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Patterns of feeding ecology among the living macaques conform poorly with recognized phyletic distinctions within the genus because there is an important ecological division which cross-cuts phyletic groupings. This division, between weed species and non-weed species, is based on the differing abilities of macaques to tolerate and even prosper in close association with human settlements. Based on available information about their ecology in the wild, we tentatively assign macaque species to these two categories. Finally, we consider the implications of our argument for scenarios of the initial spread of the macaques. 相似文献
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The relationships between resource distribution, type of competition, and consequences for social organization have been formalized in the socioecological model (SEM) which predicts that ecological factors are the main determinants of female distribution. We tested this basic prediction in two solitary primates (Microcebus berthae and M. murinus) which differ in female association patterns. Using stable nitrogen and carbon isotope data of hair samples and food sources we quantified inter‐specific differences in diet. δ13C in M. berthae reflected a diet composed mainly of insect secretions. Higher within‐species as well as seasonal variation in δ13C of M. murinus indicated a wider trophic niche including plant and animal source food. Constantly elevated δ15N in M. murinus most likely reflected extended torpor during the lean season. This energy‐saving strategy together with a wider, more opportunistic feeding niche might reduce female competition in this species, facilitating smaller female ranges, and a higher association potential. In contrast, δ15N fluctuated seasonally in M. berthae, most likely indicating varying amounts of arthropod food in the diet. Intense scramble competition over small and seasonally limited resources might lead to female spatial avoidance and a reduced association potential in M. berthae. Thus, differences in female association patterns between these two solitary foragers are due to different types of competition and overall intensities of intra‐specific competition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a high‐throughput method to analyze the near‐infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It detects the absorption of light by molecular bonds and can be used with live insects. In this study, we investigate the accuracy of NIR spectroscopy in determining triglyceride level and species of wild‐caught Drosophila. We employ the chemometric approach to produce a multivariate calibration model. The multivariate calibration model is the mathematical relationship between the changes in NIR spectra and the property of interest as determined by the reference analytical method. Once the calibration model was developed, we used an independent set to validate the accuracy of the calibration model. The optimized calibration model for triglyceride quantification yielded coefficients of determination of 0.73 for the calibration test set and 0.70 for the independent test set. Simultaneously, we used NIR spectroscopy to discriminate two species of Drosophila. Flies from independent sets were correctly classified into Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans with accuracy higher than 80%. These results suggest that NIRS has the potential to be used as a high‐throughput screening method to assess a live individual insect's triglyceride level and taxonomic status. 相似文献
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记述了拱背果蝇属 (Lordiphosa)黑色拱背果蝇种组 (nigricolorspecies group) 3新种 :黑腿拱背果蝇 (Lordiphosanigrifemursp nov )、鲁甸拱背果蝇 (Lordiphosaludianensissp nov )和施氏拱背果蝇 (Lordiphosashiisp nov )。 相似文献
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记述了拱背果蝇属Lordiphosa 2新种,毛突拱背果蝇 Lorrdiphosa pilosella sp.nov.和叉拱背果蝇Lordiphosa furcans sp.nov.. 相似文献
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Chien-I Lee Feng-Yu Wang Min-Yun Liu Tak-Kei Chou Te-Yu Liao 《Journal of fish biology》2021,99(5):1668-1676
DNA metabarcoding analysis for gut contents has been shown to compensate the disadvantage of traditionally morphological identification and offer higher resolution of prey items in an efficient way. Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) is a freshwater fish native to southern and eastern Taiwan. In the past two decades, this species has been introduced as a sport fish into the river basins of northern and western Taiwan. The large body size and active predation make it a potential threat for native fishes, but which native species are preyed by Holland's carp remains unknown. In this study, the diet from the gut contents of Holland's carp from the Zhonggang River, an invaded basin, was examined using DNA metabarcoding from 51 individuals and by morphological examinations on 140 samples. Detritus of plants were found in 83.6% samples (117 individuals). Twenty fish species of seven families were identified by DNA metabarcoding, including species of all water layers. Taiwan torrent carp (Acrossocheilus paradoxus) and Rhinogobius spp. are the most common prey items. Based on the results of this study, Holland's carp is considered an opportunistic omnivore because of its diverse diet items, which is an important trait for successful invasive fish species. The population decline of Opsariichthys pachycephalus may not result from the invasion of Holland's carps. Nonetheless, the time lag between successful invasion and the samplings of this study may be a concern because the population size of O. pachycephalus may have declined and become difficult to prey. The Holland's carps consumed the least species in winter; nonetheless, the occurrence frequencies of preys among seasons were not significantly different probably because of limited temperature fluctuation. The smallest Holland's carps consumed the least prey species compared to other size categories, similar to the relationship of prey species number to size of invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). 相似文献
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《Animal cells and systems.》2012,16(2):85-87
Two new species belonging to the genera Microdrosophila and Drosophila, collected from Daegwallyeong and Mt. Halla in Korea are described with illustrations of the male genitalia. Microdros ophila (Microdros ophila) gang‐wonensis n. sp. seems close to M. (M.) purpurata Okada, 1956, but the new species has different phallic organ. Drosophila (Drosophila) taekjuni is close to D. (D.) brevitabula Zhang and Toda, 1992, in form, but differs in the shape of aedeagus. Eight species of the genus Microdrosophila and five species in the D. immigrans species‐group of genus Drosophila, including the new species are known to be distributed in Korea. 相似文献
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叶芒伏绕眼果蝇复合种组是Tsacas and Okada,1983建立的,已报告有6种,均出自于东洋区.记述了采自于中国及周边国家的伏绕眼果蝇属叶芒伏绕眼果蝇复合种组的10个种,并附有分种检索表.端尖叶芒伏绕眼果蝇Phortica foliacea(Tsacas et Okada,1983);叶芒伏绕眼果蝇Phortica foliiseta Duda,1923;侦测伏绕眼果蝇Phortica speculum(Máca et Lin,1993);异叶芒伏绕眼果蝇Phortica afoliolata Chen etToda,sp.nov.;短毛伏绕眼果蝇Phrtica brachychaeta Chen etToda,sP.nov.;拟叶芒伏绕眼果蝇Phortica foliisetoides Chenet Toda,sp.nov.;缺毛伏绕眼果蝇Phortica glabra Chen etToda,sp.nov.;刺伏绕眼果蝇Phortica spinosa Chen et Gao,sp.nov.;对称伏绕眼果蝇Phortica symmetria Chen et Toda,sp nov.;田边氏伏绕眼果蝇Phortica tanabei Chen et Toda,sp nov. 相似文献
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Two morpho‐groups (i.e. small, MGS and big, MGL) of the small freshwater fish Amblypharyngodon mola were studied for their feeding behaviour in the natural environment. Both the morpho‐groups fed on a variety of phytoplankton including Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The fish had more Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in their gut than other phytoplankton. Costello's selectivity plots revealed that the MGS fed on the smaller phytoplankters (2–6 µm in size), whereas the MGL fed on both the small and large (up to 12 µm in size) phytoplankters. The differences in mouth areas between the two morpho‐groups were explained as a possible reason of size‐selective feeding and contribute to overcome gape limitation in A. mola. This is further accompanied by the uniform pore size of the gills (2 µm) in all the morpho‐groups. This study concluded that A. mola exhibits a size‐dependent feeding strategy regulated by gape limitation at the ingestion level. With ontogenetic shifts, flexibility appears to overcome such a limitation in the MGL, having a wider mouth area supported by jaw opening ability. 相似文献
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Aurino Miranda Neto Sebastião Venâncio Martins Kelly de Almeida Silva 《Plant biosystems》2021,155(1):128-135
Abstract Different environments (initial forest, mature forest, Pinus and Eucalyptus stands) found in Seasonal Semideciduous Forest fragments affect the density of viable seeds, as well as the floristic similarity, diversity, and richness of tree species in soil seed banks. This hypothesis was tested in the current study. Soil seed bank samples were collected in the aforementioned environments during rainy and dry seasons, and taken to a shade house, where they remained under favorable seed germination conditions. Tree seedling emergence was measured, and sample species were identified every 15?days, for six months, in each sampling period. In total, 97 individuals m?2 and 23 species emerged in all environments and periods. The highest density of viable seeds of tree species in the soil seed bank was found in the initial forest stretch, mature forest stretch and abandoned Eucalyptus stand. Only the Pinus stand seed bank in the dry season had different floristic and lower viable seed density than the mature forest seed bank. Thus, all environments, except the abandoned Pinus stand, can preserved Seasonal Semideciduous Forest fragments. 相似文献
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We studied the diets of four sympatric carnivores in the flooding savannas of western Venezuela by analysing predator DNA and prey remains in faeces. DNA was isolated and a portion of the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial genome amplified and sequenced from 20 of 34 scats. Species were diagnosed by comparing the resulting sequences to reference sequences generated from the blood of puma (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), ocelot (Leopardus pardalus) and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Scat size has previously been used to identify predators, but DNA data show that puma and jaguar scats overlap in size, as do those of puma, ocelot and fox. Prey-content analysis suggests minimal prey partitioning between pumas and jaguars. In field testing this technique for large carnivores, two potential limitations emerged: locating intact faecal samples and recovering DNA sequences from samples obtained in the wet season. Nonetheless, this study illustrates the tremendous potential of DNA faecal studies. The presence of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) in one puma scat and of wild pig (Sus scrofa), set as bait, in one jaguar sample exemplifies the forensic possibilities of this noninvasive analysis. In addition to defining the dietary habits of similar size sympatric mammals, DNA identifications from faeces allow wildlife managers to detect the presence of endangered taxa and manage prey for their conservation. 相似文献
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Jan G. Davidsen Michael Power Rune Knudsen Aslak D. Sjursen Gaute Kjærstad Lars Rønning Jo V. Arnekleiv 《Journal of fish biology》2020,96(3):681-692
Life history strategies and potential marine niche use of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (n = 237, 84–652 mm, total body length, LT) were determined during the ice-free season (2012) at three different watercourses in south-western Greenland. All Arctic charr were collected from freshwater habitats. Based on stable isotopes of δ34S, the Arctic charr were categorized as either marine- or freshwater-dependent feeders. The use of time-integrated trophic tracers (stable isotopes of δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) suggested that several trophic groups of Arctic charr operate alongside within each fjord system. The groups suggested were one group that specialized in the marine habitat, in addition to two freshwater resident morphs (small-sized resident and/or large-growing cannibalistic individuals). Stomach contents consisted entirely of freshwater and terrestrial prey (i.e., insects), indicating that marine-dependent feeders also fed in freshwater habitats after return from their marine migration. Growth and maturity patterns further supported variable life history strategies within each watercourse. The life history strategy patterns and marine trophic niche use were consistent across the watercourses along several hundred kilometres of coastline. This study represents the first ecological baseline for partially anadromous populations of Greenland Arctic charr. 相似文献
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John J. McDermott 《Hydrobiologia》1993,266(1-3):15-28
The densities of nemerteans and associated fauna on a soft-bottom sampling station (27–30 m deep) in the Øresund were determined from 47 cores (each 135 cm2 in cross-section; 20 + cm deep) collected from September to December 1989; these data were compared with 14 cores taken from the same location in December 1982. Nine species of nemerteans were identified from cores and dredge samples: Palaeonemertea — Callinera-like sp.; Heteronemertea — Cerebratulus fuscus, C. marginatus, Lineus bilineatus, Micrura fasciolata, M. purpurea; Hoplonemertea — Amphiporus bioculatus, A. dissimulans, Nipponnemertes pulcher. Mean numbers of heteronemerteans were 32 and 10 m?2 in 1982 and 1989, respectively, and hoplonemerteans were 90 and 71 m?2 , respectively. Only one palaeonemertean was collected during both years. Mean densities of the dominant species, N. pulcher, were similar for the two years, 74 and 68 m?2. The dominant groups of macrofauna (n m?2) in 1989 were ostracods (1028), amphipods (618), polychaetes (514), and ophiuroids (449). Amphipods (>90% Haploops spp.) and polychaetes (at least 30 spp.) are the major potential prey for hoplonemerteans and heteronemerteans, respectively. Laboratory feeding experiments with N. pulcher revealed that it consumed amphipods (Haploops tenuis and H. tubicola) at a rate of 2.6 worm?1 d?1 during the first 12 hours, but after 36 hours and beyond the rate was maintained at approximately 0.2 worm?1 d?1. Beyond 12 hours this nemertean showed a tendancy to only partially evacuate its prey. It was demonstrated experimentally that N. pulcher has a supply of toxin capable of killing six amphipods in approximately one hour. Limited tests showed that N. pulcher fed on the cumacean Diastylis tumida, but not on the amphipod Maera loveni or the ostracod Philomedes globosus, and that Amphiporus dissimulans readily attacked Haploops spp., but not Maera or Philomedes. Although the results of laboratory experiments are tentative, they do suggest that suctorial hoplonemerteans can exert a potentially significant effect on benthic communities. Employing seven species of polychaetes as prey for Cerebratulus fuscus and Micrura fasciolata, only the latter responded positively to one of them, Glycera alba. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus violently rejected N. pulcher in all feeding trials. 相似文献
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记述了分布在中国的双翅目果蝇科Drosophilidae微果蝇属Microdrosophila 3新种,基突微果蝇M.(Oxystyloptera)basiprojecta Zhang,sp.nov.、内折微果蝇M.(O.)vara Zhang,sp.nov.、三叉微果蝇M.(Microdrosophila)triaina Lu et Zhang,sp.nov.和中国1新纪录种M.(M.)fuscata. 相似文献
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Lake Ziway harbours indigenous and exotic fish species including Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Nile tilapia was the dominant and preferred fish. However, its contribution to total catch has dramatically declined from 89.3% in 1994 to 27% in 2014 while the introduced common carp has increased from 0% before 2012 to 25% in 2014. Common carp potentially compete with Nile tilapia for available resources and could be a cause for the decline. Thus, the study explored the dietary overlap of the two species from April to August 2017. Schoener's overlap index (α) revealed significant dietary overlap between the two species (α = 0.84, between juveniles and α = 0.63, between adults). Juveniles fed mainly on animal origin (zooplankton and insects), while adult Nile tilapia have consumed plant origin (macrophyte and phytoplankton), and adult common carp fed on macrophytes and detritus. The presence of significant dietary overlap between the two species, particularly due to intense competition among juveniles, might cause the reduction of Nile tilapia stock because the native species has shown a competitive disadvantage for food in the presence of common carp. This study provides baseline information to researchers and decision makers working towards the sustainable resource utilisation of the system. 相似文献