RAPD在三色堇（Viola wittrockiana）自交系遗传关系研究及杂种优势预测中的应用

用RAPD技术分析了18个三色堇(Viola wittrockiana)自交系的遗传多样性。21个随机引物扩增了167条带,其中127条具多态性,显示自交系间存在较大的遗传变异。用UPGMA法可将自交系聚为五大类,其分类结果与花径和材料来源地基本一致。以其中的5个自交系进行双列杂交试验,研究了RAPD遗传距离与三色堇杂交后代10个性状杂种优势的关系,实验结果表明:RAPD遗传距离仅与花数达到0.1的显著水平,而与其它8个性状杂种优势的相关性不显著;用RPAD遗传距离预测三色堇的花数杂种优势具有一定的可靠性,但用于对其它性状杂种优势的预测目前是不可行的。     

蛋鸡品系RAPD变异及其与杂种优势关系的分析

为探讨RAPD标记在家鸡杂种优势预测中的应用价值,分析了力康自壳蛋鸡纯系的RAPD变异及其与杂种优势的关系．5个纯系内和系间显示出低水平的变异．根据品系间遗传距离DS用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,品系a、e、d聚为一类,而h、l聚为另一类．简单线性相关分析表明,父系相似系数与F1代的60周龄产蛋数存在正相关而与蛋重的杂种优势率存在负相关;母系相似系数与产蛋数的杂种优势率存在高度负相关．但品系间遗传距离与各性状及其杂种优势率之间没有显著的相关关系．     

玉米自交系间遗传距离与产量杂种优势,杂种产量的关系

以13个玉米自交系及其按双列杂交配制的78个单交种为材料,研究性状选择、亲本选择对遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量关系的影响,结果表明:(1)当性状数较少时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系因性状的不同而异;当性状数较多时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系为抛物线,受性状影响较小;(2)当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较大时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为抛物线;当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较小时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为直线或不相关。     

中国17个优良玉米自交系的分子标记杂合性及其与杂交种性状的关系研究

在玉米单交种育种中 ,鉴定高产杂交种和具有优良特性的自交系是一个重要的问题。研究以 1 7个优良玉米自交系为亲本 ,按照双列杂交配组合 ,利用 RAPD技术分析了 1 7个自交系的多态性以及 RAPD标记与 9个重要农艺性状 (包括产量 )的关系。基于 RAPD标记计算的相似系数聚类将 1 7个自交系分为 5个类群 ,经分析与系谱亲缘关系基本一致。杂交种性状及其特殊配合力与亲本间的遗传距离是高度相关的 ,与聚类前比较 ,聚类后平均遗传距离与平均产量、平均特殊配合力的相关系数显著提高 ,类间平均产量高于类内平均产量。RAPD技术可揭示优良玉米自交系的系谱亲缘关系 ,将自交系划分成不同的类群 ,从而为选择类间自交系杂交 ,进行亲本选配和分子标记辅助育种提供一种方法。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46#、野生80#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46#、野生80#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用*

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46#、野生80#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46#、野生80#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46^#、野生80^#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46^#、野生80^#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

关于综合杂种优势指数的研究

本文参照综合选择指数的构成,即通过极大化聚合基因型值H=与选择指数I=的相关而得到的ι,对杂种群体的多性状的离中优势值进行分析,得出了评判中的多个性状的选择指数,即文中定义的综合杂种优势指数。本文以35个水稻杂交组合为材料测定了8个数量性状的综合杂种优势指数值和亲本间的遗传距离及典范遗传距离。相关分析表明,产量优势同遗传距离及典范遗传距离的相关性达到了显著水平(0.05),而综合杂种优势指数与这两种遗传距离的相关性达到了极显著水平(0.01)。综合杂种优势指数可以作为测定多个数量性状杂种优势的一个新的参数。     

湿加松亲本间SNP遗传距离与生长性状杂种优势关系研究

通过估算湿加松亲本间SNP位点遗传距离,以有效预测杂交后代的树高、胸径、材积杂种优势,为分子辅助交配设计育种提供参考。利用SLAF-seq技术对131个湿加松亲本种质资源进行测序,获得有效的SNP标记;基于SNP位点信息,利用MEGA5.0软件估算13个湿加松亲本间遗传距离,并进行聚类分析,同时利用SPSS软件分析13个杂交组合生长性状杂种优势与SNP遗传距离的相关性。SLAF-seq共获得53 952个多态性SLAF标签,96 736个有效SNP标记;湿加松亲本间遗传距离介于0.425 1～0.490 6,亲本间SNP遗传距离与树高、胸径、材积生长性状杂种优势相关系数分别为0.680、0.648、0.624,均达到显著正相关水平。SLAF-seq技术可提供海量SNP位点,根据海量SNP位点信息可估算湿加松亲本间遗传距离,以有效预测树高、胸径、材积杂种优势。     

高梁亲本遗传距离与杂种优势和特殊配合力的关系 Studies on the Relationships of Genetic Distance of Sorghum Parental Lines with Hetewosis and Specific Combining Ability

采有Griffing交配设计,对30个高梁恢复系的杂种一代及其6 个亲本进行两年(1989—1990)比较试验,探索高梁亲本遗传距离与F1产量的杂种优势和组合特殊配合力的关系,结果表明:亲本遗传距离与杂种优势、遗传距离与特殊配合力均呈显著或极显著的抛物线回归关系。遗传距离在一定范围内 (0相似文献   

Genetic distance of inbred lines and prediction of maize single-cross performance using RAPD markers

 To evaluate the genetic diversity of 18 maize inbred lines, and to determine the correlation between genetic distance and single-cross hybrid performance, we have used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), a PCR-based technique. Eight of these lines came from a Thai synthetic population (BR-105), and the others derived from a Brazilian composite population (BR-106). Thirty two different primers were used giving a total of 325 reproducible amplification products, 262 of them being polymorphic. Genetic divergence was determinated using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed using an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA). Cluster analysis divided the samples into three distinct groups (GI, GII and GIII) that were confirmed by principal-coordinate analysis. The genetic distances (GD) were correlated with important agronomic traits for single-cross hybrids and heterosis. No correlation was found when group division was not considered, but significant correlations were detected between GI×GII and GI×GIII GDs with their respective single-cross hybrid grain-yield values. Three groups were identified; that is, the BR-106 population was divided in two different groups and the BR-105 population remained mostly as one group. The results indicated that RAPD can be used as a tool for determining the extent of genetic diversity among tropical maize inbred lines, for allocating genotypes into different groups, and also to aid in the choice of the superior crosses to be made among maize inbred lines, so reducing the number of crosses required under field evaluation. Received: 24 May 1996 / Accepted: 22 November 1996     

PREDICTING HETEROSIS IN GRAIN YIELD FROM GENETIC DIVERGENCE ANALYSIS IN SUNFLOWER

Geneticdivergenceanalysiswasconductedbasedonperformanceof12quantitativetraitsin85sunflowerinbredlines,tostudyitseffectivenessinpredictingyieldheterosisofthe72hybridsfromthem.Resultsshowedthatlinearregressionmodelfittherelationshipbetweenheterosisofseedoilcontentandgeneticdistance,andquadraticregressionequationtherelationshipbetweengrainyieldheterosisandgeneticdistance,whichcanbeusedinpredictingheterosisfromtheparentperformances.Clusteranalysiswaseffectivetocertainextent,butitsutilizationshouldbelimited.Grainyieldandoilcontentcanbeimprovedsimutaneouslyaccordingtotherelationsbetweengeneticdivergenceandtheheterosisofthesetwotraits.     

Heterosis Is Prevalent for Multiple Traits in Diverse Maize Germplasm

Background

Heterosis describes the superior phenotypes observed in hybrids relative to their inbred parents. Maize is a model system for studying heterosis due to the high levels of yield heterosis and commercial use of hybrids.

Methods

The inbred lines from an association mapping panel were crossed to a common inbred line, B73, to generate nearly 300 hybrid genotypes. Heterosis was evaluated for seventeen phenotypic traits in multiple environments. The majority of hybrids exhibit better-parent heterosis in most of the hybrids measured. Correlations between the levels of heterosis for different traits were generally weak, suggesting that the genetic basis of heterosis is trait-dependent.

Conclusions

The ability to predict heterosis levels using inbred phenotype or genetic distance between the parents varied for the different traits. For some traits it is possible to explain a significant proportion of the heterosis variation using linear modeling while other traits are more difficult to predict.     

标准切花菊杂交F1代群体侧枝侧蕾性状的杂种优势和遗传分析

以标准切花菊〔Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat.)Tzvel.〕品种'优香'('Yuuka')为母本、品种'神马'('Jinba')为父本进行杂交,对杂交F1代群体的单株侧枝平均长度、单株侧枝数、单株侧枝数与单株叶节数的比值(R1)、主蕾直径与侧蕾直径的比值(R2)、单株侧蕾数以及主蕾与侧蕾间距离6个性状进行杂种优势和相关性分析,并利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型检测这些性状的主基因效应.结果显示:杂交F1代群体6个侧枝侧蕾性状的变异系数为2378%~5065%,且侧枝性状的变异系数总体上高于侧蕾性状;各性状的频次均呈现连续性的正态分布趋势,说明这些性状可能属于多基因控制的数量性状.杂交F1代群体的6个侧枝侧蕾性状均在001水平上表现出显著的中亲优势,表明各性状均存在显著的杂种优势.6个性状中,单株侧枝平均长度的中亲值最大(6230 mm),R1的中亲值最小(026);单株侧枝平均长度、R2和主蕾与侧蕾间距离的中亲优势均为正值,单株侧枝数、单株侧蕾数和R1的中亲优势均为负值.6个性状的中亲优势率为-5374%~3128%,其中,单株侧枝数的中亲优势率最小,而主蕾与侧蕾间距离的中亲优势率最大.相关性分析结果显示:单株侧枝平均长度和单株侧枝数均与R1呈极显著正相关,并与R2和单株侧蕾数呈极显著负相关;R2与侧蕾数也呈极显著正相关,且二者均与主蕾与侧蕾间距离呈极显著正相关.混合遗传分析结果显示:单株侧枝平均长度、R1、R2和单株侧蕾数均受2对主基因控制,符合B-1模型,主基因表现为"加性-显性-上位性",这4个性状的遗传率分别为7707%、9672%、6438%和5307%;单株侧枝数也受2对主基因控制,符合B-2模型,主基因表现为"加性-显性",该性状的遗传率为7438%,表明这5个性状的遗传存在主基因控制效应.而主蕾与侧蕾间距离符合A-0遗传模型,说明该性状无主基因控制,易受环境影响.     

Heterosis for viability,fecundity, and male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster: comparison of mutational and standing variation.

If genetic variation for fitness traits in natural populations ("standing" variation) is maintained by recurrent mutation, then quantitative-genetic properties of standing variation should resemble those of newly arisen mutations. One well-known property of standing variation for fitness traits is inbreeding depression, with its converse of heterosis or hybrid vigor. We measured heterosis for three fitness traits, pre-adult viability, female fecundity, and male fertility, among a set of inbred Drosophilia melanogaster lines recently derived from the wild, and also among a set of lines that had been allowed to accumulate spontaneous mutations for over 200 generations. The inbred lines but not the mutation-accumulation (MA) lines showed heterosis for pre-adult viability. Both sets of lines showed heterosis for female fecundity, but heterosis for male fertility was weak or absent. Crosses among a subset of the MA lines showed that they were strongly differentiated for male fertility, with the differences inherited in autosomal fashion; the absence of heterosis for male fertility among the MA lines was therefore not caused by an absence of mutations affecting this trait. Crosses among the inbred lines also gave some, albeit equivocal, evidence for male fertility variation. The contrast between the results for female fecundity and those for male fertility suggests that mutations affecting different fitness traits may differ in their average dominance properties, and that such differences may be reflected in properties of standing variation. The strong differentiation among the MA lines in male fertility further suggests that mutations affecting this trait occur at a high rate.     

不同种植密度下玉米茎秆纤维性状和抗倒性相关分析

以290份遗传多样性丰富的自交系为材料,研究不同种植密度下茎秆抗推力和纤维品质性状与茎秆抗倒性之间的关系;对不同杂种优势群的抗推力和纤维素含量进行多重比较,并筛选茎秆抗推力和纤维品质性状优良的自交系。结果表明:不同种植密度和不同自交系间的抗推力的显著性差异均达到显著水平。抗推力与纤维素含量在高密度和低密度条件下均呈极显著正相关关系。多重比较结果显示,高密度条件下的纤维素含量在不同类群间没有显著性差异,高密度和低密度条件下的抗推力和低密度条件下的纤维素含量存在类群间的显著性差异。不同杂种优势群中,抗推力和纤维素含量在两个密度下均表现稳定优良的自交系,瑞德群分别包括4个和3个,兰卡斯特分别包括1个和5个,P群分别包括2个和2个,旅大红骨分别包括2个和1个,塘四平头分别包括2个和1个。     

Analysis of genetic distance by SSR in waxy maize

We examined the genetic diversity of 80 inbred waxy maize lines using 22 SSR molecular markers that could be used to achieve heterosis in waxy maize. Eighty inbred waxy maize lines with different phenotypes, 40 yellow, 25 white, 13 black, and two red lines were analyzed by SSR molecular marker fingerprint and cluster analysis. Using a standard genetic distance of 0.55, the 80 waxy maize inbred lines were clustered into nine groups. Among them, group II, group V, groups VII and VIII, and group IX were divided into three subgroups at a genetic distance of 0.46, into two subgroups at 0.49, into two subgroups at 0.46, and into four subgroups at 0.493, respectively. All but one of the yellow waxy maize inbred lines were clustered in groups VI, VII, VIII, and IX. Group IX (30 lines) contained 28 yellow lines; the other 11 yellow lines were distributed among groups VI, VII and VIII. Among the 25 white lines, 21 were clustered in groups III, V, VI and the third subgroup of group II. The black line N72 was in a group of its own. The black lines N75, N76 and N78 were distributed in groups VII, VIII and IX, respectively. The other nine black lines were clustered in group II. The red lines were distributed in the second subgroup of group II and there was no difference in genetic distance between them. In conclusion, there were considerable genetic differences among waxy maize inbred lines of different colors. The mean genetic distance of inbred lines of the same color was significantly less than that of lines of different colors. Therefore, we concluded that it was more accurate to determine the difference between the populations using the highly stable DNA genetic markers.