚中GA1含量迅速上升,而ABA下降.GA1/ABA的最高比值也出现在吸涨后2 d的胚中.iPAs和ZRs的最高含量也出现在开花后4 d的胚中,但随后含量均下降到相当低的水平,并几乎没有变化.研究结果进一步证实了GA1在早期胚胎发生和萌发过程中起重要的作用;推测iPAs和ZRs可能仅在胚胎发生的早期起作用;GA1与ABA含量之间的相对平衡控制着胚胎发育的过程.用分离胚作为测试材料可以避免胚乳等其他组织成分的干扰,从而比较准确地反映了胚的内源激素变化.此外,本研究是首次用4 d的水稻幼胚作为激素含量测定的起始材料.     

水稻胚胎发生与萌发早期分离胚中内源激素的变化

以酶联免疫吸附检测技术分析了水稻(Oryza sativa ssp．iapoica)分离胚不同发育时期及萌发早期的内源激素含量的动态变化。GA1含量是所测激素中含量最高的。GA1的变化趋势基本上与ABA相反。花后4d的胚中GAl和ABA的含量最高;花后8d到18d,GA1的含量下降,而ABA含量增加。在早期萌发过程中,种子吸涨后2d的胚中GA,含量迅速上升,而ABA下降。GA1／ABA的最高比值也出现在吸涨后2d的胚中。iPAs和ZRs的最高含量也出现在开花后4d的胚中,但随后含量均下降到相当低的水平,并几乎没有变化。研究结果进一步证实了GAl在早期胚胎发生和萌发过程中起重要的作用;推测iPAs和ZRs可能仅在胚胎发生的早期起作用;GA1与ABA含量之间的相对平衡控制着胚胎发育的过程。用分离胚作为测试材料可以避免胚乳等其他组织成分的干扰,从而比较准确地反映了胚的内源激素变化。此外,本研究是首次用4d的水稻幼胚作为激素含量测定的起始材料。     

菹草石芽大小和贮藏温度对萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过萌发实验探讨了菹草石芽重量和贮藏温度对石芽萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：成熟的菹草石芽大小不一,按鲜重划分重量等级,各等级石芽数量占总数量的百分比差异很大,重量中等的石芽数量占到80%以上;重量对石芽最终萌发率没有影响,但重量小的石芽萌发时间较早,重量大的石芽虽然萌发较晚但是最终萌生的幼苗数目较多。石芽重量和萌发结束时幼苗数目之间呈显著的线性正相关(p＜0.05);连续去苗过程中,重量大的石芽萌发率和萌发幼苗数保持较高水平;经过贮藏的石芽与未经贮藏的石芽相比,萌发快且萌发整齐。经过15℃贮藏的石芽萌发最早,高温(25℃)和低温(4℃)贮藏均会使石芽最终萌发出的幼苗数目减少,3种温度下贮藏的石芽最终萌发率和幼苗长度无显著差异。     

Germination and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Growth of Petunia Male Gametophyte Are Affected by Exogenous Hormones and Involve the Changes in the Endogenous Hormone Level

The data obtained characterize the changes in the contents of endogenous phytohormones (IAA, cytokinins, GA, and ABA) in germinating pollen grains and growing pollen tubes of a self-compatible clone of petunia (sPetunia hybrida L.) within an 8-h period under in vitro conditions. The hydration and initiation of germination of pollen grains brought the ABA content down to a zero level, while the levels of GA, IAA, and cytokinins increased 1.5–2-fold. Later, in the growing pollen tubes, the GA content increased twofold, while the levels of IAA and cytokinins decreased. The exogenous ABA and GA₃ considerably promoted pollen germination and pollen tube growth; however, only the treatment with GA₃ produced the maximum length of pollen tubes. The exogenous IAA promoted and the exogenous cytokinins hindered the growth of pollen tubes. The membrane potential, as assessed with a potential-sensitive dye diS-C₃-(5), considerably increased in the pollen grains treated with ABA and benzyladenine, whereas IAA and GA₃ did not practically affect it. The authors conclude that the mature pollen grains contain the complete set of hormones essential for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. ABA, GA, and IAA together with cytokinins control the processes of pollen grain hydration, germination, and pollen tube growth, respectively.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2005, pp. 584–590.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kovaleva, Zakharova, Minkina, Timofeeva, Andreev.