Mice mutant in the DM domain gene Dmrt4 are viable and fertile but have polyovular follicles

Proteins containing the DM domain, a zinc finger-like DNA binding motif, have been implicated in sexual differentiation in diverse metazoan organisms. Of seven mammalian DM domain genes, only Dmrt1 and Dmrt2 have been functionally analyzed. Here, we report expression analysis and targeted disruption of Dmrt4 (also called DmrtA1) in the mouse. Dmrt4 is widely expressed during embryonic and postnatal development. However, we find that mice homozygous for a putative null mutation in Dmrt4 develop essentially normally, undergo full sexual differentiation in both sexes, and are fertile. We observed two potential mutant phenotypes in Dmrt4 mutant mice. First, ovaries of most mutant females have polyovular follicles, suggesting a role in folliculogenesis. Second, 25% of mutant males consistently exhibited copulatory behavior toward other males. We also tested potential redundancy between Dmrt4 and two other gonadally expressed DM domain genes, Dmrt1 and Dmrt7. We observed no enhancement of gonadal phenotypes in the double mutants, suggesting that these genes function independently in gonadal development.     

Nrf2基因敲除小鼠的繁育及生长发育的生物学特性

目的了解ICR-Nrf2小鼠的生物学特性。方法用原种繁殖扩群,观察繁殖性能及仔鼠的生长发育。结果ICR-Nrf2--/-与ICR-Nrf2-＋/＋比,总的产仔数与离乳数减少（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;体重在出生后第3周时差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,第5周至第25周时同性别间差异非常显著（P〈0.01）。结论Nrf2基因缺失小鼠的产仔数、离乳数均少于野生型小鼠,仔鼠的生长速度也较野生型小鼠慢。     

鲫Dmrt3基因的克隆和表达分析

DMRT家族是一个与性别决定相关的转录因子家族。为了研究家族成员之一的Dmrt3在我国重要养殖鱼类鲫胚胎发育、性别分化中的功能以及在育种中的作用,我们克隆了鲫Dmrt3基因的cDNA全长,并对Dmrt3基因在发育早期和不同组织中的表达进行了分析。结果显示:鲫Dmrt3基因cDNA全长为2182 bp,其中5￠端非编码区408 bp,3'端非编码区427 bp,开放阅读框1347 bp,编码448个氨基酸。蛋白结构预测显示DMRT3除了正常的DM结构域外,还有DMA结构域,在进化上与DMRT4和DMRT5的亲缘关系更近。巢式RT-PCR分析结果表明Dmrt3直到尾芽期才开始有微量表达,表达量在15体节期有明显增加但仍然处在一个较低的水平;在成体组织中只在精巢中检测到表达。这种表达时空模式提示Dmrt3可能在早期器官发生和雄性性腺发育调控中起作用。对Dmrt3启动子CpG岛的甲基化分析表明所检测的组织和配子中并不发生甲基化,说明这种雌雄特异性和组织特异性差异表达并不是通过对该基因启动子的差异甲基化修饰来调控的。此外,我们还发现了鲫Dmrt3的一个由逆转录产物形成的假基因pDmrt3。这些结果为进一步研究鲫Dmrt3在性别分化中的作用和评估其在鲫性别控制育种中的价值,以及分析DMRT家族的进化关系提供了基础资料。       

Rete testis and the adjacent seminiferous tubules during postembryonic development in mice

Testicular compartment that includes rete testis and the adjacent transitional zone (TZ) of seminiferous tubules has been examined only by light and electron microscopy until now. However, recent data suggest that adult Sertoli cells (SCs) located in this compartment are capable to commence active proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and hence, are not completely differentiated. The present study is first to investigate mouse rete testis and TZ during the postembryonic development and is intended to determine new protein markers for cells of this compartment, the state of their differentiation, and also their proliferative activity. It was demonstrated that rete testis cells were stained for SC marker Wt1 transiently, until day 25 of postembryonic development, then the staining disappeared. Another SC marker Dmrt1 that involved in the process of SC differentiation was not expressed in the rete testis cells during the postnatal development and in the adult state. One more feature that distinguished rete testis cells from SCs was lower proliferative activity of rete testis cells in 2–6 days old mice. SCs from TZ expressed Wt1 at all ages examined. However, at earlier ages, they were heterogeneous on Dmrt1 expression, and only by day 25, Dmrt1 expression was completely disappeared from TZ SCs. It is interesting that on day 18 when SCs in seminiferous tubules complete differentiation and exit from cell cycle proliferation of TZ SCs was at significantly higher level. It is also showed that in 3D culture, Wt1+ cells isolated from rete testis and TZ of 60 days old GFP male mice were capable to form seminiferous tubules de novo in cooperation with testicular cells from 6 days old mice.     

Hormonal induction and stability of monosex populations in the medaka (Oryzias latipes): expression of sex-specific marker genes

The model teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes, d-rR.YHNI strain) was used to produce offspring of a defined sex (monosex populations) by crossing experimentally produced YY and XX males to normal females. These monosex populations had the predicted chromosomal constitution as shown by a sex chromosome-specific DNA sequence. However, in XX populations the spontaneous development of males without previous exposure to androgens was observed. Differences in the percentage of male offspring from individual XX breeding pairs indicate a possible variation of unknown genetic factors to be responsible for the development of XX males. The expression of two gonadal genes that are involved in sex differentiation, Dmrt1b(Y) and Fig1a (factor in the germ line alpha), was analyzed in monosex populations. Dmrt1b(Y) expression correlated strictly with the genotype but not the sexual phenotype. When XY juvenile fish were exposed to 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol at concentrations that induce sex reversal, Dmrt1b(Y) expression was not repressed. However, Dmrt1b(Y) was expressed in XY or YY gonads regardless of the sex and could not be detected in XX individuals. In contrast, the expression of Fig1a correlated with the phenotypic sex: Fig1a was expressed in male juvenile fish exposed to 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol and repressed in fish exposed to 17 alpha-methyltestosterone. The Dmrt1b(Y) expression appears to reflect an early and important event in sex determination and lends support to the suggested key regulatory role of the Dmrt1b(Y) gene in sex determination. This process is apparently hormone insensitive, and the expression of further downstream acting genes can be regulated (directly or indirectly) by sex steroids.     

Autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis caused by a mutation in ST14, encoding type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase

In this article, we describe a novel autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis syndrome, characterized by congenital ichthyosis associated with abnormal hair. Using homozygosity mapping, we mapped the disease locus to 11q24.3-q25. We screened the ST14 gene, which encodes matriptase, since transplantation of skin from matriptase(-/-)-knockout mice onto adult athymic nude mice has been shown elsewhere to result in an ichthyosislike phenotype associated with almost complete absence of erupted pelage hairs. Mutation analysis revealed a missense mutation, G827R, in the highly conserved peptidase S1-S6 domain. Marked skin hyperkeratosis due to impaired degradation of the stratum corneum corneodesmosomes was observed in the affected individuals, which suggests that matriptase plays a significant role in epidermal desquamation.     

Impaired bone resorption to prostaglandin E2 in prostaglandin E receptor EP4-knockout mice

Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) acts as a potent stimulator of bone resorption. In this study, we first clarified in normal ddy mice the involvement of protein kinase A and induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in PGE(2)-induced bone resorption, and then identified PGE receptor subtype(s) mediating this PGE(2) action using mice lacking each subtype (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) of PGE receptor. In calvarial culture obtained from normal ddy mice, both PGE(2) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt(2)cAMP) stimulated bone resorption and induced MMPs including MMP-2 and MMP-13. Addition of an inhibitor of protein kinase A, H89, or an inhibitor of MMPs, BB94, significantly suppressed bone-resorbing activity induced by PGE(2.) In calvarial culture from EP1-, EP2-, and EP3-knockout mice, PGE(2) stimulated bone resorption to an extent similar to that found in calvaria from the wild-type mice. On the other hand, a marked reduction in bone resorption to PGE(2) was found in the calvarial culture from EP4-knockout mice. The impaired bone resorption to PGE(2) was also detected in long bone cultures from EP4-knockout mice. Bt(2)cAMP greatly stimulated bone resorption similarly in both wild-type and EP4-knockout mice. Induction of MMP-2 and MMP-13 by PGE(2) was greatly impaired in calvarial culture from EP4-knockout mice, but Bt(2)cAMP stimulated MMPs induction similarly in the wild-type and EP4-knockout mice. These findings suggest that PGE(2) stimulates bone resorption by a cAMP-dependent mechanism via the EP4 receptor.     

Developmental and hormonal regulation of the major form of hepatic glutathione S-transferase in male mice

Among three forms of mouse hepatic glutathione S-transferase, the II form, which is immunologically related to rat 7-7 form, was the major form in adult male mice of all the five strains examined and the levels (about 5.0 mg/g of liver) were approximately ten-fold higher than those of females. This form markedly increased at puberty in male mice, whereas no change was observed in females. By castration, the levels in males decreased to those in females, while those in females increased to those in adult males by administration of testosterone. These results indicate that the expression of II form in mouse liver is regulated developmentally by testosterone, and this protein could be a useful marker for the male mouse.