异军突起的藤本植物

对藤本植物(以热带为主)研究的动态与发展进行了综述,其中包括:(1)藤本植物的概念及重要性;(2)藤本植物区系和分布;(3)藤本植物的生物学特性;(4)藤本植物的生态学特性;(5)藤本在森林中的多度(密度)及种的丰富度;(6)藤本在空地上聚生的生态意义以及它们在森林演进过程中的消长;(7)藤本与树木的相互关系;(8)藤本对森林正面和负面的影响;(9)藤本的攀援方式类别及其竞争优势;(10)全球气候变化(CO2浓度增高)促进藤本优势度增长并导致不良的生态后果。     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林木质藤本垂直结构特征

木质藤本植物是热带森林结构和功能的重要组分,但对于其垂直分布的研究较少。通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林坡地8条样带内胸径≥0.5cm的攀援木质藤本进行调查,比较分析了其多度、物种丰富度、径级结构、攀援方式组成、物种组成的垂直结构特征。结果表明:(1)随着高度级增加,木质藤本多度和物种丰富度都呈现出一种先增加后降低的单峰型曲线变化规律。(2)随着高度级增加,木质藤本个体趋于分布在更大径级。在森林底层(05m)和林冠层(≥15m)分别以0.51cm和≥2cm径级的木质藤本占优。(3)不同高度级间,不同攀援方式木质藤本个体比例存在显著差异。主茎缠绕类木质藤本在各高度级都占优势,卷须类木质藤本个体比例随高度增加显著降低,根攀类木质藤本呈现相反趋势。(4)随着高度级增加,木质藤本物种优势度明显发生变化。总体来看,木质藤本呈现出一种复杂、有序的垂直结构,这可能决定其对森林动态的影响。     

贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区藤本植物的研究——附梵净山藤本植物名录

研究了贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区藤本植物的区系及生态特性。结果表明：（1）本区计有藤本植物45科,89属,253种（含种下分类群）。（2）本区藤本植物区系起源古老而复杂,藤本区系本源广泛。其中藤本种的分布区有18个类型或亚型,热带区系成分占明显优势,为55．96％,温带区系成分占42．21％;特有分布类型占1．83％。（3）本区多年生藤本和木质藤本占绝对优势,分别占98．42％（一年生占1．58％）和78．05％（草质占20．95％）;常绿藤本占优势,为59．44％,落叶藤本占37．75％,同时也有半常绿藤本,占2．81％。（4）本区藤本植物的分布与植被类型、土壤、海拔高度、湿度、温度等环境条件密切相关;本区不同的森林类型中藤本植物的种类也不同,其藤本植物种类随海拔升高而减少,低山林带、中山林带和高山林带分布着不同的藤本植物。（5）初步编制了附生境的“梵净山藤本植物名录。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物的多样性与空间分布

木质藤本植物是热带、亚热带山地森林重要的组分之一, 在森林动态、生态系统过程和森林生物多样性形成与维持等方面具有重要作用。本文调查了哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物的多样性及其在垂直和水平空间上的分布规律。在20个20 m × 50 m的样地中共调查到DBH≥0.2 cm的木质藤本植物1,145株, 隶属于19科25属29种, 其中物种最丰富的科为菝葜科(4种)和蔷薇科(3种), 但多度最高的科为葡萄科(363株, 占总株数的31.7%)。研究发现林下木质藤本(通常DBH < 1 cm)拥有较高的物种丰富度和多度, 对木质藤本植物多样性具有较大的贡献。有55.7%的个体分布在林下层, 林冠层占28.8%, 亚冠层只有15.5%。木质藤本的垂直空间分布在不同径级、不同攀援类型之间具有明显的差异。 从水平空间分布来看, 地形是影响木质藤本的一个重要因素: 沟谷木质藤本的物种丰富度、多度和基面积分别是坡面的171%, 420%和606%; 有12个物种只分布在沟谷生境。这表明哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物对生境具有偏好性。     

哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本植物地上部分生物量及其对人为干扰的响应

 木质藤本植物是森林, 尤其是热带和亚热带森林中的重要组分。由于野外调查的困难, 对其生态学的研究相对较少。对哀牢山原生山地湿性常绿阔叶林和4类次生林中的藤本植物进行了调查, 利用48株藤本植物样木实测数据, 采用样本回归分析法, 选取藤本植物的不同参数作为自变量, 分别对冠层和林下两类藤本混合种生物量模型进行了拟合比较, 结合样地内长度≥50 cm的所有藤本植物的调查资料估算了各森林群落藤本植物地上部分生物量, 探讨了原生林中藤本植物地上部分生物量的组成与分布特征, 以及人为干扰对藤本植物地上部分生物量的影响。结果表明: 1)以藤本基径为自变量建立幂函数回归模型, 其相关系数较高, 具有较高的实用价值; 2)该区山地湿性常绿阔叶林中藤本植物地上部分生物量为9.82×10³ kg·hm^–2, 其中冠层藤本(基径≥1.0 cm, 长度≥5.0 m)生物量占藤本植物总生物量的99.70%, 林下藤本(基径<1.0 cm, 长度<5.0 m)的地上部分生物量很低; 3)人为干扰后林下藤本植物的生物量相对增加, 而冠层藤本植物的地上部分生物量显著减少; 经过约100年恢复演替的老龄栎类萌生林藤本植物地上部分生物量才达到接近原生林的水平。     

森林木质藤本数量过度增长的机制与生态效应

木质藤本是维持森林物种多样性的组成部分。近年来，热带、亚热带森林尤其是次生林内的木质藤本数量的过度增长给森林的恢复和健康发展造成了威胁。至今，国内尚少有研究对森林木质藤本过多的现象、增长机制与生态效应进行综合认识。该文梳理国内外相关文献，从木质藤本数量增长的机制与生态效应进行分析和总结，综合相关研究认为：(1)木质藤本数量的增长与干旱化加剧、大气CO₂浓度上升、自然干扰和森林破碎化有关，在环境变化的情况下，木质藤本在形态、行为、生理等方面比树木更具优势，表现为更快的生长速率、更强的繁殖力和可塑性以及资源利用效率。(2)木质藤本主要通过遮荫胁迫、资源竞争和机械压力与损伤等方式对树木造成影响。(3)木质藤本过度增长在个体水平上会阻碍树木生长、生殖并引起树木死亡，在群落水平上会改变物种组成、降低多样性，在生态系统水平上会降低森林碳储量，改变碳、矿质养分和水分循环过程等。因此，建议结合野外长期监测与控制实验开展木质藤本数量动态与环境变化关系、森林干扰对木质藤本生长的影响、木质藤本对环境变化的响应及适应机理、木质藤本数量过度增长的生态效应评价研究。同时，应积极探索合理的森林...     

广西天然林中藤本植物区系组成及系统发育多样性

藤本植物是热带和亚热带森林的重要组分,在过去几十年中藤本植物多样性在热带森林增加,有可能导致森林的多样性减少,碳储量等生态系统服务功能降低,引起广泛关注。以《广西植被志要》中共355个样地数据(喀斯特森林、海拔1000 m以下的非喀斯特森林和海拔1000 m以上的非喀斯特森林)为基础,结合气候数据,分析天然林中藤本植物区系组成、不同生境藤本植物物种多样性与系统发育多样性关系、藤本植物物种多样性与年平均温度关系,以及系统发育结构特点。结果表明:(1)广西天然林藤本植物中,热带分布的含藤属占比最大(75.4%),温带分布含藤属占比较低(12.3%),世界广布含藤属和亚洲分布含藤属占比最小,海拔1000 m以下的喀斯特和非喀斯特森林都有一些专有的含藤科属;(2) 3个生境藤本的Gleason物种多样性和系统发育多样性与年均温都不相关,它们的物种多样性差异不显著,但是系统发育多样性有显著差异,海拔1000 m以下的非喀斯特森林中系统发育多样性最高,喀斯特森林系统发育多样性最低;(3)非喀斯特森林藤本植物系统发育结构趋向于离散,暗指竞争排斥作用是藤本植物组合在该生境群落主要构建机制,喀斯特森林藤本植物系统发育结构趋向于聚集,暗指藤本植物组合由生境过滤作用为主形成。这些研究发现对于热带亚热带森林藤本植物的多样性组成及其共存机制提供了新认识。     

藤本植物适应生态学研究进展及存在问题

1　藤本植物的重要性　　藤本植物又称攀缘植物 ,是一类不能自由直立、通过主茎缠绕或攀缘器官攀缘它物升高的植物的总称 ,包括木质藤本和草质藤本两类。藤本植物是热带、亚热带森林重要的外貌和结构特征 ,常把森林冠层打结在一起形成特殊的层片结构[1～4] 。在南美热带森林中 ,在胸径大于 1 5～2 0ｃｍ的树木中有近一半的树冠上攀有藤本[5～ 7] ,森林下层植物中有 1 8%～ 2 2 %是藤本植物的幼藤[6] 。泰国[8] 和Ｇａｂｏｎ[9] 的热带森林的凋落物中藤本植物的叶占 32 %～ 36%。藤本植物也是热带森林种类多样性的重要组成部分。Ｇｅｎｔｒｙ…     

季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段藤本植物的物种多样性比较

藤本植物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,影响群落的恢复与演替。通过对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15a、恢复30a和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落的野外调查,分析了不同恢复阶段藤本植物的物种丰富度、密度、多度、径级分布、多样性指数及攀援方式,并探讨藤本植物与支持木的关系。结果表明:在0.81hm²的调查样地中,共发现DBH≥0.1cm的藤本植物1292株(分属34科51属64种)。原始林群落的藤本物种丰富度、密度(DBH＜1cm)、胸高断面积和平均胸高断面积都显著高于恢复阶段,原始林和恢复15a群落的密度(DBH≥1cm)、平均胸径和平均长度之间无显著差异,但都显著高于恢复30a。3种群落类型中藤本植物的物种组成和径级分布有显著差异,原始林中藤本植物物种更多,而且大径级(DBH≥10cm)的藤本植物仅出现在原始林及恢复30a的群落。单株藤本攀援的支持木在3种群落类型中均占多数,藤本植物与支持木的胸径存在显著的正相关(P＜0.001),原始林群落中DBH≥15cm的支持木更易被攀援,而恢复阶段则相反。茎缠绕藤本植物对原始林的负面影响要显著少于恢复15a及30a群落,而卷须类藤本植物也反映出原始林正处于一个动态变化的阶段,同时根攀缘和搭靠类藤本植物物种组成和多度变化可以反映出干扰后季风常绿阔叶林的恢复程度。森林砍伐是影响不同恢复阶段藤本植物的物种组成和分布的主要因素。     

木质藤本及其在热带森林中的生态学功能

木质藤本是热带森林的一个重要组分, 直接或间接地影响着森林中树木的生长和更新, 改变森林树木的种类组成, 并且可以通过改变森林碳固定量等方式在生态系统水平上发挥作用。全球气候的变化, 以及热带森林片断化程度的加剧, 将很大程度上影响着木质藤本的多样性和丰富度, 其特殊的生物学特性将在森林动态中发挥更加重要的作用。本文结合国内外目前木质藤本研究现状, 概述了木质藤本的一般知识(包括木质藤本的定义和生物学特性等), 介绍了木质藤本全球分布格局、其多样性维持机理以及木质藤本在森林生态系统中的功能与作用, 并就存在的一些问题以及需进一步开展的工作展开了讨论。     

木质藤本及其在热带森林中的生态学功能

木质藤本是热带森林的一个重要组分,直接或间接地影响着森林中树木的生长和更新,改变森林树木的种类组成,并且可以通过改变森林碳固定量等方式在生态系统水平上发挥作用。全球气候的变化,以及热带森林片断化程度的加剧,将很大程度上影响着木质藤本的多样性和丰富度,其特殊的生物学特性将在森林动态中发挥更加重要的作用。本文结合国内外目前木质藤本研究现状,概述了木质藤本的一般知识（包括木质藤本的定义和生物学特性等）,介绍了木质藤本全球分布格局、其多样性维持机理以及木质藤本在森林生态系统中的功能与作用,并就存在的一些问题以及需进一步开展的工作展开了讨论。     

Life History Traits of Lianas During Tropical Forest Succession

Tropical secondary forests form an important part of the landscape. Understanding functional traits of species that colonize at different points in succession can provide insight into community assembly. Although studies on functional traits during forest succession have focused on trees, lianas (woody vines) also contribute strongly to forest biomass, species richness, and dynamics. We examined life history traits of lianas in a forest chronosequence in Costa Rica to determine which traits vary consistently over succession. We conducted 0.1 ha vegetation inventories in 30 sites. To examine the establishment of young individuals, we only included small lianas (0.5–1.5 cm diameter at 1.3 m height). For each species, we identified seed size, dispersal mode, climbing mode, and whether or not the seedling is self‐supporting. We found a strong axis of variation determined by seed size and seedling growth habit, with early successional communities dominated by small‐seeded species with abiotic dispersal and climbing seedlings, while large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed species with free‐standing seedlings increased in abundance with stand age. Contrary to previous research and theory, we found a decrease in the abundance of stem twiners and no decrease in the abundance of tendril‐climbers during succession. Seed size appears to be a better indicator of liana successional stage than climbing mode. Liana life history traits change predictably over succession, particularly traits related to seedling establishment. Identifying whether these trait differences persist into the growth strategies of mature lianas is an important research goal, with potential ramifications for understanding the impact of lianas during tropical forest succession.     

Effects of Logging on the Diversity of Lianas in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest in Hainan Island, South China

Lianas are an integral part of tropical forest ecosystems, which usually respond strongly to severe disturbances, such as logging. To compare the effect of different logging systems on the lianas diversity in tropical rain forest, we recorded all lianas and trees ≥1 cm dbh in two 40-year-old forest sites after clear cutting (CC) and selective cutting (SC) as well as in an old-growth (OG) lowland tropical rain forest on Hainan Island in south China. Results showed that OG contained fewer liana stems and lower species richness (stems: 261, richness: 42 in 1 ha) than CC (606, 52) and SC (727, 50). However, OG had the highest Fisher's α diversity index (17.3) and species richness per stem (0.184). Species composition and dbh class distribution of lianas varied significantly with different logging systems. The mean liana dbh in OG (22.1 cm) were higher than those in CC (7.0 cm) and SC (10.4 cm). Stem twining was the most frequent climbing mechanism represented in the forest, as shown by the greatest species richness, abundance, basal area, and host tree number with this mechanism. The percent of host tree stems ≥4 cm dbh hosting at least one liana individual in SC (39%) was higher than CC (23%) and OG (19.5%). Large host trees (dbh≥60 cm) were more likely to be infested by lianas in SC and OG. Our study demonstrated that logging disturbance could significantly change the composition and structure of liana communities in the lowland tropical rain forest of south China.
     

滇南勐宋热带山地雨林木质藤本多样性研究

调查滇南勐宋山地雨林沟谷与坡地两种生境中木质藤本种的丰富度、径级分布、攀缘方式以及样地中被藤本缠绕的树木(dbh≥5cm)的数量和比率。结果表明:沟谷与坡地胸径≥1cm的木质藤本平均密度分别为95.7株/0.1hm2、57株/0.1hm2。调查样地内木质藤本共64种,隶属30个科。茎缠绕是最主要的攀缘方式,占总个体数的57%,卷须缠绕种所占比重最小,仅占3%;沟谷与坡地所调查树木被木质藤本缠绕的比例分别为43.7%和28.6%。与亚洲其它热带地区森林相比,勐宋地区藤本的多样性低,但是木质藤本的密度相当高,并且在一些样地中出现了大型木质藤本,这些可能与该地区森林的演替状态有关。     

Censusing and Measuring Lianas: A Quantitative Comparison of the Common Methods1

Lianas contribute to many aspects of tropical forest diversity and dynamics, and interest in liana ecology has grown substantially in recent years. Methods to census lianas and estimate biomass, however, differ among studies, possibly hindering attempts to compare liana communities. At Nouragues Research Station (French Guiana), we tested the extent to which liana abundance, basal area, and estimated biomass differed depending on stem diameter measurement location, inclusion of ramets, inclusion of lianas rooted within versus passing through the plot, and plot shape. We found that the mean per plot abundance and basal area of lianas were significantly greater when lianas were measured low on the stem, when ramets were included, and when lianas were sampled in transects (2 × 50 m) than in square plots (10 × 10 m). Mean per plot liana abundance and basal area were 21 percent and 58 percent greater, when stems were measured at the largest spot on the stem compared to 130 cm from the ground, respectively. Including liana ramets increased average per plot liana abundance, basal area, and estimated biomass by 19, 17, and 16 percent, respectively. To facilitate cross‐study comparisons, we developed conversion equations that equate liana abundance, diameter, and basal area based on the measurements taken at four different stem locations. We tested these equations at Lambir Hills National Park, Malaysia and found that they did not differ significantly between the two sites, suggesting that the equations may be broadly applicable. Finally, we present a new allometric equation relating diameter and biomass developed from 424 lianas from five independent data sets collected in four countries.     

Lianas may be favoured by low rainfall: evidence from Ghana

We review the evidence in support of the hypotheses that (i) lianas are now increasing in tropical forests and (ii) lianas are more abundant in the drier tropical forests. There is good evidence to support both hypotheses, including a new analysis of data from Ghana. In this dataset, there is a linear increase in the percentage of species that are lianas, from 30% at a mean annual rainfall of 2,000 mm year⁻¹ to 43% at a mean annual rainfall of 1,000 mm year⁻¹. Both trends in lianas, one temporal, the other spatial, may be related to water availability, though parallel changes in canopy density (disturbance) may be contributory. It is also clear that most liana species in West Africa show restricted distribution along the rainfall gradient implying adaptation to different water availability. The reasons for the high sensitivity to rainfall may be that lianas have an especially effective water-transport system, with deep roots, large xylem vessels and a mechanism to avoid cavitation of water. As the climate of much of the tropics is becoming drier, we may expect increases in both liana abundance and their proportion in the flora over the future decades.     

Geological History,Flora, and Vegetation of Xishuangbanna,Southern Yunnan,China1

Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan is biogeographically located at a transitional zone from tropical Southeast (SE) Asia to subtropical East Asia, and is at the junction of the Indian and Burmese plates of Gondwana and the Eurasian plate of Laurasia. The flora of the region consists of a recorded 3336 native seed plant species, belonging to 1140 genera in 197 families, among which 83.5 percent are tropical genera and 32.8 percent are endemic to tropical Asia, suggesting a strong affinity to tropical Asian flora. The vegetation of Xishuangbanna is organized into four forest types: tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical montane evergreen broad‐leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna has the same floristic composition of families and genera as some lowland equatorial rain forests in SE Asia, and is dominated (with a few exceptions) by the same families both in species richness and stem dominance. The exceptions include some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes, and a higher abundance of lianas and microphyllic plants. We consider the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna as a type of tropical Asian rain forest, based on their conspicuous similarities in ecological and floristic characteristics.     

Edge disturbance drives liana abundance increase and alteration of liana–host tree interactions in tropical forest fragments

Closed‐canopy forests are being rapidly fragmented across much of the tropical world. Determining the impacts of fragmentation on ecological processes enables better forest management and improves species‐conservation outcomes. Lianas are an integral part of tropical forests but can have detrimental and potentially complex interactions with their host trees. These effects can include reduced tree growth and fecundity, elevated tree mortality, alterations in tree‐species composition, degradation of forest succession, and a substantial decline in forest carbon storage. We examined the individual impacts of fragmentation and edge effects (0–100‐m transect from edge to forest interior) on the liana community and liana–host tree interactions in rainforests of the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland, Australia. We compared the liana and tree community, the traits of liana‐infested trees, and determinants of the rates of tree infestation within five forest fragments (23–58 ha in area) and five nearby intact‐forest sites. Fragmented forests experienced considerable disturbance‐induced degradation at their edges, resulting in a significant increase in liana abundance. This effect penetrated to significantly greater depths in forest fragments than in intact forests. The composition of the liana community in terms of climbing guilds was significantly different between fragmented and intact forests, likely because forest edges had more small‐sized trees favoring particular liana guilds which preferentially use these for climbing trellises. Sites that had higher liana abundances also exhibited higher infestation rates of trees, as did sites with the largest lianas. However, large lianas were associated with low‐disturbance forest sites. Our study shows that edge disturbance of forest fragments significantly altered the abundance and community composition of lianas and their ecological relationships with trees, with liana impacts on trees being elevated in fragments relative to intact forests. Consequently, effective control of lianas in forest fragments requires management practices which directly focus on minimizing forest edge disturbance.