血小板聚集功能障碍与梅尼埃病的关系

目的探讨血小板聚集功能障碍与梅尼埃病的关系。方法对３２例梅尼埃病患者血小板聚集功能进行检测。结果血小板最大聚集率均数为（６１．４２±１９．４）％，与对照组（４７．２７±２０．４）％比较，有统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论血小板聚集功能的异常，可能与梅尼埃病的发病有密切关系。     

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors from Philippine Marine Invertebrate Samples Screened in a New Microplate Assay

A new microplate assay for Ca²⁺-induced platelet aggregation as detected by Giemsa dye was used to screen marine invertebrate samples from the Philippines for inhibitors of human platelet aggregation. Out of 261 crude methanol extracts of marine sponges and tunicates, 25 inhibited aggregation at 2 mg/ml. Inhibition of agonist-induced aggregation in an aggregometer was used to confirm results of the microplate assay and to determine the specific mode of inhibition of 2 samples. The marine sponge Xestospongia sp. yielded a xestospongin/araguspongine-type molecule that inhibited collagen-induced aggregation by 87% at 2 µg/ml, and epinephrine-induced aggregation by 78% at 20 µg/ml, while the marine sponge Aplysina sp. yielded 5,6-dibromotryptamine, which inhibited epinephrine-induced aggregation by 51% at 20 µg/ml. In this study we have found that the microplate assay is a simple, inexpensive, yet useful preliminary tool to qualitatively screen a large number of marine samples for antiplatelet aggregation activity.     

钙离子通道A23187对血小板聚集和蛋白质磷酸化的影响

以 ³²P-Na₂HPO₄标记猪血小板,在阿斯匹林阻断花生四烯酸代谢,Apyrase去除分泌的ADP情况下,以A23187和PMA为血小板激动剂,staurosporine为PKC抑制剂,研究Ca²⁺和蛋白激酶C在血小板聚集中的作用.结果表明,a.A23187在1～20 μmol/L引起血小板聚集,相应地,明显地引起40 ku、20 ku蛋白质磷酸化,且存在剂量和时间效应关系.b.A23187和PMA在血小板聚集和蛋白质磷酸化上都存在着协同效应.c.1 μmol/L staurosporine可大部分抑制20 μmol/L A23187诱导的血小板聚集和20 ku、40 ku蛋白质磷酸化.结果提示,Ca²⁺激活血小板是建立在激活PKC的基础上,Ca²⁺通过激活PKC诱导血小板聚集,这是Ca²⁺激活血小板的主要途径.     

Apyrase Activity and Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors in the Tick Ornithodoros Savignyi (Acari: Argasidae)

Ticks are ectoparasites that cause considerable damage to their hosts while feeding. The feeding process is facilitated by anti-haemostatic factors present in the tick saliva. Apyrase (ATP diphosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.5) is a platelet aggregation inhibitor found in most haematophagous organisms studied. The present study describes the identification and characterization of such an activity in the tick Ornithodoros savignyi. The enzyme conformed to many properties common to apyrases. These included a low substrate specificity, dependence on bivalent metal ions for activity and insensitivity to the classical ATPase inhibitors. Heat denaturation studies, pH optima and similar effects of inhibitors on the enzyme's ATP and ADP hydrolysing activities supported its classification as an apyrase. Salivary gland extracts inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and thrombin and disaggregated aggregated platelets. The results suggest the presence of two or more anti-platelet factors present in the salivary glands of this tick species.     

Neuropeptide Y Expression and Endogenous Leptin Concentrations in a Dietary Model of Obesity

LAUTERIO, THOMAS J., MICHAEL J. DAVIES, MARK DEANGELO, MICHAEL PEYSER, AND JAMES LEE. Neuropeptide Y expression and endogenous leptin concentrations in a dietary model of obesity. Obes Res. Objective: To determine how leptin concentrations and neuropeptide (NPY) are regulated in a model of dietary obesity in relation to relative growth (RG) and relative food consumption (RFC). Research Methods and Procedures: Sprague—Dawley rats were fed a moderately high-fat diet for 14 weeks over which time animals diverged into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) populations. RG rates and RFC were calculated weekly. Following the study, an adiposity index was calculated and arcuate nucleus (ARC) NPY expression was determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) or ribonuclease protection (RPA) assays. Results: Body weights were greater in OP rats after 2 weeks on the diet compared to OR rats and remained different throughout the study. RG and RFC were greater in OP rats compared to OR rats only during the first 2 weeks of the study. Leptin concentrations rose in both groups during the experiment, but the increase was greater in OP rats than in OR rats. Insulin changes paralleled those for leptin. ARC NPY mRNA expression was not different between OP and OR rats as measured by ISH and RPA. Discussion: Although NPY expression has been reported to be different initially in OP and OR rats, this difference dissipates following divergence of body weight. RFC and RG data suggest the initial NPY elevation may contribute to increased weight gain of OP rats during the first 2 weeks of the diet. Higher relative leptin concentrations in OP rats may be necessary to normalize differences in adiposity and apparent leptin and insulin resistance of OP rats.     

短尾蝮蛇毒磷脂酶A2的分离纯化及抗血小板聚集作用

目的研究短尾蝮蛇毒磷脂酶A2的分离纯化及其抗血小板聚集作用。方法磷脂酶A2的分离纯化采用CM-SephadexC-25、DEAE-SepharoseCL-6B、SephacrylS-200、SephadexG-75柱层析法,用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定其蛋白分子质量,以磷脂酶Az测定方法测定其酶活性,用比浊法测定其对二磷酸腺苷（ADP）引起的血小板聚集的影响。结果从短尾蝮蛇毒中纯化所得磷脂酶A2的相对分子质量为16．0×10^3（非还原）、17．6×10^3（还原）,它具有磷脂酶A2活性,能明显抑制ADP引起的血小板聚集并呈剂量-效应关系。结论此方法成功地从短尾蝮蛇毒中分离纯化出磷脂酶A2,并能抑制血小板聚集。     

含RGD模体的人白细胞介素18(IL-18)突变体的酵母表达及其抗血小板聚集活性

利用定点突变及DNA重组技术,在人白细胞介素18(IL18)cDNA序列中插入GGC序列,使IL18第39位精氨酸残基和第40位天冬氨酸残基之间插入一个甘氨酸残基,从而构建了RGD模体.此重组的cDNA序列构建入表达质粒pPIC9K,并转化Pichiapastoris酵母GS115,利用表达系统进行了高效表达.用SephadexG100凝胶过滤纯化表达产物,获得初步纯化的蛋白.对该蛋白进行了血小板聚集抑制实验和对GPⅡbⅢa与Fn结合的抑制实验.含RGD模体的重组IL18(IL18RGD)显示了较强的体外抑制血小板聚集活性,IC50=8.8μmolL;并具有与GPⅡbⅢa的竞争结合活性,IC50=8.0μmolL.该含有RGD模体的重组IL18仍保存对PBMC诱导产生IFNγ能力.结果表明,此IL18RGD嵌合体在具有抗炎,抗感染的同时增添了新的抑制血小板聚集功能.     

天麻醒脑胶囊对家兔血小板聚集和花生四烯酸诱导大鼠脑血栓形成的影响

采用比浊方法测定天麻醒脑胶囊在体内和体外对腺苷二磷酸（ADP）、花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,AA）和血小板活化因子（platelet activating factor,PAF）诱导家兔血小板活化聚集的影响。采用从经大鼠颈内动脉注射诱发同侧大脑半球脑血栓形成方法评价天麻醒脑胶囊的抗脑血栓形成作用。天麻醒脑胶囊在体外呈浓度依赖性明显抑制从和ADP引起的血小板聚集,其半数抑制浓度（50％of inhibitory concentration,IC50）分别为1．83和3．25g/L。0．5和1g/kg的天麻醒脑胶囊于灌胃后明显抑制从诱导的家兔血小板聚集,本品1g/kg时显著阻抑ADP引起的血小板聚集。天麻醒脑胶囊在体内外对PAF诱导的血小板聚集均无明显影响。1、2g/kg天麻醒脑胶囊组的右侧与左侧脑重差值均显著减小,显著降低右脑伊文思蓝吸光度与右脑重的比值。结果提示,天麻醒脑胶囊具有较强的抗血小板和减轻脑血栓形成作用,有利于血小板聚集性增高的血栓栓塞性疾病的防治。     

Leptin and the Development of Obesity and Diabetes in Psammomys obesus

COLLIER, GREG R, KEN WALDER, PAUL LEWAN DOWSJCI, ANDREW SANIGORSKI, PAUL ZIMMET. Leptin and the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus. The recently discovered ob gene and its circulating product, leptin, may be critical factors in the control of energy balance. Recent studies in ob/ob mice, which lack circulating leptin, have shown dramatic reductions in food intake and bodyweight after leptin treatment. In addition, studies in both humans with obesity and animal models of obesity have demonstrated hyperleptinemia. Here, we report a longitudinal study examining changes in circulating leptin during the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus. Over the 8 weeks of the study, lean animals increased their bodyweight by 154% and leptin levels remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, animals that developed obesity (223 % increase in bodyweight), hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia also developed hyperleptinemia between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age. These results demonstrate that the development of hyperleptinemia is associated with the development of obesity and subsequent metabolic abnormalities.     

PKC、PKA和TPK在血小板激活中的作用

利用~（３２）Ｐ－ＮａＨ_２ＰＯ_４标记猪血小板,然后以ＰＭＡ、凝血酶、ＰＧＥ_１、腺苷等处理,结果表明,随着ＰＭＡ激活ＰＫＣ,血小板发生聚集。３５μｍｏｌ／ＬＰＧＥ_１或１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬｄｂｃＡＭＰ不能抑制５０ｎｍｏｌ／ＬＰＭＡ诱导的血小板聚集,腺苷却能抑制ＰＭＡ诱导的血小板聚集（ＥＣ_（５０）＝０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ、腺苷都不能抑制１００ｎｍｏｌ／ＬＰＭＡ诱导的４０ｋＤ蛋白磷酸化。ＰＫＡ激活不能抑制ＰＭＡ激活的ＰＫＣ。在ＰＭＡ、凝血酶激活的血小板中,ＰＫＣ、ＴＰＫ都发生激活,４０ｋＤ底物既是ＰＫＣ的底物又是ＴＰＫ的底物,ＰＫＣ和ＴＰＫ在血小板聚集中起着重要的调节作用。     

白藜芦醇甙对血小板聚集功能及内钙水平的影响

为了研究白藜芦醇甙(polydatin,PD)的抗血小板聚集作用及对细胞内钙水平的影响,并探讨其抗血栓形成作用的机制,应用Bom比浊法和Grynkiewicz方法分别测定PD对兔血小板聚集功能和血小板内钙水平的影响。PD在体外显著抑制花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)和腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diplrasphate,ADP)诱导的富血小板血浆中的血小板聚集,其半数抑制浓度(medium inhibitory concentration,IC50)分别为5．13及10．0μmol／L;5、10和20mg／kg的PD静注均明显降低兔血小板聚集率,且呈明显的剂量一效应关系;PD明显减少兔洗涤血小板内钙释放及外钙内流,本实验说明PD体内、外均有明显的抗血小板聚集作用,其机制与其降低血小板内钙浓度密切相关。     

日本七鳃鳗富含半胱氨酸RGD蛋白Lj-RGD1抑制血小板聚集及抗血管新生功能

Lj-RGD1来源于日本七鳃鳗口腔腺,富含半胱氨酸并具有RGD(Arg-Gly-Asp)模体.为了验证Lj-RGD1是否具有抑制血小板聚集、抗血管新生等去整合素样典型功能,本文对七鳃鳗Lj-RGD1进行了克隆表达及活性测定.提取七鳃鳗口腔腺中总RNA进行RT-PCR扩增,获得Lj-RGD1的420 bp cDNA.对其进行克隆、表达及组氨酸亲和层析纯化后,获得分子量为169 kD的可溶性蛋白rLj-RGD1.活性测定结果显示,rLj-RGD1呈剂量依赖方式抑制ADP诱导的兔血小板聚集,IC50为123 μmol/L;血管新生抑制实验结果表明,rLj-RGD1能够诱导ECV304细胞凋亡,抑制ECV304细胞增殖和管状物形成,并呈剂量依赖性方式抑制鸡胚胎绒毛尿囊膜（chorioallantoic membrane,CAM）血管新生.由此可见,Lj-RGD1具有去整合素样生物活性,在血栓或血管异常新生类疾病治疗中具有应用前景.     

Serum Leptin Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Abdominal Obesity

JOHANNSSON, GUDMUNDUR, CECILIA KARLSSON, LARS LÖNN, PER MÅRIN, PER BJÖRNTORP, LARS SJÖSTRÖM, BJÖRN CARLSSON, LENA M.S. CARLSSON, BENGT-ÅKE BENGTSSON. Serum leptin concentration and insulin sensitivity in men with abdominal obesity. Obes Res. 1998;6:416–421. Objective : We have examined the association between generalized adiposity, abdominal adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and serum levels of leptin in a cross-sectional study of abdominally obese men. Research Methods and Procedures : Thirty men, 48 to 66 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) of between 25 kg/m² and 35 kg/m² and a waist hip ratio of <0.95, were included in the study. Serum leptin concentration was measured using radioimmunoassay. Total body fat percentage was determined from total body potassium, abdominal adiposity was measured by computed tomography, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was measured during an euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Results : Significant correlations were found between serum leptin concentration and BMI, percentage body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, serum insulin, GDR, and 24-hour urinary-free Cortisol. In a multiple regression analysis, it was shown that abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, GDR, and BMI explained 72% of the variability of serum leptin concentration. GDR demonstrated an independent inverse correlation with serum leptin concentration. Discussion : In abdominally obese men with insulin resistance, it was demonstrated that most of the individual variability in serum leptin concentration was explained by the amount of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, insulin sensitivity, and BMI.     

Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation of a Mutant Proinsulin Chimera Engineered by Introduction of a Native Lys-Gly-Asp-containing Sequence

An eight amino acid sequence, CAKGDWNC, from disintegrin barbourin, was introduced into an inactive human proinsulin molecule between the B28 and A2 sites to construct a chimeric, anti-thrombosis recombinant protein. The constructed Lys-Gly-Asp (KGD)-proinsulin gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and then purified. The KGD-proinsulin chimera protein inhibits human platelet aggregation, induced by ADP, with an IC₅₀ value (molar concentration causing 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation) of 830 nM and demonstrates also specific affinity to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. Its insulin receptor binding activity remaines as low as 0.04% with native insulin as a control.     

Leptin Receptor Gene in a Large Cohort of Massively Obese Subjects: No Indication of the fa/fa Rat Mutation. Detection of an Intronic Variant with No Association with Obesity

The massive obesity caused in rodents by the disruption of the leptin-receptor signal through genetic defects at the level of either leptin (OB) or leptin receptor (OB-R) has raised the question of the relevance of these genes to morbid obesity in humans. In this study, we screened a large population of massively obese subjects for the presence of a leptin receptor mutation homologous to that of fa/fa rats, a single base substitution changing glutamine 269, a highly conserved glutamine found at position 270 in the human sequence. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a DNA region encompassing the end of exon 5, intron 5, and the beginning of exon 6, we performed restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Within the limitations of this approach where only mutations introducing restriction sites (5 of 8 possibilities) could be assessed, no evidence of mutation at the codon gin 270 was found in 343 massively obese subjects. However, a new OB-R gene variant in intron 5 was revealed by Maell digestion of the PCR products. MaelVhOB-R genotyping revealed no difference in the distribution of the genotypes between obese subjects and a group of 79 unrelated non-obese control subjects. In addition, no significant association between various obesity-related metabolic phenotypes and the presence of MaeII/hOB-R alleles was found. Thus, our results did not support a significant role for the Maell/hOB-R gene variant in the development of the obese phenotype in the population we studied.     

毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板聚集功能初探

目的为了探讨血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板功能情况,了解临床中毒发病机理。方法对近年来在本院急诊科确诊的五步蛇(Da.),蝮蛇(Ah.),眼镜蛇(Nn.),眼镜王蛇(Oh.),蝰蛇(Vr.),烙铁头(Tm.)和竹叶青(Ts.)等各种血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤17例病人25个血样,进行最大血小板聚集率(MAR)的检查和分析研究。结果除了Da未见MAR下降外(仅1例1个样品),其余各蛇种咬伤的样品均有下降。在获得未经治疗(抗蛇毒血清)的15个样品的检查结果中,进行统计分析,Vr、Tm以及Ah的MAR比正常人对照组(51.3±16.0)%明显下降。结论蛇毒中的血小板集聚抑制因子,可引起蛇伤患者体内血小板聚集功能下降,血小板处于无用状态,结果有些蛇伤病人DIC样综合征时出现严重出血而无明显微循环血栓形成致器官受损的临床症状。     

Flt3 Does Not Play a Critical Role in Murine Myeloid Leukemias Induced by MLL Fusion Genes

Leukemias harboring MLL translocations are frequent in children and adults, and respond poorly to therapies. The receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 is highly expressed in these leukemias. In vitro studies have shown that pediatric MLL-rearranged ALL cells are sensitive to FLT3 inhibitors and clinical trials are ongoing to measure their therapeutic efficacy. We sought to determine the contribution of Flt3 in the pathogenesis of MLL-rearranged leukemias using a myeloid leukemia mouse model. Bone marrow from Flt3 null mice transduced with MLL-ENL or MLL-CBP was transplanted into host mice and Flt3 ^−/− leukemias were compared to their Flt3 wild type counterparts. Flt3 deficiency did not delay disease onset and had minimal impact on leukemia characteristics. To determine the anti-leukemic effect of FLT3 inhibition we studied the sensitivity of MLL-ENL leukemia cells to the FLT3 inhibitor PKC412 ex vivo. As previously reported for human MLL-rearranged leukemias, murine MLL-ENL leukemia cells with higher Flt3 levels were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of PKC412. Interestingly, Flt3 deficient leukemia samples also displayed some sensitivity to PKC412. Our findings demonstrate that myeloid leukemias induced by MLL-rearranged genes are not dependent upon Flt3 signaling. They also highlight the discrepancy between the sensitivity of cells to Flt3 inhibition in vitro and the lack of contribution of Flt3 to the pathogenesis of MLL-rearranged leukemias in vivo.     

A Novel Labdane-Type Trialdehyde from Myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) That Potently Inhibits Human Platelet Aggregation and Human 5-Lipoxygenase

We screened myoga extracts for inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and human 5-lipoxygenase. We identified a novel labdane type of diterpene, together with three known diterpenes (miogadial and galanals A and B) from the flower buds of myoga. Spectroscopic data indicated the structure of the new compound to be 12(E)-labdene-15,16,(8β)17-trial (miogatrial). Miogatrial and miogadial were potent inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). The sesquiterpene, polygodial, also exhibited strong inhibitory activity against human platelet aggregation and 5-LOX. On the other hand, galanals A and B did not have inhibitory activity in either experimental system. It thus appears that a 3-formyl-3-butenal structure was essential for the potent inhibition of human platelet aggregation and human 5-LOX.