RESEARCH NOTE NUMERICAL SCALE-POINT LOCATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE LAM (LABELED AFFECTIVE MAGNITUDE) SCALE

In a recent paper, we described the development and application of a labeled affective magnitude (LAM) scale for assessing liking/disliking (Schutz and Cardello 2001). Here we present the exact numerical scale-point locations corresponding to the verbal labels of the scale, so that investigators can easily construct the LAM scale for use with either paper or computer-based ballots.     

EFFECTS OF FORGETTING ON PERFORMANCE ON VARIOUS INTENSITY SCALING PROTOCOLS: MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION AND LABELED MAGNITUDE SCALE (GREEN SCALE)

Judges rated the intensity of NaCl solutions using magnitude estimation and the labeled magnitude scale. They performed under four response conditions that varied in reliance on memory: (1) verbal response, (2) written response with no retasting and the response sheet removed, (3) written response with a single response sheet which allowed past scores to be reviewed and amended but with no retasting, (4) the same as '3' but with retasting. Discrimination errors tended to decrease from conditions '1' through '4' yet the major and significant effect was allowing judges to retaste stimuli. The effects of how forgetting lowered discrimination were discussed in the context of experimental design and the absolute versus relative cognitive models of scaling.     

黄芪复合体(豆科)核型资料的聚类分析

在平均欧氏距离系数基础上,运用UPGMA法,对黄芪复合体5个类群11个居群的核型资料进行了Q型聚类分析,结果表明,膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus和A. penduliflorus的不同居群在核型上存在明显的差异,但二者之间以及它们与民和黄芪、淡紫花黄芪的居群之间具有一定的连续性。蒙古黄芪在核型上与其它类群均存在一定的差异,且存在明显的间断。因此,本文作者认为:A. penduliflorus应视为膜荚黄芪的异名,黄芪复合体应包括2种:膜荚黄芪(A. membranaceus(Fisch)Bunge)和蒙古黄芪(A. monghulicus Bunge)、2亚种:膜荚黄芪(A. membranaceus spp. membranaceus)、民和黄芪(A. membranaceus spp. minhensis)和1变种:淡紫花黄芪(A. membranaceus var. purpurinus Y.C.Ho)。黄芪复合体核型的进化趋势是从对称向不对称发展,与Stebbins的观点一致。     

GROWTH DYNAMICS OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN A FISH FARM: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMITIGATION AT A LARGE SCALE1

Changes in biomass of several macroalgae [Ulva rotundata Bliding; Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmel.) Steentoft, L. M. Irvine et Farnham; Ulva intestinalis L.; and Cladophora sp.] and marine plants (Zostera noltii and Ruppia cirrhosa) growing naturally in earthen ponds of a fish farm (Acuinova, San Fernando, Southern Spain) were recorded during a year. The farm is mainly devoted to the culture of gilthered seabream (Sparus aurata). The most conspicuous algal species thriving in the ponds was U. rotundata, which reached densities up to 600 g dry mass · m⁻² and produced up to 20.45 g C · m⁻² · d⁻¹. Dissolved nutrients (phosphate and ammonium), tissue nutrient content, and growth rates of this species were estimated during 2001 and 2002. Evidence of natural biomitigation by U. rotundata when water circulates throughout the fish farm is presented. Due to the fish cultivation, both phosphate and ammonium increased as water circulated from the preculture ponds to the postculture ponds. As a consequence, U. rotundata tissue nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) increased from algae growing in preculture ponds to algae growing in the outflow channel, so that mean C:N:P ratio varied from 773:57:1 in preculture ponds to 567:64:1 in the outflow channel. Phosphorus limited growth of U. rotundata during the spring. As growth rates increased as a function of tissue P, data were fitted to the Droop equation. From this equation, the estimated maximal growth rate was 0.295 ± 0.041 d⁻¹, the subsistence quota was 0.05 ± 0.01% P of dry mass, and the critical quota was 0.215% P of dry mass. The results suggest that management of the fish farm based on a large-scale integrated mariculture system of fish and macroalgae may increase the total ecological and economic benefits, both for the farm and for the environment.     

蜘蛛人工饲养中食物来源和解决途径

蜘蛛的食物来源及其解决途径是饲养蜘蛛的关键。介绍解决蜘蛛食物的11种方法。     

SENSORY SPECIFIC SATIETY IN LEMONADE USING A JUST RIGHT SCALE FOR SWEETNESS1

Lemonade samples varying in sucrose concentration (4-15%) were evaluated by either a sip procedure (subjects tasted 10 mL samples) or a drink procedure (subjects consumed 60 mL samples) using a “just right” scale. The order of tasting the four lemonade samples was also balanced among subjects. Neither the amount of lemonade consumed during the test nor the sex of the subjects had an effect on the scores assigned to the samples or the just right sucrose concentration determined by linear regressions. The less pleasant samples (those scored farther from the just right point) showed sensory specific satiety evidenced by a shift away from the just right point on repeated tasting. Samples rated more pleasant or closer to the just right point did not show evidence of sensory specific satiety.     

A STERILIZATION PROTOCOL FOR THE DICTYOTALES (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Following a study on the effect of several physical (brushing and ultrasound) and chemical (antiseptic and antibiotic) treatments on the brown seaweed Stypopodium zonale (Lamoroux) Papenfuss (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae), bactericidal treatments that were not phytotoxic to the alga were selected. The sterilization protocol consisted of 1) surface brushing of the explants, 2) incubation in the antiseptic betadine (0.50%) for 5 min, and 3) incubation in an antibiotic mixture (650 mg · L^?1 kanamycin, neomycin, and penicillin G) for 48 h. The response of the material to the treatments was assessed by means of an oxygen electrode, and a bacterial test was performed to test bactericidal efficiency. The protocol rendered photosynthetically active axenic explants of S. zonale and other members of the order (e.g. Zonaria tournefortii(Lam.) Montagne).     

ASSESSING PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS IN THALASSIOSIRA FLUVIATILIS (BACILLARIOPHYTA) AND DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYTA) WITH DCMU-ENHANCED FLUORESCENCE1

Exponentially growing cultures of Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt and Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher were exposed to 4 min temperature shocks of 5° to 20°C above ambient (20°C). Photosynthetic carbon fixation, changes in in vivo fluorescence and fluorescence on the addition of the herbicide DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) were measured over the subsequent 24 h. The fluorescence ratio (R, DCMU-enhanced fluorescence/in vivo fluorescence) paralleled changes in photosynthesis over this period; both were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by temperature shocks of +15° and +20° C, but +5° and +10° C treatments had no inhibitory effect on either relative to the control. The instantaneous response obtained with the fluorescence ratio indicates that the technique might be applicable to routine bioassay procedures and thus replace the time consuming methods now used for the estimation of ¹⁴C-incorporation and growth rates.     

ASSESSING THE LIMITS OF RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAs (RAPDs) IN SEAWEED BIOGEOGRAPHY1

As judged by comparison with other molecular data sets, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data are robust in identifying large-scale biogeographic populations that range from hundreds to thousands of kilometers apart. As the geographical scale is shifted downward, however, RAPD data often fail. This is because RAPD data are inherently “noisy” as a result of technical artifacts and reproducibility problems associated with non-independence of bands, “missing” bands, and the presence of de novo bands, all of which contribute to scoring errors in the data set. To estimate the contribution of these error factors in algal phylogeographic studies, segregation of RAPD bands in tetrasphorophytic and gametophytic parents, their natural and synthetic offspring, and self-cycled tetrasporophytes were compared in Lophocladia trichoclados (Mertens in C. Agardh) Schmitz and to a limited extent in Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh. Wide-ranging biogeographic populations of D. simplex were compared as were mixed populations of tetrasporophytes and gametophytes. Results show that nested priming can lead to some nonindependence of bands but that this probably does not significantly contribute to scoring error. Southern analysis using individual RAPD bands as probes revealed that up to 16% of visually nondetectable bands are actually present but that the random distribution of the error contributes uniformly across the data set. Non-parental (de novo in offspring) and parental (not present in offspring) bands may contribute substantially to the scoring error in tetrasporophytes, gametophytes, and self-cycled tetrasporophytes. The presence of tetrasporophytes and gametophytes in a sample is not important in large-scale phylogeographic studies but does affect within-clade variation at smaller scales. We conclude that the overall level of error remains roughly constant at probably between 5 and 10%, which is not a problem at large biogeographic scales where the phylogenetic signal is strong. Finally, some unexpectedly large abberations in RAPD banding patterns among life stages in L. trichoclados were observed that cannot be explained by methodological artifacts alone due to comparisons with synthetic offspring controls. The possibility that carpospore amplification may not always involve a simple mitotic process is discussed.     

UMBONIUM VESTIARIUM (L.) (GASTROPODA, TROCHACEA) AS THE FOOD SOURCE FOR NATICID GASTROPODS AND A STARFISH ON A MALAYSIAN SANDY SHORE

Umbonium vestiarium (L.) forms virtually the entire diet of3 (possibly 4) species of naticid snails and the starfish Astropectenvappa Mueller annd Troschel on some north Penang sandy shores.Umbonium comprises about 99% of numbers and tissue of macrofauna.Predation totalled some 1.75 Umbonium (ca. 33 mg dry tissue).m^-2.day^-1 across much of the downshore sand flats rising to 2.3Umbonium (ca. 45 mg). m^-2. day^-1 near MLWS. Natica maculosaLamarck comprised > 80% of the predators and took 77–94%of the Umbonium eaten. Natica antonii Phillippi alone addedto this toll on the upper reaches of the zone while Polinicesspp and Astropecten appear to have taken 12–14% of thetotal toll of Umbonium near MLWS. Total predation is indicatedat 237–327 kJ.m^-2. year^-1 across the shore and this representsalmost the total flow of energy from primary consumers to intertidalbenthic predators on such shores and accounts for some 15.6%(lower shore)—20.5% (upper shore) of total Umbonium production. (Received 10 September 1982;     

黑线仓鼠的食物与食量

作者从1983年至1989年,在河北省三个不同的气候区,对农田中的黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus,bara-bensis)的食物与食量进行了调查。结果表明,黑线仓鼠主要取食农作物种子。同时取食草籽和根、茎、叶、花、果实及动物性食物。不同地区、不同作物地、不同季节和年度、不同性别鼠的食物差异显著。食物差异与鼠的种群繁值及数量动态有关。月夹捕率与颊囊中食物的总检出率和种子检出率正相关非常显著。直线回归方程式分别为y=38.388+2.866x n=60 r=0.343>r_(0.01)=0.325和y=29.734+2.669x r=0.394>r_(0.01360)=0.325。黑线仓鼠对食物的选择,主要受到食物质量的影响,同时也受到食物频度、作物的物候变化、动物的群落结构、种群密度、种内与种间竞争等多种因素的综合影响。在不同的时间和栖息地影响它食物选择的主要因素不同。日食量4-5g。     

SHORT-TIME SCALE DEVELOPMENT OF A GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM POPULATION IN THE RIA DE VIGO (NW SPAIN)1

Wind direction and fresh water runoff determine the circulation pattern of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain), which in turn influence the selection and distribution of its phytoplankton populations. Coastal winds with a south–southwesterly component reverse the positive estuarine circulation in the Ría, causing an off-shore to in-shore flow of surface waters and, consequently, the outflow of inner waters via deeper layers. We found that this reversal imposed a selective force on the phytoplankton population: diatoms, which could not counteract the sinking movement of the surface waters, were diminished, while dinoflagellates remained in the water column. From the end of September to the beginning of October 1993, an accumulation of Gymnodimium catenatum Graham was observed coinciding with an intrusion of coastal water induced by westerly winds which provoked a reversal in the circulation of the Ría. The slow reestablishment of the positive estuarine circulation pattern, which was due to a weak coastal upwelling and considerable fresh water runoff, allowed the population of G. catenatum to flourish.     

A MODEL FOR GAMETE RELEASE IN ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM (PHAEOPHYTA)1

The question of what controls gamete release in Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis was studied at six sites along the central coast of Maine. Percent release was assessed weekly along randomly marked transect lines in the mid-intertidal zone. Six independent variables–water temperature at high tide, air temperature at low tide, nitrogen (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate), and salinity–were measured concurrently. Stepwise multiple regression analysis on the percentage of plants having released gametes revealed that water temperature at high tide accounted for most of the among-site variation (R²= 0.77) in the timing of release. The addition of Julian day increased the R² to 0.82; no other variables were significant. Probit analysis, based on water temperature at high tide, generated an environmentally realistic model for predicting gamete release. The model predicts the onset, midpoint, and termination of gamete release at 6, 10, and 15°C, respectively, and the midpoint at a cumulative water temperature of 358°C. This model has value for developmental studies and, potentially, for reseeding A. nodosum populations. Probits may be useful for characterizing phenological events in other fucoids and algal species.