近60年挠力河流域生态系统服务价值时空变化

根据1950-2005年挠力河流域土地利用数据,利用中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,对近60年挠力河流域生态系统服务价值的时空变化进行研究.结果表明,自1950年至2005年,挠力河流域生态系统服务价值逐渐减少,由749.84亿元降低至308.82亿元,损失约58.82％;价值空间格局由以高价值区为主导的状态逐渐转化为以低价值区为主导的状态,且价值质心由北向南发生转移;挠力河流域生态系统服务价值的全局自相关指数逐渐减小,高-高自相关类型沿河流主干道逐渐萎缩,且呈现破碎化趋势,低-低自相关类型呈先减少后增加的“V”趋势,呈现不显著连片化趋势.人为垦殖活动是该流域生态系统服务价值时空动态变化的主要驱动因素.     

塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度的时间和空间变异

用土壤探头法对塿土玉米—小麦轮作体系下不同剖面层次N2O浓度变化进行了2a的田间原位监测。结果表明：塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度具有较大的时间变异,表现为土壤N2O浓度在一年的不同时期变化较大,以温度高、水分充足的7—8月份为最高,温度较低的冬季最低;全年中土壤剖面中各层N2O浓度在降水或者灌溉后均有一个峰值。从空间上来看,土壤不同剖面层次的N2O浓度的变化以60cm土层最高,表层10cm最低,浓度在剖面中的变化顺序为10cm＜30cm＜150cm＜90cm＜60cm。2a的研究结果相比,降水量较高的1999年土壤剖面各层的N2O浓度较高。2a试验期间对照和施肥处理各土壤层次的变异系数分别为7．1％-29．4％和10．8％-50．9％,其中1999年变异系数分别为20．2％-29．4％和32．11％-50．9％,2000年分别为7．14％-18．4％和10．8％-25．9％。从变异系数上来看,1999年高于2000年;施肥处理高于对照;N2O浓度较高的下层土壤高于10cm表层土壤。两个处理N2O出现的时间和剖面变化趋势相同,但施肥处理各时期、各土层的浓度均高于对照。这些结果充分说明塿土土壤存在明显的反硝化N2O气态损失,施肥显著地增加了其产生量,深层土壤N2O的产生是塿土N2O的一个不容忽视的来源;N2O的产生和排放具有极大的时间和空间变异。     

三种温带森林大型土壤动物群落结构的时空动态

对帽儿山3种典型森林群落大型土壤动物进行了连续6个月的野外调查研究。通过系统分析,共获得大型土壤动物3604只,隶属于3门6纲17目50科。其中正蚓科(Lumbricidae)、线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)和石蜈蚣目(Lithobiomorpha)为优势类群,常见类群11类。结果表明:(1)水平分布上,密度和生物量红松人工林最高,其次为硬阔叶林,蒙古栎林最少;类群数硬阔叶林最多,蒙古栎林最少;香农指数和丰富度指数均为蒙古栎林最高,红松人工林最低;优势度指数与两者相反;均匀度指数蒙古栎林最高,硬阔叶林最低;(2)垂直分布上,个体密度、类群数及生物量均差异显著(P < 0.001)。3个样地大型土壤动物个体密度表聚性明显;类群数红松人工林自凋落物层向下减少,硬阔叶林和蒙古栎林0-10 cm最多;生物量在0-10 cm土层最大;香农指数随深度增加而减小,优势度指数则相反;(3)在时间变化上,5月和10月个体密度和类群数较多,9月生物量最大;香农指数和优势度指数差异显著(P < 0.01),其他指数各月间无明显差异;(4)与土壤环境因子关系上,总有机碳含量与类群数、个体密度及生物量显著正相关,容重与香农指数显著负相关;典型对应分析结果表明,不同类群大型土壤动物与环境相关性不同。     

1998-2014年艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态系统服务价值及其时空变异

湿地的生态系统服务价值是生态学研究的热点之一。以艾比湖湿地自然保护区为研究区,以1998年的TM影像、2006年的Landsat ETM+影像及2014年的Landsat OLI影像为数据源,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值公式进行生态系统服务价值评估,结合空间自相关模型,定量探讨了艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态系统服务价值时空分异特征。结果表明：（1）近20年来,研究区的土地利用/覆被变化显著,除了水体和裸地面积减少,其它土地覆被类型面积都有不同比例的增加。（2）在生态系统服务价值方面,近20年来ESV（Ecosystem Services Values）整体变化不大,但近年ESV有所降低,生态环境出现恶化趋势。（3）在生态系统服务的时空变异方面,研究区ESV空间正相关显著,空间集聚程度高值区主要集中在艾比湖水域和湿地,并且高值区有增加向减少转变的趋势,低值聚集区在湖区四周,且逐年增加。（4）近20年来,影响研究区生态系统服务价值时空变化的驱动力因素主要包括自然因素和人为因素,人为因素是研究区生态系统服务价值时空变化的主要驱动因素。     

Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of Gelidium canariensis (Rhodophyta) from natural populations of the Canary Islands

This study was designed to investigate spatial and temporal variation in Gelidium canariensis populations at two shores in northern Gran Canaria during two years. Spatial scales ranged from some hundred meters (distance between shores), 10 to 30 m (distance between plots) to less than 3 m (distance between quadrats). Gelidium individuals were defined as distinct Gelidium clumps. The results show a significant difference in size of clumps between shores, but not on the smaller spatial scales. No significant temporal variation was found. There was no significant temporal or spatial variation in standing crop or density (counts made in quadrats where Gelidium was present, rather than counts for the total shore). Sporophytic and gametophytic clumps were also distinguished by identifying reproductive structures in the field. The total proportion of sporophytes was larger than the proportion of gametophytes, but at a smaller scale there could be a shift in dominance. The survival rate of clumps was similar between shores with a mean survival rate of 85%, but there was a significant difference in recruitment between shores. The results indicate a stable population structure. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于时空尺度及利益关系的生态服务功能

在生态服务功能传统评价方法的基础上,拓展了生态服务功能的评价流程,即增添了生态服务的时空尺度与利益关系分析。研究了山东省长岛县生态服务价值的变化趋势、生态服务价值的空间表现、生态价值的社会群体利益关系。结果表明:1994年～2003年,长岛县生态服务价值总体呈现出增—减—增的趋势,1999年生态服务价值降到最低值74523万元,2003年上升到最大值101886万元;分析并计算长岛县生态系统的生物生产性服务、娱乐功能、自然保护价值,这些服务功能表现出明显的空间差异性,即生物生产服务功能仅对长岛区域至关重要,娱乐功能不仅体现在长岛区域,更多体现在全国范围,自然保护价值体现于全国乃至全球范围;分析了不同参与者在获取生态服务方面的差异及参与者之间的生态利益关系,不同的参与者在其空间范围中取得不同的生态服务;生态服务功能的时空分析、利益关系分析是生态管理部门制定科学决策的基础。     

粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空演化及其权衡与协同特征

打造国际一流湾区和世界级城市群的粤港澳大湾区,生态保护、环境优化与城市发展、经济开放具有同等重要地位,掌握其城镇化过程中生态系统及其服务变化状况有助于科学合理、有针对性的制定生态保护修复相关政策。基于2000—2015年粤港澳大湾区生态系统宏观格局变化,分析了大湾区生态系统生产力、水源涵养、土壤保持服务的时空演化特征,进而探讨了供给与调节服务之间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明:(1)森林与农田是大湾区的主体生态系统,面积占大湾区国土面积的54.1%和22.8%,近15年由于城镇面积快速增长(增幅达68.6%),导致森林、农田、湿地面积不断减少。(2)基于净初级生产力的供给服务量和土壤保持量整体上均呈现轻度增加趋势,特别是江门、肇庆等生态服务主要提供区域;东南部最高、北部次之、中部偏低的水源涵养量,除西北部呈现增加趋势以外,其它区域皆呈现减少趋势;城镇扩张是生态系统供给、调节服务明显减少的主要影响因素。(3)大湾区生态系统供给服务与水源涵养、土壤保持调节服务之间的相关关系均以协同为主,然而,在大湾区东北部和南部的广州、惠州、江门等区域呈现明显的权衡关系,提示大湾区发展过程中,需要在这些呈现权...     

长三角地区土地利用时空变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

基于1980—2010年的土地利用数据,估算了各种土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值,分析了长三角30年来生态系统服务价值的时空动态及其对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,1980—2010年,长三角建设用地面积变化最大,为446.1%,未利用地、耕地、草原、林地、水域的变化分别为285.9%、-31.5%、-76.2%、-5.4%、42.9%;1980—2010年,长三角地区的总生态系统服务价值减少了4.40%,水源涵养、休闲娱乐、废物处理生态系统服务功能价值上升;生态系统服务价值极低区域的面积增加且分布于城市扩张区域,生态系统服务价值中等区域逐年下降且被生态系统服务价值低区域所替代,高生态系统服务价值区域处于增加的趋势而极高区域基本维持不变;常州、湖州、嘉兴、南京、泰州的生态系统服务价值逐年增加,而其他城市的则处于下降趋势。     

京津冀地区生态系统服务时空变化及驱动因素

京津冀地区地处蒙古高原向华北平原过渡地带,是华北平原关键的生态屏障,在区域生态安全格局上具有重要的地位。结合地面观测、遥感监测、模型模拟和GIS空间分析技术,构建了一套京津冀地区生态系统关键服务的生态本底图谱,分析和评估了京津冀地区生态系统结构与防风固沙、水源涵养、土壤保持等关键服务的时空变化特征,并对气候变化和生态工程等驱动因素进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区生态系统类型以农田为主,占全区面积的49.7%。2000—2015年,聚落面积明显增加,农田面积大量减少,森林、草地、水体与湿地面积微弱减小。(2)多年平均生态系统防风固沙量、水源涵养量和土壤保持量分别为5.61×10⁸ t、74.58×10⁸ m³、7.98×10⁸ t,燕山-太行山森林生态区的生态系统关键服务量最高,西北草原生态区其次,京津唐和华北农业生态区较低。(3)2000—2015年,防风固沙量、水源涵养量均呈不显著上升趋势,增幅分别0.11 t hm^-2 a^-1、0.03×10     

玉龙雪山地区地表三维温度场时空变化分析

玉龙雪山属于海洋型冰川,对全球气候变化敏感,具有重要的生态研究价值。为了获取玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况,提出了一种基于地表三维温度场的定量分析方法。首先,采用高分辨率立体测绘卫星影像构建数字表面模型,作为三维底图参考,并利用多时序热红外卫星影像数据反演地表温度场模型,提供地表温度变化依据;然后,在统一参考坐标系下将数字表面模型和多时序地表温度场模型套合,准确地分析地表温度时空变化情况。试验利用1987年至2018年间同一季节的Landsat卫星遥感影像反演地表温度,结合资源三号卫星立体影像构建的数字表面模型,并采用四阶温度区间分析多时序范围内玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况。试验结果表明玉龙雪山低温区和次低温区面积逐渐减小,减小速度分别为2.096 km²/a和2.662 km²/a,中温区和暖温区面积逐渐增大,增大速度分别为2.902 km²/a和1.703km²/a,玉龙雪山地区的地表温度呈现整体上升的趋势,为全球生态环境变化提供参考。     

秦岭南北近地面水汽时空变化特征

利用秦岭南北地区47个气象站1960-2011年的观测资料,借助Spline空间插值、Pettitt突变点检验、Morlet小波分析等方法对水汽的空间分布、时空演变、突变特征和周期特征及其可能影响因素进行分析.结果表明:①秦岭南北近地面水汽呈南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局,各子区水汽由南向北递减,季节分布规律与年尺度基本一致,以夏季最大,冬季最小.②近52年平均水汽压呈上升趋势,秦岭南坡和汉水流域上升速率较快,巴巫谷地呈下降趋势;③53％的站点冬季水汽压发生突变,集中分布于秦岭以南的部分地区,突变集中发生在1985-1988年间,与冬季气温突变时间一致,其余季节突变现象不明显.④水汽在21a时间尺度下经历了4次干湿交替变化,各季节水汽变化规律与年尺度基本一致,未来一段时间该地区仍然处于相对干旱状态.⑤水汽压受到包括气温、风速、日照在内的多种气象因素的综合作用,影响力大小排序为气温＞降水量＞日照时数＞相对湿度.     

基于信息熵的新疆降水时空变异特征研究

基于信息熵理论对新疆降水序列的时空变异性进行研究。利用边际熵研究不同时间尺度降水序列的变化特征。利用分配熵和强度熵分别研究降水量和降水天数年内和年代际(10a)分配情况。利用改进的Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析新疆降水过程不确定性变化趋势。研究表明:(1)新疆降水量与降水天数年内分配不均匀性主要表现为由南向北减小的空间分布特征;(2)新疆不同尺度的降水序列不确定性具有明显空间特征;(3)越降水越稀少的地区,降水量与降水天数变异性就越大。本研究对该区域降水时空变异研究与水资源规划具有重要意义。     

Spatial and temporal occurrence of invertebrates in a chalk stream,Berkshire, England

The invertebrate assemblages of the River Lambourn and its tributary, the Winterbourne stream, were investigated as part of a broad ecological study prior to water resource development in the catchment. The longitudinal distribution of the invertebrate fauna within the Winterbourne stream was examined in detail and supporting data for the R. Lambourn revealed that the upstream intermittent section of each water course had an invertebrate assemblage which was distinct from the fauna downstream where flow was permanent. Within the perennial zone taxon richness tended to increase downstream.A one-year programme of monthly quantitative sampling on five distinct biotopes (Ranunculus, Berula, Callitriche, gravel and silt) at two contrasted sites (shaded and unshaded) was undertaken in the lower perennial of the R. Lambourn below the confluence with the Winterbourne. On each study site, the taxon richness, numerical abundance and biomass of invertebrates were significantly higher on the three macrophytes than on gravel and silt. There were also statistically significant seasonal changes in the biomass of invertebrates on each site. Estimates of total biomass of invertebrates per site revealed a late spring peak (May/June) and a late autumn (November/December) peak, neither of which coincided with the summer peak biomass of macrophytes. This suggested that, in the lower perennial, the level of food resources (epiphytic algae in late spring and fallen tree leaves plus decaying macrophytes in autumn) rather than available habitat, were a major influence on population levels for most of the year.Quantitative sampling of each biotope on each site continued in June and December only for a period of 8 years (1971–78), during which time the river experienced a minor drought (1973) and a severe drought (1976). The Chironomidae showed a strong positive response to conditions of low flow in June of 1973 and 1976, when exceptionally high densities of larvae were recorded. Although further between-year differences were recorded in several other major components of the invertebrate fauna, which may have been related to conditions of low discharge, they did not have long-term consequences for the fauna in the lower perennial of the R. Lambourn.In contrast, in the upper perennial, the prolonged drought of 1976 resulted in the loss of wetted perimeter and macrophytes, coupled with deposition of silt, all of which had deleterious effects on the invertebrate assemblages. The following year, despite a normal discharge regime and the removal of silt, some submerged macrophytes were slow to return to their pre-drought condition. In the intermittent section, the drought of 1976 resulted in the total loss of flow for a 16 month period instead of a more typical four month period of water loss.Thus, chalk streams encompass within a single system both stable and extreme hydrological regimes which offer unique opportunities for investigating the processes of community formation and maintenance.     

南京市生态系统服务的空间流转

生态系统服务的空间流转研究是生态系统服务研究的重要部分,对于制定区域生态补偿标准具有重要意义。为了衡量地区生态系统服务流转到外部区域的相对价值大小,提出了地区比较生态辐射力概念,利用断裂点公式、指数距离衰减函数,衡量比较生态辐射力的大小。基于南京市主体功能区研究,定量研究南京市各保护型区域的生态系统服务对各开发型区域的辐射力,计算出各开发型区域从不同保护型区域提供的生态系统服务价值比例。结果表明:高淳县、江宁区、溧水县对于白下区、秦淮区比较生态辐射力相对较大,六合区对于鼓楼区、下关区比较生态辐射力相对较大,浦口区对于鼓楼区、秦淮区的比较生态辐射力相对较大。以白下区为例,提出了南京市实施生态补偿建议,根据白下区从外部保护型区域获得的生态系统服务总量,在其提供的生态补偿金中,浦口区、江宁区、六合区、溧水县、高淳县应分别获得总额的22.76%、22.67%、21.50%、17.27%与15.80%。     

Spatial and temporal variation in the sediment properties of an intertidal mangrove forest: implications for sampling

Studies of the structure or functioning of intertidal soft sediments often involves collection of biogeochemical data over tidal, diel and seasonal time-scales. Little effort has, however, been made to quantify accurately the time-scales at which these properties vary. Many previous studies collected samples from different sites at different times, potentially resulting in the confounding of spatial and temporal variation. This experiment was designed to determine if time of day or time within the exposure period had any significant effect on measurements of 7 different properties of sediments. Samples of sediment were collected using contact cores at the beginning, middle and end of tidal emersion at each of 9 a.m., 12 p.m. and 3 p.m., with two replicate days of each condition, from mangrove forests fringing Glades Bay, Sydney, Australia. These samples were analysed for water-content, pigments, carbohydrates, grain-size and loss on ignition (LOI), to determine the potential effects of time of day and time within the tidal cycle on these properties of the sediments.Whilst both time of day and time within the tidal cycle were found to occasionally have a significant effect upon the measured properties, most of the variation occurred among sites and between replicate days of each set of conditions. The minimal influence of time of day and time within the tidal cycle show that sampling effort should be preferentially placed into replicating days of sampling and sites because these are the scales with the greatest variation. Differences in the patterns found also depended on whether the data were expressed as content or concentration, the consequences of which are briefly described.     

新疆生产建设兵团生态系统服务价值时空分异特征

依据2000年和2010年新疆生产建设兵团(以下简称新疆兵团)土地利用数据,利用中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,分析了新疆兵团生态服务价值的时空分异特征。结果表明:2000—2010年全兵团单位面积生态服务价值增加了204.61元hm-2a-1,年增长率为0.41%,耕地和林地生态服务价值呈增长趋势,草地、水域、湿地、未利用地生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势;2010年各师单位面积的生态系统服务价值差别很大,其基本规律为一师六师十师四师九师八师五师十四师七师二师十二师三师十三师,这与不同土地利用类型生态服务价值指数的差别和各师的土地利用程度存在密切关系;一师、二师、四师、六师、七师、八师、十师、十二师单位面积生态服务价值呈增加趋势,三师、五师、九师、十三师、十四师单位面积生态服务价值呈减少趋势;人为开垦是该区域生态系统服务价值时空动态变化的主要驱动因素。     

干扰与生态系统演替的空间分析

演替不光是生态系统在时间序列上的替代过程,而且也是生态系统在空间上的动态演变。演替的空间属性有演替系列的格局、范围、尺度、演替方向和速率、稳定的程度、多样性、以及在自然和人为干扰下的恢复等。干扰破坏了生态系统的稳定性,形成生态系统结构和功能的破损,使生态系统处于一种过渡状态。但是干扰也是生态系统演替的外在驱动力,自然的和人为的干扰引起的生态系统的对称性破缺,推动了系统的进化和演变。外界因素作用于生态系统的干扰因子包含了很多种类,如火、风倒、洪水、病虫害、人类活动等。干扰的属性有范围、频度、季节、强度、损害度、返回时间和循环周期。讨论了这些干扰的类型和生态系统演替所具有空间的特征,并且介绍了干扰和生态系统演替空间分析常用的方法,如空间解绎和辨识、空间统计分析、空间格局分析和地理信息系统的空间分析、以及空间模拟。利用了一些典型的实例来深入阐明空间分析在干扰和生态系统演替中的应用。利用美国加利福尼亚北部火干扰的历史和空间分布的记录,进行了火干扰的空间分析的研究;用Spies等在美国俄勒冈州西部1972～1988年的多时段的变化的实例说明了收获干扰的影响;利用俄勒冈州东部山地的主要两个虫害(山地松树甲虫(Mountain Pine Beetle)和云杉蚜虫(Spruce Budworm))22a的数据分析了病虫害干扰的空间分布格局及其与海拔、温度、降水和植被类型的关系。在生态系统演替的空间分析方面,以美国俄勒冈州西部的历史和现实植被演替格局的分析为例,讨论了如何利用空间分析方法研究区域尺度生态系统的演替,同时比较了历史和现实植被的空间格局指数的变化;用两个实例来说明空间分析在辨识大陆和国家尺度生态系统变迁中的应用,一个是美国原生的老森林(Old～growth)植被从1620年到1920年,300a的空间格局变化,另外一个是加拿大植被从1600年到2000年,大约400a的空间分布变化。最后,对生态系统演替的空间分析的一些重要问题作了探讨,例如：空间分析可否帮助确定地带性顶极群落;如何将外貌与成分结合更好地识别生态系统演替的空间格局与演变趋势;以及如何利用空间分析研究由于人类活动干扰加剧所造成的生态系统自然演化规律的异化。     

太湖梅梁湾生态系统健康状况周年变化的评价研究

生态系统健康是生态学和环境管理方面一个新兴的多学科综合性研究领域。湖泊生态系统健康包含两个方面的内涵,满足人类社会合理要求和湖泊生态系统自我维持与更新的能力。湖泊生态系统健康评价是湖泊环境管理和生态系统调控的基础。运用Exergy、结构exergy和生态缓冲容量等指标来评价太湖梅梁湾湖区2001年生态系统健康的周年变化,其健康状况由好到坏依次为3～4>1～2>11～12>9～10>5～6>7～8月份。这和分别应用营养状态指数(TSI)和生物多样性指数(DI)进行评价的结果相似,表明运用Exergy、结构exergy和生态缓冲容量指标对湖泊生态系统健康状况进行评价的方法是可行的。     

Spatial and temporal variation in prey color patterns for background matching across a continuous heterogeneous environment

In heterogeneous habitats, camouflage via background matching can be challenging because visual characteristics can vary dramatically across small spatial scales. Additionally, temporal variation in signaling functions of coloration can affect crypsis, especially when animals use coloration seasonally for intraspecific signaling (e.g., mate selection). We currently have a poor understanding of how wild prey optimize background matching within continuously heterogeneous habitats, and whether this is affected by requirements of intraspecific signaling across biological seasons. Here, we quantified color patterns of a wild population of shore skink (Oligosoma smithi), a variably colored lizard endemic to New Zealand, to (a) investigate whether background matching varies across a vegetation gradient; (b) assess potential signaling functions of color; and (c) to determine whether there is a trade‐off between requirements for crypsis and intraspecific signaling in coloration across seasons. Although all pattern types occurred throughout the vegetation gradient, we found evidence for background matching in skinks across the vegetation gradient, where dorsal brightness and pattern complexity corresponded with the proportion of vegetation cover. There was also a significant disparity between ventral color (saturation) of juveniles and adults, and also between sexes, suggestive of sex recognition. However, there was little indication that color was condition‐dependent in adults. Despite some evidence for a potential role in signaling, crypsis did not greatly differ across seasons. Our study suggests that selection favors a mix of generalist and specialist background matching strategies across continuously heterogeneous habitats.     

Relative importance of temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the zooplankton community of an artificial reservoir

Zooplankton samples were collected monthly at three stations in Ogochi Reservoir during 1980, and the temporal and horizontal variations in the density of dominant taxa were evaluated by a standard 2-way ANOVA with random effects. The analysis revealed that horizontal is greater than temporal variation in the warm water season (> 18 °C), whereas temporal variation is greater in the cold water season (< 18 °C). Horizontal heterogeneity of the zooplankton community found in the warm water season seems to be associated with differences in site-specific conditions.