有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察

有性棉蚜有多次交配习性,交配时间平均为41分钟。雌蚜寿命为28．1±6．0天,产卵前期为3．0±1．2天,产卵历期为15．3±3．8天,产卵后期为9．7±3．4大,每雌产卵8．1±1．6粒,卵的产出率平均为88．4％。群体产卵的始盛、高峰和盛末期分别在羽化后3～4天、7～8天和15～16天。未经交配的雌蚜在产卵方面有明显的负效应,产出的受精卵也不能孵化。     

Fecundity and life table parameters of Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an endoparasitoid of the Cabbage Looper Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), under laboratory conditions

The fecundity and life table parameters of Campoletis sonorensis females were measured using thirty 4-day-old Trichoplusia ni larvae daily at 24°C, 60% RH and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. The mean longevity was 34.5±2.8 days, the mean oviposition period was 22.7±1.9 days, and the mean constant oviposition period and the mean post-oviposition period were 15.9±1.3 and 11.9±2.2 days, respectively. The mean realised fecundity and the mean fertility differed significantly at 66.9±7.8 and 60.4±7.8 parasitoids per female, respectively. The mean sex ratio for the mean oviposition period (23 days) was 0.13±0.07, indicating a highly female biased ratio. The life table parameters were: intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m), 0.135 female/day; gross reproductive rate (GRR), 50.30; net reproductive rate (R _o), 49.96; finite capacity for increase (λ), 1.14 female/day; mean generation time (T), 28.97 days; doubling time (DT), 5.13; capacity for increase (r _c), 0.33; and cohort generation time (T _c), 11.69. Campoletis sonorensis may be a suitable candidate for a biocontrol program of T. ni populations mostly because the primary selection criterion, r_m , obtained for this parasitoid can be similar to or larger than the rate obtained for T. ni.     

Activity patterns and egg production in Coccophagus bartletti, an aphelinid parasitoid of scale insects

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Daily patterns of oviposition and host-feeding were examined in Coccophagus bartletti Annecke & Insley. Females began to host-feed and oviposit during the second or third day after emergence. Thereafter, both activities occurred regularly.
• 2 During long observation periods (5 h) most oviposition (93%) and host-feeding (90%) occurred within the first 3.5 h of wasps first encountering hosts. Experiments demonstrated that levels of activity were low for the rest of the day, and nocturnal oviposition occurred only if wasps had no alternative.
• 3 Dissection of female wasps that had been exposed to hosts, or withheld from them, for given periods of time, revealed that activity levels are governed by egg availability. Dispersal activity may also be influenced by the physiological state of the ovaries.
• 4 Production of a full complement of eggs (at 24±1°C (12 h L) and 18±1°C (12 h D)) took 48h or longer after host-feeding, and if wasps were withheld from hosts and provided with honey, the effects of egg resorption could be detected after about 10 days. Trends in oögenesis and oösorption in C. bartletti females seem not to conform with interpretations of oögenesis-oösorption cycles in other parasitoids.
• 5 The pattern of activity exhibited by C. bartletti females is not inflexible, but the major aspects mentioned above are species-specific. In general, information is needed about daily and hourly patterns of parasitoid oviposition and host-feeding before experiments are designed to test theories of parasitoid behaviour. Interpretation may otherwise rest on assumptions about their physiological condition.

     

Fecundity,nymphal development and longevity of field‐collected tropical bedbugs,Cimex hemipterus

This study examined the fecundity, oviposition, nymphal development and longevity of field‐collected samples of the tropical bedbug, Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Under environmental conditions of 26±2°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity and a 12‐h photoperiod, with bloodmeals provided by a human host, six strains of tropical bedbug had a fecundity of up to 50 eggs per lifetime, over 11–14 oviposition cycles. Increased feeding frequency improved fecundity. After feeding and mating, adult females normally took 2–3 days to produce a first batch of eggs. The oviposition period lasted 2–7 days before cessation of the oviposition cycle. The egg incubation period usually lasted 5–7 days before the emergence of first instars. The nymphs underwent five stadia (the first four of which each took 3–4 days, whereas the last took 4–5 days) before becoming adults at a sex ratio of 1 : 1. More than five bloodmeals were required by the nymphs to ensure a successful moult. Unmated adults lived significantly longer than mated adults (P < 0.05). Unmated females lived up to almost 7 months, but the longevity of mated males and females did not differ significantly (P > 0.05).     

Reproduction of three eulophid wasps that parasitise larvae of the citrus leafminer

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (CLM), is a citrus pest indigenous to Southeast Asia. It was discovered in Israel in 1994. The pest attacks the young foliage of citrus, and damage is caused by the larvae tunnelling under the epidermis of young leaves, leading to foliage destruction. The present study documents basic biological parameters of three exotic eulophid wasps in the laboratory: Semielacher petiolatus, Quadrastichus citrella and Teleopterus sp. S. petiolatus females preferred to lay eggs in the 3rd larval instar of CLM, but did not lay eggs in the 1st instar. Its development ranged from 9 to 14 days. Female longevity was 30.2±5.9 days, its daily oviposition was 12.16±0.68 eggs/day, the total number of eggs oviposited per female was 278.9±74.1, and the number of CLM larvae parasitised was 260.0±68.3. Q. citrella preferred to lay in the 3rd and 4th instar larvae, but not in the 1st instar, its development ranged from 9 to 14 days, female longevity was 40.6±1.9 days, oviposition came to 8.3±0.6 eggs/day, the total number of eggs oviposited was 281.3±64.9/female and the number of parasitised CLM larvae was 276.5±63.7. Teleopterus sp. preferred to lay eggs in the 3rd larval instar, its development required 11–17 days, female longevity was 28.7±3.8 days, its daily number of offspring was 5.2±0.38 offspring/day and with emergence of 138.9±27.7 offspring/female. This knowledge enabled us to maintain high quality cultures for their releases in Israel.     

Impact of mating on Anagyrus kamali Moursi (Hym., Encyrtidae) lifetime fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex ratio

Abstract: The solitary endoparasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi (Hym., Encyrtidae) and the Hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hom., Pseudococcidae), were used as a parasite/host model to test the effect of mating on several fitness parameters, i.e. longevity, lifetime fecundity, progeny emergence and sex ratio. At 27 ± 2°C, 8 h light : 16 h dark, mating significantly affected the survival of male parasitoids. Virgin males lived longer (32.2 ± 9.51 days) than mated males (23.9 ± 7.52 days). Female longevity (40.7 ± 16.3 days for virgins and 36.2 ± 10.7 days for mated females) was not affected by mating. The lifetime fecundity of female parasitoids and their oviposition period was not significantly affected by mating. However, the number of hosts parasitized was greater for mated wasps (7.54 ± 4.85 hosts parasitized/day) compared with virgin ones (5.12 ± 2.19 hosts parasitized/day). This resulted in greater progeny production from mated A. kamali females. The progeny of virgin females consisted only of males, whereas the mated ones had a more female‐biased sex ratio. The lowest sex ratio (0.41 M/F ± 0.123) was attained when females had free access to males and were multi‐mated.     

Emergence and mating behavior of the oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its potential for reproduction

The Oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a key pest of fruit and is widely distributed around the world. There are important connections between its behavior and biology and its management in agriculture, but few studies have investigated the associations between adult behaviors and oviposition. In this study, adult emergence, mating, and reproduction were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. The ratio of females to males at eclosion was approximately 1:1. When one virgin female had access to one virgin male, 66% and 34% of the couples copulated just once and twice, respectively; and the infertility rate of eggs (21.39 ± 1.25%) did not vary daily. Males, given access to one new female daily, could copulate multiple times, whereas females seldom mated more than once, indicating a male-biased operational sex ratio, but mating status of the male parent had no effect on progeny egg reproduction. Also, the number of eggs that hatched by all female partners of a male was inversely proportional to copulation duration for the female laying the eggs for total female reproductive success; and the number of eggs laid by all female partners of a male was proportional to their number of matings for total male reproductive success. However, the total number of eggs that hatched did not significantly differ for eggs laid by a female given new virgin males daily for mating (17.75 ± 4.28) versus eggs laid by virgin females (19.17 ± 7.51) presented daily with a male that re-mated daily with the series of females. Therefore, our results showed that females engaged in mate choice and males engaged in mate competition, affecting egg production, a factor that may be used to enhance mating disruption technology against Cydia molesta.     

Age‐ and temperature‐dependent oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with Tetranychus urticae as prey

In this study, we developed an oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with Tetranychus urticae Koch as prey. To obtain data for the model, we investigated the longevity, fecundity and survivorship of adult female N. californicus at six constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C), 60–70% RH and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. Longevity (average ± SE) decreased as temperature increased and was longest at 16°C (46.7 ± 5.25 days) and shortest at 36°C (12.8 ± 0.75 days). Adult developmental rate (1/average longevity) was described by the Lactin 1 model (r² = 0.95). The oviposition period (average±SE) was also longest at 16°C (29.8 ± 2.93 days) and shortest at 36°C (6.7 ± 0.54 days). Fecundity (average±SE) was greatest at 24°C (43.8 ± 3.23 eggs) and lowest at 36°C (15.9 ± 1.50 eggs). The oviposition model comprised temperature‐dependent fecundity, age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate and age‐specific survival rate functions. The temperature‐dependent fecundity was best described by an exponential equation (r² = 0.81). The age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate was best described by the three‐parameter Weibull function (r² = 0.96). The age‐specific survival rate was best described by a reverse sigmoid function (r² = 0.85).     

Time of onset of estrus in gilts

An experiment was conducted to determine when, during a 24-h period, gilts show the onset of behavioral estrus. Beginning on Day 16 of their first estrous cycle, 42 crossbred gilts were observed at 0600, 1200, 1800, and 2400 h for the onset of their second estrus. Fifty-five percent of the gilts had shown onset of estrus by 0600 h. None of the gilts showed the onset of estrus from 0600 to 1200 h, whereas 24% and 21% of the gilts had shown onset of estrus by 1800 and 2400 h, respectively. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that more (P < 0.025) gilts had shown onset of estrus by 0600 than by 1200, 1800, and 2400 h. When the data were combined for estrous checks by 0600 and 1800 h, 76% of the gilts had their onset of estrus by 0600 h as compared to 24% of the gilts by 1800 h (P < 0.005). In conclusion, more gilts had shown onset of estrus by 0600 h than at any other 6-h period.     

Protection of cowpea,Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) with Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)

Evaluation of protectant ability of Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) was carried out in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28?±?2?°C and 70?±?5% relative humidity. Extracts from wood ash, leaf, stem and root bark were tested at different concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%. One hundred per cent mortality of adult beetles was achieved at all concentrations within 72?h of treatment with extracts except in wood ash at 1% concentration, but they were significantly different (p?<?0.05) from the controls. All the extracts were still able to cause high beetle mortality after one, two and three months of cowpea storage at high concentrations (4 and 5%) except wood ash, although there was a slight decrease in mortality during the period of storage. All the extracts significantly (p?<?0.05) reduced oviposition and adult emergence of C. maculatus when compared with the controls although the reduction was higher at 5% concentration than others. Adult beetle emergence was completely prevented at higher concentrations (4 and 5%) except in wood ash. Both oviposition and adult emergence increased during the months of storage probably because of the slight reduction in the effectiveness of the extracts. The root bark extract was much more effective in reducing oviposition and adult emergence than others throughout the period of storage. The plant extracts of N. laevis was able to protect the cowpea seeds from damage and prevent weight loss. Cowpea seed damage and weight loss was significantly more (p?<?0.05) in the controls than other for the three-month duration probably because of the more adult emergence. The extracts from N. laevis did not adversely affect the germination of the protected seeds and seed germination ranged from 86.7 to 100%. It has been shown in this study that the extracts of N. laevis were effective against C. maculatus in cowpea although the root bark extract seemed to be the most effective while the wood ash extract was least effective. Their effectiveness, however, slightly decreased during the period of storage. N. laevis could be incorporated into pest management of stored cowpeas since the products are ecologically safe.     

Oviposition and development potential of the spotted‐wing drosophila,Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), on uninjured Campbell Early grape

The spotted‐wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), originally distributed across a few Asian countries including South Korea, has invaded North America and Europe but is absent from Australia. In order to export the South Korean grape cultivar Campbell Early to Australia, its potential to serve as an oviposition and development medium for SWD must first be determined. In this study, we determined the oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early, after elucidating the SWD life cycle and establishing an artificial diet‐based mass‐culturing system. An investigation of the life cycle under five temperature regimes (16, 19, 22, 25 and 28°C) showed that the durations of the egg, larval and adult stages were shortened when temperature was increased from 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28°C, but pupal duration was shortest at 25°C and extended again at 28°C. A test of oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early grape clusters showed oviposition of 30.8 ± 6.8 eggs per cluster of injured grapes and 157.7 ± 16.2 eggs on a culture dish of artificial diet. However, in a similar experiment using uninjured grape clusters, only a single egg was deposited on the grape skin, which soon dried. In light of these results, newly harvested grapes left at vineyards during daily harvests are unlikely to serve as an oviposition and development medium for SWD, as long as the grapes remain uninjured.     

Diurnal rhythm of hypophyseal cells in mich. II. Pars intermedia.

By the use of Mac Conaill's lead hematoxylin, periodic acid and Schiff's reagent (PAS, PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells were distinguished in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in mice. Nuclear volume in PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in male and female mice under conditions of 12 h light and 12 h darkness shows distinct diurnal rhythmicity. Maximum nuclear volume in PbH-positive cells of the pars intermedia in both sexes was observed at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In the Pas-positive cells in females maximum nuclear volume was observed at 600 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males maximal nuclear volume in these cells appears at 2400 h, and minimum at 1800 h. Maximum number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PbH-positive cells in the pars intermedia in both sexes appeared at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. Maximum numbers of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells in females was noted at 1200 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males the maximum number of vacuoles appeared at 600 h, and minimum at 1200 h. Differences in the number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells between males and females were also noted.     

枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂的生物学特性

枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂Cirrospilus eniophyesiYang(新种)是枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallidaKeifer的重要天敌,以幼虫在虫瘿内取食枸杞瘿螨的成虫和若虫。在(25±1)℃下,该蜂完成1个世代需16~21d。成虫寿命及产卵量与补充营养有关,取食10%蜂蜜水的雌虫寿命为(6.94±0.67)d,雄虫为(5.14±0.49)d。不进行补充营养的雌雄成虫寿命分别为(1.96±0.27)d和(1.06±0.29)d;补充10%蜂蜜水和水可显著提高产卵量,每雌平均产卵量分别为(29.13±6.12)粒和(23.14±3.16)粒,产卵高峰期在羽化后的第2天。成虫羽化时间多集中在6:00~8:00am和4:00~6:00pm,羽化当天即可交尾。枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂自然种群消长与寄主虫口密度相关,在6月底7月初寄生率达到83.3%。     

Development and Fecundity of Reesimermis nielseni,a Nematode Parasite of Mosquitoes

Maturation of the mermithid nematode Reesimermis nielseni to the adult stage began by the tenth day after emergence of the nematodes from their hosts at ambient temperatures (24-27 C). Most postparasitic males and females reached the adult stage after 50 and 70 days, respectively. The first females exhibiting egg development and oviposition were observed 25-30 days after emergence, but some oviposition was still taking place 150 days later. Reesimermis nielseni laid an average 2,480 eggs per female over an 18-day oviposition period. A majority of the mature eggs hatched within 7 h after the cultures were flooded. The preparasites are short-lived, and only a few were able to infect exposed hosts after 72 h.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Life History of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on a Dried Vegetable Commodity

Life history of Bracon hebetor Say was studied on Plodia interpunctella Hübner. The life span of female (mean±s.e.) was estimated to be 20.88±0.97 days. The females laid eggs from the first day on after emergence and the oviposition period ranged from 11 to 27 days. But 65% of the total eggs were laid in the first 10 days. The progeny sex ratio (female/total) in the first 15 days was female-bias ranged from 0.51±0.08 to 0.88±0.02, but changed into male-bias ranged from 0.14±0.04 to 0.34±0.12. The overall sex ratio of progeny produced per female was estimated to be 0.66. Total number of progeny per female and net reproduction rate were estimated to be 205.17±13.03 and 136.21, respectively. Other life table statistics were presented.     

Parasitism and oviposition of Melittobia acasta on Bombus terrestris: Impact of larval overwintering and host status on pupation and adult emergence

Melittobia acasta (Walker) are microhymenopteran ectoparasitoids of the pupae and prepupae of the commercially‐used pollinator bumblebee species Bombus terrestris L. The female parasitoids puncture the host cuticle with their sting and feed oozing hemolymph. This study shows that M. acasta parasitize 100% pupae and 84% prepupae of B. terrestris but are ineffective on the larvae of the bees. The female parasitoids lay a significantly higher number of eggs on pupae (67.7 ± 16.2 female^?1) compared to prepupae (20.5 ± 14.5 female^?1). The parasitoids differ in their choice for oviposition sites and fecundity on different locations of B. terrestris pupae, and they show most preference for oviposition (32%) as well as fecundity (34.9 ± 15.1 female^?1) on the petiole of the host. Larvae of the parasitoids overwinter at low temperatures but larval overwintering duration and post‐diapause rearing on original or new hosts do not affect their pupation and adult emergence. Larvae have a higher percentage of pupation (88.0–94.4%) and adult emergence (84.4–92.9%) both on the original and the new host, thus indicate that the parasitoids are highly capable of reproduction in B. terrestris colonies.     

The life cycle of Hyalomma rufipes (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions

Biological characteristics of Hyalomma rufipes parasitising on rabbits and sheep were compared under laboratory conditions in Gansu, China. Mature ticks could parasitize both rabbits and sheep, while immature ticks only fed on rabbits successfully. Adults sucked blood on sheep significantly longer than on rabbits (16 and 13 days, respectively). Other adult parasite characteristics fed on the two hosts were similar, including the weight of engorged adult, female daily oviposition, and the weight and amount of the egg mass laid. Those indicated that this tick species showed little host specificity between sheep and rabbits during its adult stage. In total, the life cycle of H. rufipes was completed in an average period of 179 days. The average developmental periods were 59 days for egg incubation, 3 and 21 days for immature tick prefeeding and feeding, 2, 12 and 40 days for adult prefeeding, female preoviposition and oviposition. The longer female fed for engorgement, the shorter preoviposition period of engorged female needed, although when the feeding period was less than 15 days, this relationship was not obvious. The results confirmed the correlation between the weight of the engorged female and the number of eggs laid (r = 0.909). The reproductive efficiency index (REI) and reproductive fitness index (RFI) in females was 10.63 and 7.22, respectively. Engorged nymphs moulting to females were significantly heavier (27.6 ± 0.89 mg) than those moulting to males (22.3 ± 0.52 mg). Males outnumbered females by 1.4:1.     

Effect of temperature on the life history of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eretmocerus</Emphasis> sp. nr. <Emphasis Type="Italic">furuhashii</Emphasis>, a parasitoid of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>

Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an indigenous parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from southern China; the effects of constant temperatures on the life history of E. sp. nr. furuhashii were examined in the laboratory. The developmental period ranged from 39.2 days at 20°C to 12.40 days at 32°C. A total of 263.4 degree-days were required to complete development with a lower developmental threshold temperature of 11.1°C. Of the eggs produced, 59.3% completed development at 20°C with completion increasing to 71.5% at 26°C. Adult female longevity was 10.8 days at 20°C and 5.2 days at 32°C while the mean daily offspring reproduced per female was highest at 29°C with 5.9 offspring. Adult oviposition peaked three days after emergence at 26, 29 and 32°C, and four days post-emergence at 20°C and 23°C. The total numbers of offspring produced per female ranged from 25.7 individuals at 32°C to 41.1 individuals at 20°C. The sex ratio had a female bias and ranged from 0.72 at 17°C to 0.51 at 35°C. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.1727 at 29°C followed with 0.1606 at 32°C. Results indicated that E. sp. nr. furuhashii reaches its maximum biological potential at temperatures ranging from 26°C to 32°C.