Spatial analysis of density dependent pattern in coniferous forest stands

An investigation of spatial pattern in relatively sparse Pinus ponderosa-P. Jeffreyi stands showed that a simple Poisson model of random distribution described the pattern at 5 to 50 m scales in the denser stands examined when allowance is made for inhibition between nearest neighbors. There is evidence for a clumped distribution in large quadrats for the sparsest stands, which concurs with prior work where a mixed Poisson model was fit to the data. The technique used was innovative in that it involved digitally recording tree locations from high resolution aerial photos, which allowed for the automatic application of several statistical techniques in order to determine how pattern varies with plot density and scale. Point locations were recorded for six 11.3 ha plots in three density regions of a 340 ha study area in northeastern California, USA. The inter-event distance distribution, and one- and two-dimensional power spectra were calculated, and variable quadrat analysis was performed for the data sets. The second order and spectral analyses showed no evidence of a distinctive clumped pattern at any scale, and all analyses showed that the pattern was regular at the scale of the average inter-plant distance in the denser stands. For the sparser stands, the counts in large quadrats did not fit a Poisson distribution, but were better fit by a mixed Poisson model describing aggregated pattern.     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物生物量的研究

在长白山北坡暗针叶林对地面和树附生苔藓植物的生物量进行了测定.地面生苔藓采取样带调查取样法测定,树附生苔藓应用McCune方法对树干和树枝的附生苔藓生物量都做了细致的测定.结果表明,长白山暗针叶林中的苔藓植物分布很不均匀,随海拔变化差异很大,海拔1100m最低,仅为543kg·hm^-2;海拔1250m最高,达5097kg·hm^-2.苔藓植物生物量的变化对生境有很好的指示作用,特别是塔藓和拟垂枝藓的生物量随海拔的变化与森林系统的群落学特点有一定的相关性:在海拔1100～1700m,塔藓的生物量与臭冷杉的重要值变化趋势相近,随海拔升高而减少;拟垂枝藓的生物量与鱼鳞云杉重要值的变化趋势相似,随海拔升高而增加.此外,生物量随海拔的变化表明了不同苔藓植物对环境条件要求的差异,拟垂枝藓比塔藓水分条件要求更高.因此,生物量的研究在植物生理上也有一定的指示作用.     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物生物量的研究

在长白山北坡暗针叶林对地面和树附生苔藓植物的生物量进行了测定．地面生苔藓采取样带调查取样法测定,树附生苔藓应用McCune方法对树干和树枝的附生苔藓生物量都做了细致的测定．结果表明,长白山暗针叶林中的苔藓植物分布很不均匀,随海拔变化差异很大,海拔1100m最低,仅为543kg·hm^-2;海拔1250m最高,达5097kg·hm^-2．苔藓植物生物量的变化对生境有很好的指示作用,特别是塔藓和拟垂枝藓的生物量随海拔的变化与森林系统的群落学特点有一定的相关性：在海拔1100～1700m,塔藓的生物量与臭冷杉的重要值变化趋势相近,随海拔升高而减少;拟垂枝藓的生物量与鱼鳞云杉重要值的变化趋势相似,随海拔升高而增加．此外,生物量随海拔的变化表明了不同苔藓植物对环境条件要求的差异,拟垂枝藓比塔藓水分条件要求更高．因此,生物量的研究在植物生理上也有一定的指示作用．     

L-system-based model of growth of dark coniferous tree species

On the basis of L-systems a mathematical model was designed to describe the growth of a dark coniferous tree. The software models a virtual timber stand composed of single trees and its further development. To eliminate branch crossing of growing trees, the rule forbidding shoot growth into the space already occupied was applied to the model. The model parameters were defined for two dark coniferous species of the southern Sikhote-Alin’ — Jezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) and Khingam fir (Abies nephrolepis). The model describes various modifications of tree crown under the influence of neighbouring trees, height uncertainty of crown starting point, variation of taper and shape of a trunk depending on plantation density, and recovery of normal tree growth after singling. Comparison of the modelled results and empirical observations show that the model succeeds in describing the growth both of single trees and of mixed plantations.     

Understory vegetation response to thinning disturbance of varying complexity in coniferous stands

Question: Can augmented forest stand complexity increase understory vegetation richness and cover and accelerate the development of late‐successional features? Does within‐stand understory vegetation variability increase after imposing treatments that increase stand structural complexity of the overstory? What is the relative contribution of individual stand structural components (i.e. forest matrix, gaps, and leave island reserves) to changes in understory vegetation richness? Location: Seven study sites in the Coastal Range and Cascades regions of Oregon, USA. Methods: We examined the effects of thinning six years after harvest on understory plant vascular richness and cover in 40‐ to 60‐year‐old forest stands dominated by Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). At each site, one unthinned control was preserved and three thinning treatments were implemented: low complexity (LC, 300 trees ha^?1), moderate complexity (MC, 200 trees ha^?1), and high complexity (HC, variable densities from 100 to 300 trees ha^?1). Gaps openings and leave island reserves were established in MC and HC. Results: Richness of all herbs, forest herbs, early seral herbs and shrubs, and introduced species increased in all thinning treatments, although early seral herbs and introduced species remained a small component. Only cover of early seral herbs and shrubs increased in all thinning treatments whereas forest shrub cover increased in MC and HC. In the understory, we found 284 vascular plant species. After accounting for site‐level differences, the richness of understory communities in thinned stands differed from those in control stands. Within‐treatment variability of herb and shrub richness was reduced by thinning. Matrix areas and gap openings in thinned treatments appeared to contribute to the recruitment of early seral herbs and shrubs. Conclusions: Understory vegetation richness increased 6 years after imposing treatments, with increasing stand complexity mainly because of the recruitment of early seral and forest herbs, and both low and tall shrubs. Changes in stand density did not likely lead to competitive species exclusion. The abundance of potentially invasive introduced species was much lower compared to other plant groups. Post‐thinning reductions in within‐treatment variability was caused by greater abundance of early seral herbs and shrubs in thinned stands compared with the control. Gaps and low‐density forest matrix areas created as part of spatially variably thinning had greater overall species richness. Increased overstory variability encouraged development of multiple layers of understory vegetation.     

卧龙自然保护区亚高山暗针叶林林隙特征研究

以卧龙亚高山暗针叶林为研究对象,分析了森林群落林隙的大小结构、形成方式及林隙形成木(GM)的结构特征．结果表明,林隙密度为18．5个·hm^-2冠林隙和扩展林隙分别占森林面积的28．4％和60．0％;冠林隙的大小变化在10～1134．7m^2之间,平均面积为153．45m^2;扩展林隙的大小变化在84．11～1646．3m^2之间,平均面积为324．34m^2;平均每个林隙的形成木为5．14株,单株形成木形成的林隙只占8．1％．不同形成木类型对林隙形成的贡献大小次序为：折干>掘根>枯立>断梢;暗针叶林林隙大多由岷江冷杉、铁杉、糙皮桦形成．径级在60～70cm,高度在30～35m之间的林冠上层的岷江冷杉,发生折倒形成林隙的可能性最大．     

Hygroscopic properties of the litter of coniferous and deciduous stands in central Siberia

The hygroscopic properties of the litter of coniferous (larch and pine) and deciduous (aspen and birch) stands were studied in terms of isotherms of water-vapor sorption and with use of thermal analysis methods (TG, DSC). It was found that most of the monolayer capacity belongs to subhorizons OL and OF of the larch and pine forest litters. The larch plantation litter has the highest hydrophilicity. DSC results show that the water is most strongly associated with the litter substance in subhorizon OL in coniferous plantations and OH in deciduous ones. The moisture supply in the litter of coniferous stands is greater than in deciduous ones.     

Small scale pH buffering in organic horizons of two boreal coniferous forest stands

Factors behind the small-scale variaton of pH were examined in O horizons (humus layers) developed under two stands of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Site F and K) by combining data on the composition of the cation exchange complex with data from titrations of corresponding H⁺-saturated samples. Cations extractable in 0.5 M CuCl₂ (S=cmol_c kg^–1 [2Ca+2Mg+2Mn+K+Na]), aluminium extractable in 1.0 M KCl (Al_e=cmol_c kg^–1 [3Al]) and in 0.5 M CuCl₂ (Al_org=cmol_c kg^–1 [3Al]), as well as pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_Ca) were analysed in one-cm-layers of 13 O horizon cores at each site. Composite samples representing each of the one-cm-layers at each site, as well as samples with two different levels of Al saturation at Site K, were H⁺ saturated and titrated with NaOH to chosen end points of pH_Ca=4.0 and 5.5 in a 0.01 M CaCl₂ ionic medium. The Acid Neutralisation Capacity (ANC) was estimated as the amount of base needed to increase pH_Ca of the composite H⁺-saturated samples to the mean pH_Ca of the corresponding natural samples. The ANC was found to be similar in magnitude or higher than the amount of sites binding S+Al_e, which suggests that 1.0 M KCl exchangeable Al ions are nonacidic in acid O horizons. The relative contribution from i) the capacity of acidic functional groups, ii) their acid strength and iii) their degree of neutralisation to differences in pH_Ca between sites, among cm-layers and between samples with different levels of Al saturation were estimated from titration curves adjusted to hold two out of three factors (i, ii and iii) to be constant. The degree of neutralisation explained most of the differences in pH_Ca between the two sites, as well as between samples with different levels of Al saturation at Site K. The pH_Ca decrease by depth at site F was, however, partly explained by an increasing acid strength. The study emphasizes the importance of examining not only changes in the degree of neutralisation, but also changes in the acid strength and the capacity of buffering functional groups before conclusions about causes behind acidification processes can be made. Difficulties of accurately estimating the degree of neutralisation (base saturation) of acidic functional groups from the composition of adsorbed cations, owing to the unknown acidity of adsorbed Al, was also demonstrated.     

长白山暗针叶林群落物种多样性维持机制

植物群落物种多样性维持机制一直是生态学研究的热点话题,其中生态位理论和中性理论是被普遍接受的两种理论观点,但是目前关于生态位理论和中性理论在群落物种多样性维持中的相对重要性还没有统一定论。基于长白山暗针叶林群落数据,采用单物种-面积关系模型探究特定树种对邻域物种丰富度的影响,并借助同质性和异质性泊松零模型检验其显著性。(1)群落水平上,在3—15 m空间尺度上,促进种占据优势地位,在>15 m空间尺度上,中性种逐渐取代促进种起主导作用,抑制种比例较低,并且随着空间尺度变化幅度不大。(2)物种水平上,采用同质性泊松零模型检验树种对邻域物种丰富度的影响,臭冷杉、花楷槭、青楷槭在0—20 m空间尺度上对邻域物种丰富度增加起促进作用,黄花落叶松、鱼鳞云杉在0—20 m空间尺度上抑制了邻域物种丰富度增加。花楸树、黑桦和硕桦在全部研究尺度上表现为中性种,髭脉槭、大青杨、红松等在不同研究尺度上表现为不同的作用效果。剔除了生境过滤作用的异质性泊松零模型检验结果与同质性泊松零模型结果差异不显著,表明研究样地内生境过滤作用对多样性格局形成影响不大,各树种间的相互作用对群落物种组成影响较大,进一步证明...     

川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征

在林分和小流域尺度上,应用模型研究了四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林冠层的降水截留特征.结果表明:生长季节(5—10月),箭竹-岷江冷杉原始林冠层截留系数在33%～72%之间,平均48%;冠层截留量与降水量之间呈显著的线性关系,截留系数与降水量之间呈负指数函数关系;试验小流域内,植被冠层最大截留量的平均值为1.74mm,不同林分间的差异显著,其顺序为藓类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>草类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>藓类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>草类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>杜鹃灌丛;冠层最大截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)之间呈极显著的线性关系;冠层截留量、冠层最大截留量、附加截留量分别占同期降水量的39%、25%和14%.所选模型对整个生长季平均截留量的模拟效果较好,相对误差为9%～14%.     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物在养分循环中的作用

测定了长白山暗针叶林5种主要苔藓植物养分含量,并结合生物量的测定结果,推算单位面积的苔藓植物养分含量.结果表明,单位面积苔藓植物氮含量为5.371 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总氮量的12.22%;钾含量为12.02 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总钾量的5.63%;磷含量为31.679 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总磷量的70.57%,超过了乔木磷含量,是草本植物磷含量的2.倍、灌木磷含量的792倍,苔藓植物是暗针叶林重要的磷库.同时测定不同苔藓盖度下土壤中的养分含量.方差分析结果显示,不同苔藓盖度下土壤中氮、钾含量差别不大,磷含量差异显著,没有苔藓覆盖的土壤中磷含量最高,为0.19±0.023 g·kg^-1;苔藓盖度为第6级(80%～100%),土壤中磷含量最低,为0.36±0.017 g·kg^-1,随苔藓盖度的增加土壤中磷含量有减少的趋势.     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林凋落物层化学性质研究

The storage and chemical properties of the forest litter in dark coniferous forest of Sejila Mountain were studied. The results showed that the existing storage was 5. 863t·hm^-2 and the annual litter fall was 0. 3205 t·hm^-2 It implied that the forest litter decomposed slowly and accumulated quickly, and the turnover of nutrient circles was slow. The contents of N, Ca, Na, and Mn nutrient elements in litter layer were in the order of un-decomposed layer (U layer) > semi-decomposed layer (S layer) > decomposed layer (D layer), those of K, Fe, and Mg were in the order of D layer > S layer > U layer, and P element content was in the order of U layer > D layer> S layer. The pool of elements was 78. 483 kg·hm^-2 N, 3. 843 kg·hm^-2P, 48. 205 kg·hm^-2 K, 23.115 kg·hm^-2 Ca, 13. 157 kg·hm^-2 Na, 30.554 kg·hm^-2 Fe, 2. 113 kg·hm^-2 Mn and 27. 513 kg·hm^-2 Mg. The turnover of forest litter was the total of nutrient release accumulation. K, Fe, and Mg were enriched, and N,Ca, Na, Mn, and P were released with the turnover rate in the order of N > Ca > Na > Mn >P.     

Long-term dynamics of vegetation indices in dark coniferous forest after Siberian moth disturbance

This study considers long-term dynamics of the vegetation indices derived from Landsat imagery of the period from 1989 to 2014. The mass death and damage of forests by Siberian moth occurred in dark coniferous taiga in 1994–1996. The images have covered both altered (disturbed) and background forest conditions. The case study of the forest massive is located in the model area of the Angara Taiga Region of Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk krai). The values of spectral brightness of satellite images are represented by produced index images of NDVI vegetation index and shortwave vegetation index SWVI. The study employed forest-surveying materials from 1992 and data on the degrees of forest damage during the first (in 1995) and second (in 1996) year of Siberian moth outbreak. The latter was obtained by forest-pathology research using production-scale spectrozonal aerophotography. The average background values of indices have gradually decreased with the forest age or remained constant, excluding the young growth stage and 200-year-old light coniferous forests. High seasonal variability of NDVI compared to SWVI is the key to use satellite data for the timeframe of a week in June for every year to analyze long-term dynamics. We have approved the conclusion of other researchers that both the mean and the coefficient of variation of SWVI are the most informative in the evaluation of the degree of Siberian moth damage of forests. We recommend recognizing three degrees of forest damage by Siberian moth—light, moderate, and severe (continuous). Long-term dynamics of vegetation indices in disturbed forests has been marked with demutation and inhomogeneity of stand cover. Taking into account the intensity and frequency of wildfires, it is highly probable that reforestation will not occur in dark coniferous forests. Therefore, the regular satellite monitoring of the sites of Silk moth occurrence would be useful.     

应用GPS与GIS技术进行暗针叶林生态系统样地分析

高海拔地区原始林调查一直难度较大 .采用GPS与GIS技术结合 ,不但便于设置与恢复样地 ,而且还能够比较精确地展现样地空间特征及其中乔木的空间分布格局 .将快速静态定位与局部皮尺检测相结合 ,除个别点偏差较大外 ,定位相对比较精确 ,RMS平均为 2 .84 ,平均三维系统误差分别为 :△B =1 .2m ,△L =1 .2m ,△H =4 .3m ,均方差分别是± 0 .6 ,± 1 .1 ,± 2 1 .1 ,能够满足于森林经营与管理的需要 .GIS分析表明 ,暗针叶林生态系统主林冠层的郁闭度不能完全刻画出树冠对降雨的再分配作用 .该方法充分展示了“2S”技术在小尺度森林生态系统管理中的应用潜力 ,尤其是在海拔较高 ,不便于进行航空、航天测量和常规测量的地区     

长白山北坡暗针叶林群落特征

长白山北坡的暗针叶林带分布海拔为１１００～１８５０ｍ,在野外调查的基础上,对暗针叶林沿海拔梯度物种组成的分布格局进行了研究。文中用α和β多样性指数来度量森林群落的多样性,用群落系数（本质上是一种β多样性指数）来度量不同群落或样地间的相似性,同时用欧氏距离和Ｗａｒｄ法对所有样地进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明主要树种云杉和冷杉在整个暗针叶林带均分布,而伴生树种和多数灌木出现于一定海拔范围内;沿海拔梯度物     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of Siberian silk moth large-scale outbreak in dark-needle coniferous tree stands in Altai

The spatial and temporal dynamics of fir stands damage caused by a large-scale outbreak of the Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv.) in the Altai Mountains has been studied using remote sensing and GIS methods. It is ascertained that forest damages are dissimilar relative to the surface features. The pest outbreak initially occurred on the southwest slopes with mean values of 10° and elevation of 400 m asl. The damages further extended both upward and downward, involving slopes of high steepness and the eastern exposure. The total area of the dead stands comprised 6000 ha, 45% of which were lost due to secondary pest (xylophagous insects) attacks. It is indicated that the use of remote sensing made it possible to determine the beginning of a pest outbreak with one-decade precision. The Siberian silk moth large-scale outbreak occurred against an increase in air temperatures, a decrease in precipitation, and a reduction in late frosts. The tree plants weakened by the Siberian silk moth and water stress were affected by xylophagous insect attacks. The observed and predicted warming and climate aridity increase will facilitate Siberian silk moth outbreaks both within its range and northward of the current margins of the range.     

Classification of Springs in the Lake Baikal Region by Macroinvertebrate Communities

The macrozoobenthos communities in 15 cold fresh, 12 mineral (sodium chloride), and 19 thermal springs of the Baikal Rift Zone and adjacent areas have been investigated. The classification of springs on the basis of quantitative indicators of abundance was proposed. According to the dominant group of fauna, three types of communities were identified for the cold springs; six types, for mineral springs; and four types, for thermal springs. It was established that communities with the dominance of Chironomidae, Turbellaria, and Oligochaeta are formed in cold springs and communities with the predominance of Gastropoda (one or two species) prevail in thermal springs. It was noted that mineral springs of medium mineralization are characterized by communities with a prevalence of Amphipoda (Gammarus lacustris); those with high salinity are dominated by Brachyceran flies (Diptera, Brachycera).     

Colonization of recent coniferous versus deciduous forest stands by vascular plants at the local scale

Questions: 1. Are there differences among species in their preference for coniferous vs. deciduous forest? 2. Are tree and shrub species better colonizers of recent forest stands than herbaceous species? 3. Do colonization patterns of plant species groups depend on tree species composition? Location: Three deciduous and one coniferous recent forest areas in Brandenburg, NE Germany. Methods: In 34 and 21 transects in coniferous and deciduous stands, respectively, we studied the occurrence and percentage cover of vascular plants in a total of 150 plots in ancient stands, 315 in recent stands and 55 at the ecotone. Habitat preference, diaspore weight, generative dispersal potential and clonal extension were used to explain mechanisms of local migration. Regression analysis was conducted to test whether migration distance was related to species’ life‐history traits. Results: 25 species were significantly associated with ancient stands and ten species were significantly more frequent in recent stands. Tree and shrub species were good colonizers of recent coniferous and deciduous stands. In the coniferous stands, all herbaceous species showed a strong dispersal limitation during colonization, whereas in the deciduous stands generalist species may have survived in the grasslands which were present prior to afforestation. Conclusions: The fast colonization of recent stands by trees and shrubs can be explained by their effective dispersal via wind and animals. This, and the comparably efficient migration of herbaceous forest specialists into recent coniferous stands, implies that the conversion of coniferous into deciduous stands adjacent to ancient deciduous forests is promising even without planting of trees.     

长江上游亚高山暗针叶林土壤水分入渗特征研究

长江上游以峨嵋冷杉为主的亚高山暗针叶林流域土壤质地较粗,属于壤质砂土。随着森林演替的发展,林地土壤砂粒含量逐渐降低,粉、粘粒含量逐渐增加,以过熟龄峨嵋冷杉纯林的粉粘粒含量为最高。就坡积物而言。随土层深的增加,砂粒含量逐渐增加,粘粒含量逐渐减小。随森林演替的进展和土层深度的减小,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤孔隙度和土壤贮水力逐渐增大,研究区土壤非饱和导水率随土层深度的增加和土壤含水量的减小而减小,并与土壤含水量呈指数函数关系。随土层深度的增加,土壤饱和导水率呈负指数递减,不同土层到达稳渗的时间有差异,随土层深度的增加,稳渗时间增加,平均在110min左右。该流域暗针叶林带土壤质地上的变化和土壤水分物理性质的分异以及土壤水分的高入渗性是该暗针叶林流域水文循环中森林对水分传输调节的具体体现,也可以为该流域很少见到坡面径流或地表径流,而大部分以壤中流、回归流和地下渗漏等径流形式出现的机制作出有力的解释。     

Gross nitrogen transformations in soils from uncut and cut boreal upland and peatland coniferous forest stands

Gross and net nitrogen (N) ammonification and nitrification were measured in soils from an uncut and recently cut upland and peatland conifer stand in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Rates of gross total inorganic N immobilization were similar to gross mineralization, resulting in low net mineralization rates in soils from all four upland and peatland conifer stands. Gross ammonification rates were variable but similar in soils from uncut and cut peatland hollows (18–19mgNkg^–1day^–1) and upland forest floor soils (14–19mgNkg^–1day^–1). Gross ammonium ( ) immobilization rates were also variable but similar to ammonification rates. Median gross nitrification rates were within 0–2mgNkg^–1day^–1 in soils from all four upland and peatland cut and uncut stands, although rates were consistently higher for the soils from the cut stands. Large variability in gross nitrification rates were observed in peatland soils, however the highest gross nitrification rates were measured in saturated peatland soils. Net rates remained low in the soils from all four stands due to high nitrate ( ) immobilization and very fast turnover (<0.2 day). Our results suggest that potential losses may be negated by high immobilization in uncut and cut boreal forest stands. This study reveals the potential for the interaction of N production and consumption processes in regulating N retention in upland and peatland conifer forests, and the resilience of the boreal forest to disturbance.