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Tim Termaat Arco J. van Strien Roy H. A. van Grunsven Geert De Knijf Ulf Bjelke Klaus Burbach Klaus‐Jürgen Conze Philippe Goffart David Hepper Vincent J. Kalkman Grgory Motte Marijn D. Prins Florent Prunier David Sparrow Gregory G. van den Top Cdric Vanappelghem Michael Winterholler Michiel F. WallisDeVries 《Diversity & distributions》2019,25(6):936-950
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Citizen‐science databases have been used to develop species distribution models (SDMs), although many taxa may be only georeferenced to county. It is tacitly assumed that SDMs built from county‐scale data should be less precise than those built with more accurate localities, but the extent of the bias is currently unknown. Our aims in this study were to illustrate the effects of using county‐scale data on the spatial extent and accuracy of SDMs relative to true locality data and to compare potential compensatory methods (including increased sample size and using overall county environmental averages rather than point locality environmental data). To do so, we developed SDMs in maxent with PRISM‐derived BIOCLIM parameters for 283 and 230 species of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) and butterflies, respectively, for five subsets from the OdonataCentral and Butterflies and Moths of North America citizen‐science databases: (1) a true locality dataset, (2) a corresponding sister dataset of county‐centroid coordinates, (3) a dataset where the average environmental conditions within each county were assigned to each record, (4) a 50/50% mix of true localities and county‐centroid coordinates, and (5) a 50/50% mix of true localities and records assigned the average environmental conditions within each county. These mixtures allowed us to quantify the degree of bias from county‐scale data. Models developed with county centroids overpredicted the extent of suitable habitat by 15% on average compared to true locality models, although larger sample sizes (>100 locality records) reduced this disparity. Assigning county‐averaged environmental conditions did not offer consistent improvement, however. Because county‐level data are of limited value for developing SDMs except for species that are widespread and well collected or that inhabit regions where small, climatically uniform counties predominate, three means of encouraging more accurate georeferencing in citizen‐science databases are provided. 相似文献
4.
Jeffrey D. Corser Erin L. White Matthew D. Schlesinger 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2014,7(5):393-404
- We assessed the origins and historical biogeography of a rich regional odonate fauna in New York State (NYS), Northeastern United States.
- We computed North American (NA) range centres and NYS range margins and reviewed the taxonomic literature to provide a useful phylogenetic framework for the fauna. We analysed results from a newly completed Odonata atlas using generalised linear anova models to assess the effects of species' origins and zoogeographic affinities on relative frequency and extinction risk metrics.
- Phylogenetic reconstruction based on taxonomic nomenclature revealed different patterns of diversification. Zygoptera in NYS is mainly of neotropical origin ˜ 60 Ma displaying a pattern of tropical conservatism, but with a burst recent of Plio–Pleistocene speciation in certain groups. Alternatively, Anisoptera contains crown group endemic taxa and other very old lineages from the Mesozoic era before the breakup of Pangaea, highlighting the evolutionary significance of the Appalachian Mountains as an important global centre of temperate forest freshwater diversity.
- These high regional levels of odonate diversity have been brought about by at least three different mechanisms: dependence on forests, predominance of non‐ecological speciation mechanisms, and niche conservatism across hundreds of millions of generations.
- NYS lies at a crossroads of both ancient and more recent Odonata evolution comprising separate boreal, temperate, and tropical faunas. Those species encountered less frequently and having higher overall extinction risk metrics generally tended to be the boreal species on the rear edge of their range, a widespread phenomenon for the insects of many regions generally attributed to ongoing climate change.
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Barbara Cheney Paul M. Thompson Simon N. Ingram Philip S. Hammond Peter T. Stevick John W. Durban Ross M. Culloch Simon H. Elwen Laura Mandleberg Vincent M. Janik Nicola J. Quick Valentina ISLAS‐Villanueva Kevin P. Robinson Marina Costa Sonja M. Eisfeld Alice Walters Charlie Phillips Caroline R. Weir Peter G.H. Evans Pia Anderwald Robert J. Reid James B. Reid Ben Wilson 《Mammal Review》2013,43(1):71-88
- The distribution, movements and abundance of highly mobile marine species such as bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus are best studied at large spatial scales, but previous research effort has generally been focused on relatively small areas, occupied by populations with high site fidelity.
- We aimed to characterize the distribution, movements and abundance of bottlenose dolphins around the coasts of Scotland, exploring how data from multiple sources could be integrated to build a broader‐scale picture of their ecology.
- We reviewed existing historical data, integrated data from ongoing studies and developed new collaborative studies to describe distribution patterns. We adopted a Bayesian multi‐site mark‐recapture model to estimate abundance of bottlenose dolphins throughout Scottish coastal waters and quantified movements of individuals between study areas.
- The majority of sightings of bottlenose dolphins around the Scottish coastline are concentrated on the east and west coasts, but records are rare before the 1990s. Dedicated photo‐identification studies in 2006 and 2007 were used to estimate the size of two resident populations: one on the east coast from the Moray Firth to Fife, population estimate 195 [95% highest posterior density intervals (HPDI): 162–253] and the second in the Hebrides, population estimate 45 (95% HPDI: 33–66). Interaction parameters demonstrated that the dolphins off the east coast of Scotland are highly mobile, whereas those off the west coast form two discrete communities.
- We provide the first comprehensive assessment of the abundance of bottlenose dolphins in the inshore waters of Scotland. The combination of dedicated photo‐identification studies and opportunistic sightings suggest that a relatively small number of bottlenose dolphins (200–300 individuals) occur regularly in Scottish coastal waters. On both east and west coasts, re‐sightings of identifiable individuals indicate that the animals have been using these coastal areas since studies began.
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Jon W. Rolfes;Stephanie S. Godfrey; 《Austral ecology》2024,49(2):e13472
The advent of online crowd-sourced nature databases provides an opportunity to yield information about ecological interactions on a scale not previously possible. In particular, such databases provide an opportunity to collate information on host–parasite interactions through screening photographs of hosts. Using photographs from iNaturalist we expanded the known hosts for ectoparasitic mites in New Zealand geckos from 9 to 20 host species, including the first report of ectoparasitic mites on geckos from the genus Toropuku. Additionally, spatial and seasonal variation in mite prevalence was investigated, giving deeper insight in the possibilities of analysing crowd-sourced datasets. 相似文献
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Benjamin Zuckerberg André Desrochers Wesley M. Hochachka Daniel Fink Walter D. Koenig Janis L. Dickinson 《The Journal of wildlife management》2012,76(5):1072-1080
A primary focus of wildlife ecology is studying how the arrangement, quality, and distribution of habitat influence wildlife populations at multiple spatial scales. A practical limitation of conducting wildlife–habitat investigations in the field, however, is that sampling points tend to be close to one another, resulting in spatial clustering. Consequently, when ecologists seek to quantify the effects of environmental predictors surrounding their sampling points, they encounter the issue of using landscapes that are partially or completely overlapping. A presumed problem of overlapping landscapes is that data generated from these landscapes, when used as predictors in statistical modeling, might violate the assumption of independence. However, the independence of error is the critical assumption, not the independence of predictor variables. Nonetheless, many researchers strive to avoid such overlaps through sampling design or alternative analytical procedures and specialized software programs have been created to assist with this. We present theoretical arguments and empirical evidence showing that changing the amount of overlap does not alter the degree of spatial autocorrelation. Using data derived from 2 broad-scaled avian monitoring programs, we quantified the relationship between forest cover and bird abundance and occurrence at multiple landscapes ranging from 100 m to 24 km across. We found no clear evidence that increasing overlap of landscapes increased spatial autocorrelation in model residuals. Our results demonstrate that the concern of overlapping landscapes as a potential cause of violation of spatial independency among sampling units is misdirected and represents an oversimplification of the statistical and ecological issues surrounding spatial autocorrelation. Overlapping landscapes and spatial autocorrelation are separate issues in the modeling of wildlife populations and their habitats; non-overlapping landscapes do not ensure spatial independency and overlapping landscapes do not necessarily lead to greater spatial autocorrelation in model errors. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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Ecological character displacement, mostly seen as increased differences of size in sympatry between closely‐related or similar species, is a focal hypothesis assuming that species too similar to one another could not coexist without diverging, owing to interspecific competition. Thus, ecological character displacement and community‐wide character displacement (overdispersion in size of potential competitors within ecological guilds) were at the heart of the debate regarding the role of competition in structuring ecological communities. The debate has focused on the evidence presented in earlier studies and generated a new generation of rigorous, critical studies of communities. Character displacement research in the past two decades provides sound statistical support for the hypothesis in a wide variety of taxa, albeit with a phylogenetically skewed representation. A growing number of studies are strongly based in functional morphology, and some also demonstrate actual morphologically related resource partitioning. Phylogenetic models and experimental work have added to the scope and depth of earlier research, as have theoretical studies. However, many challenging ecological and evolutionary issues, regarding both selective forces (at the inter‐ and intraspecific level) and resultant patterns, remain to be addressed. Ecological character displacement and community‐wide character displacement are here to stay as the focus of much exciting research. 相似文献
9.
Problems in species recognition are thought to affect the evolution of secondary sexual characters mainly through avoidance of maladaptive hybridization. Another, but much less studied avenue for the evolution of sexual characters due to species recognition problems is through interspecific aggression. In the damselfly, Calopteryx splendens, males have pigmented wing spots as a sexual character. Large-spotted males resemble males of another species, Calopteryx virgo, causing potential problems in species recognition. In this study, we investigate whether there is character displacement in wing spot size and whether interspecific aggression could cause this pattern. We found first that wing spot size of C. splendens in populations decreased with increasing relative abundance of C. virgo. Secondly, C. virgo males were more aggressive towards large- than small-spotted C. splendens males. Thirdly, in interspecific contests C. virgo males had better territory holding ability than C. splendens males. These results suggest that interspecific aggression may have caused character displacement in wing spot size of C. splendens, because the intensity of aggression towards large-spotted males is likely to increase with relative abundance of C. virgo males. Thus, interspecific aggression may be an evolutionarily significant force that is able to cause divergence in secondary sexual characters. 相似文献
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Andrea D. Marshall Anna L Flam Nakia Cullain Michelle Carpenter Janneman Conradie Stephanie K Venables 《Journal of fish biology》2023,102(3):628-634
Opportunistic in-water and aerial surveys in South Africa and the analysis of contributed citizen science data have extended the known range of reef manta rays Mobula alfredi along the eastern coast of Africa by 140 km (to Mdumbi Beach) and verified the first transboundary movements for the species. Additionally, six new long-range dispersal records have provided evidence of connectivity with the M. alfredi population off the Inhambane coastline of Mozambique. Five of these records captured one-way movements, the longest of which was an individual that travelled 505 km from Praia do Tofo to Sodwana Bay with 301 days between sightings. A single individual made a return trip between Závora, Mozambique and Sodwana Bay, South Africa (a total distance of ~870 km). These findings support the Convention on Migratory Species listing for the species, suggesting regional transboundary management units are warranted for this wide-ranging elasmobranch. 相似文献
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Ana Gracanin Erin Roger Andrew C. Katsis Luke S. O&#x;Loughlin Nathan J. Emery Joanne F. Ocock James C. O&#x;Hanlon 《Austral ecology》2020,45(5):523-528
Maintaining suitable vegetation within urban environments is crucial for wildlife conservation in the face of anthropogenic habitat change. Here, we report on a citizen science project, involving students from seven schools across south‐eastern Australia, that investigated the effectiveness of urban vegetation as habitat for bird nests. The ‘nest concealment hypothesis’ posits that vegetation should obscure the nest from predator detection, thus reducing the likelihood of predation. To test this, participating school‐aged citizen scientists constructed artificial nests, which were placed in garden trees within school grounds and monitored for signs of predation. We found no evidence to support the nest concealment hypothesis, with no relationship between the density of vegetation immediately surrounding a nest and its likelihood of predation (binomial model: = 1.714, P = 0.190). It was observed that 80% of the nests experienced predation. This aligns with mounting evidence suggesting that other factors, such as olfaction and adult defence, may be more important factors in the protection of bird nests. It is important to note that artificial nests are unreliable, and therefore, the veracity of the overall conclusions is limited. However, in conducting this experiment, we demonstrate the suitability of this method as a school‐based citizen science activity. This study exemplifies that field‐based experiments can used to engage future generations with conservation science. 相似文献
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Benjamin Cretois Emily G. Simmonds John D. C. Linnell Bram van Moorter Christer M. Rolandsen Erling J. Solberg Olav Strand Vegard Gundersen Ole Roer Jan Ketil Rd 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(21):15191
Many publications make use of opportunistic data, such as citizen science observation data, to infer large‐scale properties of species’ distributions. However, the few publications that use opportunistic citizen science data to study animal ecology at a habitat level do so without accounting for spatial biases in opportunistic records or using methods that are difficult to generalize. In this study, we explore the biases that exist in opportunistic observations and suggest an approach to correct for them. We first examined the extent of the biases in opportunistic citizen science observations of three wild ungulate species in Norway by comparing them to data from GPS telemetry. We then quantified the extent of the biases by specifying a model of the biases. From the bias model, we sampled available locations within the species’ home range. Along with opportunistic observations, we used the corrected availability locations to estimate a resource selection function (RSF). We tested this method with simulations and empirical datasets for the three species. We compared the results of our correction method to RSFs obtained using opportunistic observations without correction and to RSFs using GPS‐telemetry data. Finally, we compared habitat suitability maps obtained using each of these models. Opportunistic observations are more affected by human access and visibility than locations derived from GPS telemetry. This has consequences for drawing inferences about species’ ecology. Models naïvely using opportunistic observations in habitat‐use studies can result in spurious inferences. However, sampling availability locations based on the spatial biases in opportunistic data improves the estimation of the species’ RSFs and predicted habitat suitability maps in some cases. This study highlights the challenges and opportunities of using opportunistic observations in habitat‐use studies. While our method is not foolproof it is a first step toward unlocking the potential of opportunistic citizen science data for habitat‐use studies. 相似文献
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Lucía Izquierdo Robert L. Thomson José I. Aguirre Alazne Díez‐Fernández Bruno Faivre Jordi Figuerola Juan Diego Ibáñez‐Álamo 《Journal of avian biology》2018,49(9)
Leucism is the total or partial lack of melanins in the skin and associate structures (i.e. hair or feathers). Little is known about the factors influencing this chromatic aberration although some local studies suggest that there is an effect of habitat, age and sex. To test these hypotheses and expand our knowledge on leucism, we carried out a large‐scale study using common blackbirds Turdus merula as our model species. Given the poor information available on this topic and the variability of methodological approaches, we used three different methods to assess the effect of these variables in the presence of leucism: transects, bird captures and citizen science information (pictures from internet). We found an effect of habitat indicating that there are more leucistic blackbirds in cities than in non‐urban areas. In addition, we found a positive association between presence of white feathers and age providing the first large‐scale support for the progressive graying hypothesis in birds. This chromatic aberration was also influenced by sex, with males showing higher probability of leucism than females, although only for the capture data, indicating that the method used to study this phenomenon can partly influence our conclusions, and therefore suggesting caution when planning future studies in this topic. 相似文献
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Manu E. Saunders Erin Roger William L. Geary Floret Meredith Dustin J. Welbourne Alex Bako Emily Canavan Francesca Herro Charlotte Herron Olivia Hung Madeline Kunstler Jade Lin Natasha Ludlow Mayling Paton Sunny Salt Tallulah Simpson Ariana Wang Nikki Zimmerman Kalani B. Drews Hayley F. Dawson Lachlan W. J. Martin Jack B. Sutton Chiquita C. Webber Amy L. Ritchie Leigham D. Berns Bella A. Winch Holly R. Reeves Eiron C. McLennan Jordan M. Gardner Charli G. Butler Emily I. Sutton Max M. Couttie Jake B. Hildebrand Isabella A. Blackney Justine A. Forsyth Deborah M. Keating Angela T. Moles 《Austral ecology》2018,43(6):635-642
Citizen science can play an important role in school science education. Citizen science is particularly relevant to addressing current societal environmental sustainability challenges, as it engages the students directly with environmental science and gives students an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, it allows students to observe local representations of global challenges. Here, we report a citizen science programme designed to engage school‐age children in real‐world scientific research. The programme used standardized methods deployed across multiple schools through scientist–school partnerships to engage students with an important conservation problem: habitat for pollinator insects in urban environments. Citizen science programmes such as the programme presented here can be used to enhance scientific literacy and skills. Provided key challenges to maintain data quality are met, this approach is a powerful way to contribute valuable citizen science data for understudied, but ecologically important study systems, particularly in urban environments across broad geographical areas. 相似文献
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Corey T. Callaghan Richard E. Major William K. Cornwell Alistair G. B. Poore John H. Wilshire Mitchell B. Lyons 《Ecography》2020,43(4):528-538
Understanding species-specific relationships with their environment is essential for ecology, biogeography and conservation biology. Moreover, understanding how these relationships change with spatial scale is critical to mitigating potential threats to biodiversity. But methods which measure inter-specific variation in response to environmental parameters that are also generalizable across multiple spatial scales are scarce. We used broad-scale avian citizen science data, over continental Australia, integrated with remotely-sensed products, to produce a measure of urban-tolerance for a given species at a continental-scale. We then compared these urban-tolerances to modelled responses to urbanization at a local-scale, based on systematic sampling within four small cities. For 49 species which had sufficient data for modelling, we found a significant relationship (R2 = 0.51) between continental-scale urbanness and local-scale urbanness. We also found that relatively few citizen science observations (~250) are necessary for reliable estimates of continental-scale species-specific urban scores to predict local-scale response to urbanization. Our approach demonstrates the applicability of broad-scale citizen science data, contrasting both the spatial grain and extent of standard point-count surveys generally only conducted at small spatial scales. Continental-scale responses in Australia are representative of small-scale responses to urbanization among four small cities in Australia, suggesting that our method of producing species-specific urban scores is robust and may be generalized to other locations lacking appropriate data. 相似文献
16.
Aim (1) To increase awareness of the challenges induced by imperfect detection, which is a fundamental issue in species distribution modelling; (2) to emphasize the value of replicate observations for species distribution modelling; and (3) to show how ‘cheap’ checklist data in faunal/floral databases may be used for the rigorous modelling of distributions by site‐occupancy models. Location Switzerland. Methods We used checklist data collected by volunteers during 1999 and 2000 to analyse the distribution of the blue hawker, Aeshna cyanea (Odonata, Aeshnidae), a common dragonfly in Switzerland. We used data from repeated visits to 1‐ha pixels to derive ‘detection histories’ and apply site‐occupancy models to estimate the ‘true’ species distribution, i.e. corrected for imperfect detection. We modelled blue hawker distribution as a function of elevation and year and its detection probability of elevation, year and season. Results The best model contained cubic polynomial elevation effects for distribution and quadratic effects of elevation and season for detectability. We compared the site‐occupancy model with a conventional distribution model based on a generalized linear model, which assumes perfect detectability (p = 1). The conventional distribution map looked very different from the distribution map obtained using site‐occupancy models that accounted for the imperfect detection. The conventional model underestimated the species distribution by 60%, and the slope parameters of the occurrence–elevation relationship were also underestimated when assuming p = 1. Elevation was not only an important predictor of blue hawker occurrence, but also of the detection probability, with a bell‐shaped relationship. Furthermore, detectability increased over the season. The average detection probability was estimated at only 0.19 per survey. Main conclusions Conventional species distribution models do not model species distributions per se but rather the apparent distribution, i.e. an unknown proportion of species distributions. That unknown proportion is equivalent to detectability. Imperfect detection in conventional species distribution models yields underestimates of the extent of distributions and covariate effects that are biased towards zero. In addition, patterns in detectability will erroneously be ascribed to species distributions. In contrast, site‐occupancy models applied to replicated detection/non‐detection data offer a powerful framework for making inferences about species distributions corrected for imperfect detection. The use of ‘cheap’ checklist data greatly enhances the scope of applications of this useful class of models. 相似文献
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A meeting on Biodiversity Technologies was held by the Biodiversity Institute, Oxford on the 27–28 of September 2012 at the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. The symposium brought together 36 speakers from North America, Australia and across Europe, presenting the latest research on emerging technologies in biodiversity science and conservation. Here we present a perspective on the general trends emerging from the symposium. 相似文献
18.
Carlos Bustamante Ana M. García-Cegarra Carolina Vargas-Caro 《Journal of fish biology》2021,98(3):870-873
The presence of four sharks was documented in coastal waters of Antofagasta (Chile) using an unmanned aerial video camera. Fishers took advantage of this aggregation to catch and sold three adult broadnose sevengill sharks Notorynchus cepedianus. Species identity was determined by using the cox1 gene. One additional video was later recorded 3000 km south of Antofagasta, and shows a large female interacting with a salmon farming facility. Shallow water records of N. cepedianus were previously undocumented in Chilean waters, yet historically have provided an opportunistic event to fishers in Chile. 相似文献
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Aim
To improve the accuracy of inferences on habitat associations and distribution patterns of rare species by combining machine‐learning, spatial filtering and resampling to address class imbalance and spatial bias of large volumes of citizen science data.Innovation
Modelling rare species’ distributions is a pressing challenge for conservation and applied research. Often, a large number of surveys are required before enough detections occur to model distributions of rare species accurately, resulting in a data set with a high proportion of non‐detections (i.e. class imbalance). Citizen science data can provide a cost‐effective source of surveys but likely suffer from class imbalance. Citizen science data also suffer from spatial bias, likely from preferential sampling. To correct for class imbalance and spatial bias, we used spatial filtering to under‐sample the majority class (non‐detection) while maintaining all of the limited information from the minority class (detection). We investigated the use of spatial under‐sampling with randomForest models and compared it to common approaches used for imbalanced data, the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), weighted random forest and balanced random forest models. Model accuracy was assessed using kappa, Brier score and AUC. We demonstrate the method by evaluating habitat associations and seasonal distribution patterns using citizen science data for a rare species, the tricoloured blackbird (Agelaius tricolor).Main Conclusions
Spatial under‐sampling increased the accuracy of each model and outperformed the approach typically used to direct under‐sampling in the SMOTE algorithm. Our approach is the first to characterize winter distribution and movement of tricoloured blackbirds. Our results show that tricoloured blackbirds are positively associated with grassland, pasture and wetland habitats, and negatively associated with high elevations or evergreen forests during both winter and breeding seasons. The seasonal differences in distribution indicate that individuals move to the coast during the winter, as suggested by historical accounts.20.
A widespread problem in biological research is assessing whether a model adequately describes some real-world data. But even if a model captures the large-scale statistical properties of the data, should we be satisfied with it? We developed a method, inspired by Alan Turing, to assess the effectiveness of model fitting. We first built a self-propelled particle model whose properties (order and cohesion) statistically matched those of real fish schools. We then asked members of the public to play an online game (a modified Turing test) in which they attempted to distinguish between the movements of real fish schools or those generated by the model. Even though the statistical properties of the real data and the model were consistent with each other, the public could still distinguish between the two, highlighting the need for model refinement. Our results demonstrate that we can use ‘citizen science’ to cross-validate and improve model fitting not only in the field of collective behaviour, but also across a broad range of biological systems. 相似文献