二花脸和大白猪的脂肪组织中GH-R、IGF-1和IGF-Ⅰ R基因表达的发育性变化

分别于出生当天、3、20、30、45、90、120、180日龄随机屠宰二花脸公、母猪各4头(30日龄仅有公猪),于20、30、90、120、180日龄随机屠宰大白猪公猪4头,采集背部皮下脂肪组织.用RT-PCR方法,以18S rRNA作内标,定量分析脂肪组织中生长激素受体(GH-R)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ型受体(IGF-Ⅰ R)基因表达的发育性变化,并进行品种和性别间比较.结果表明:脂肪组织中GH-R mRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化及品种差异,二花脸母猪GH-R mRNA水平出生时较低,45日龄达到高峰,之后维持稳定;二花脸公猪GH-R mRNA水平在出生时较高,至45日龄达到最高值,之后显著下降,但总体上没有性别差异;大白猪公猪GH-R mRNA水平极显著低于二花脸公猪(P＜0.01).脂肪组织中IGF-1 mRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化及性别和品种差异,二花脸母猪显著低于公猪(P＜0.05),大白猪公猪极显著低于二花脸公猪(P＜0.01); 脂肪组织中IGF-Ⅰ R mRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化,但在总体上没有明显的性别和品种差异.结果提示:猪脂肪组织中GH-R、IGF-1和IGF-Ⅰ R的基因表达有特定的发育模式,IGF-1基因表达的品种差异可能正是两品种猪脂肪沉积规律不同的主要原因之一.     

二花脸和大白猪的脂肪组织中GH—R、IGF—1和IGF—IR基因表达的发育性变化

分别于出生当天、3、2 0、30、4 5、90、12 0、180日龄随机屠宰二花脸公、母猪各 4头 (30日龄仅有公猪 ) ,于 2 0、30、90、12 0、180日龄随机屠宰大白猪公猪 4头 ,采集背部皮下脂肪组织。用RT PCR方法 ,以 18SrRNA作内标 ,定量分析脂肪组织中生长激素受体 (GH R)、胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF 1)及胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ型受体 (IGF ⅠR)基因表达的发育性变化 ,并进行品种和性别间比较。结果表明 :脂肪组织中GH RmRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化及品种差异 ,二花脸母猪GH RmRNA水平出生时较低 ,4 5日龄达到高峰 ,之后维持稳定 ;二花脸公猪GH RmRNA水平在出生时较高 ,至 4 5日龄达到最高值 ,之后显著下降 ,但总体上没有性别差异 ;大白猪公猪GH RmRNA水平极显著低于二花脸公猪 (P <0 0 1)。脂肪组织中IGF 1mRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化及性别和品种差异 ,二花脸母猪显著低于公猪 (P <0 0 5 ) ,大白猪公猪极显著低于二花脸公猪 (P <0 0 1) ;脂肪组织中IGF ⅠRmRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化 ,但在总体上没有明显的性别和品种差异。结果提示 :猪脂肪组织中GH R、IGF 1和IGF ⅠR的基因表达有特定的发育模式 ,IGF 1基因表达的品种差异可能正是两品种猪脂肪沉积规律不同的主要原因之一。     

猪肌红蛋白基因表达的发育性变化及品种、性别特点

试验动物选用生长速度慢的肥胖型猪二花脸猪与生长速度快的瘦肉型猪大白猪,分别于3、20、90、120和180日龄随机屠宰大白猪公猪和二花脸公、母猪各4头,采集背最长肌样品。采用反转录―聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）法,以18S rRNA为内标,定量分析背最长肌中肌红蛋白（myoglobin,MB）基因表达的发育性变化,并进行品种和性别间比较。结果显示,两品种猪背最长肌MB mRNA的表达呈现不同的发育模式。3日龄时,MB mRNA 表达无论在大白公猪还是二花脸公猪均处在较低水平,之后两品种出现分歧。大白猪3日龄后MB mRNA 表达无显著变化;而二花脸在20日龄有显著的升高（P<0.01）,之后维持此高水平表达。因此,两品种3日龄时MB mRNA水平无显著差异,20到180日龄,二花脸公猪显著高于大白公猪（P<0.01或P<0.05）。性别间,二花脸公猪和母猪MB mRNA水平在120日龄前无显著差异,180日龄时二花脸公猪极显著高于母猪（P<0.01）。     

二花脸和大白猪脂肪leptin和下丘脑中Ob-Rb基因表达的发育性变化

为研究猪脂肪组织中leptin和下丘脑中Ob-Rb基因表达发育性变化的性别差异和品种特点, 分别于出生当天, 3, 20, 30, 45, 90, 120和180日龄随机屠宰二花脸公、母猪, 大白猪公猪各4头, 采集血样、背部皮下脂肪组织和下丘脑. 用放射免疫法测定血清leptin浓度, 用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法, 以18S rRNA作内标, 定量分析脂肪组织中leptin和下丘脑Ob-Rb基因表达的发育性变化, 并进行品种和性别间比较. 结果显示: 脂肪组织中leptin mRNA的表达有明显的发育性变化, 随日龄增加而增高, 母猪显著高于公猪, 二花脸猪显著高于大白猪(P<0.01). 二花脸猪和大白猪血清leptin水平的发育性变化模式基本相同, 随日龄增加而增高, 且与脂肪组织中leptin mRNA表达的发育性变化高度正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01), 有性别和品种差异, 总体上母猪显著高于公猪, 二花脸猪显著高于大白猪(P<0.01). 而下丘脑中Ob-Rb mRNA的表达呈现明显不同的发育及品种特点, 在出生后逐渐下降, 然后逐渐回升, 断乳后又逐渐下降, 二花脸猪在120~180日龄又逐渐回升. 大白猪Ob-Rb的基因表达在总体上高于二花脸猪(P<0.01). 结果提示: 二花脸猪和大白猪血清leptin水平和脂肪组织中leptin的基因表达与脂肪沉积相关.     

猪胃组织中生长激素受体基因表达的发育性变化及品种特点

用相对定量RT PCR的方法研究二花脸猪 (Erhualian)和大白猪 (1argeWhite)胃组织中生长激素受体 (GHr)mR NA发育性变化并进行品种间比较。分别于出生当天、3、2 0、30、4 5、90、12 0和 180日龄随机选取纯种大白猪公猪和二花脸公猪各 4头宰杀并采样 ,同时记录胃重和体重。研究结果表明 :出生时胃组织中GHrmRNA水平较高 ,3日龄时显著下调 (P <0 0 5 ) ;二花脸猪胃组织中GHrmRNA水平在断奶时 (45日龄 )达到高峰 ,随后显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,至 90日龄后维持相对稳定。大白猪公猪在 90日龄时胃组织中GHrmRNA水平达到高峰 ,并维持在较高水平 ;从出生到断奶 ,二花脸猪胃组织GHrmRNA水平高于大白猪 ,2 0日龄时差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;90日龄至 180日龄期间二花脸猪胃组织GHrmRNA水平低于大白猪 ,90日龄时差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。胃重相对于体重的变化模式和胃组织GHrmRNA水平的发育变化呈中等强度正直线相关 ,相关系数为r=0 5 4 (P <0 0 5 )。以上结果提示 :(1)猪胃组织中GHr基因表达有特定的发育模式 ,并且呈现显著的品种间差异 ;(2 )GH直接作用于胃组织并调节胃的生长 ,GH是否直接参与胃的功能性发育调节 ,尚有待于进一步的实验研究     

绵羊皮肤中GHR、IGF-1和IGF-1R基因表达的发育性变化及品种特点

采用相对定量反转录多聚酶链式反应 (RT-PCR)方法, 以18S rRNA作内标, 研究了罗米丽(Romilly Hillys)×中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)杂交一代优质细毛羊和哈萨克粗毛羊皮肤中生长激素受体(GHR)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-1R) mRNA发育性变化并进行了品种间比较。分别于30、60、90、135、180和255日龄称重、采毛样, 并于30、90、135和255日龄采皮样。结果表明: 粗毛羊和细毛羊体重、羊毛生长的发育模式没有明显的差异, 30~135日龄体重迅速增加, 135~255日龄增重十分缓慢; 30~135日龄羊毛日增长逐渐增加, 135~180日龄羊毛生长十分缓慢, 而180~255日龄又上升到较高水平。粗毛羊皮肤中GHR mRNA在30~90日龄显著增加 (P<0.05), 90日龄达到高峰, 此后显著下降(P<0.05); 细毛羊在135日龄时GHR mRNA极显著地升高(P<0.01), 此后又极显著地下降。粗毛羊皮肤中IGF-1、IGF-1R mRNA 30~90日龄上升, 90日龄之后极显著下降(P<0.01); 细毛羊皮肤中IGF-1、IGF-1R mRNA出生时较高, 然后逐渐下降。品种之间比较, 细毛羊GHR mRNA出现高峰晚于粗毛羊, 135日龄高峰时显著地高于粗毛羊; 粗毛羊IGF-1、IGF-1R mRNA在90日龄出现高峰, 并极显著或显著地高于细毛羊; 粗毛羊90日龄前GHR、IGF-1和IGF-1R mRNA高于细毛羊, 之后低于细毛羊。结果提示: 绵羊皮肤中GHR、IGF-1和IGF-1R基因表达有特定的发育模式, 并存在品种差异。     

GH受体、IGF-I型受体、FSH受体和LH受体mRNA在绍鸭各级卵泡颗粒层和膜层中的表达

采用相对定量反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)的方法,以β-actin为内标,测定绍鸭排卵前卵泡F1、F3、F5及大白卵泡(LWF)颗粒层与膜层中GH受体(GHR)、IGF-I型受体(IGF-IR)和FSH受体(FSHR)、LH受体(LHR)mRNA表达水平,以分析生长轴和生殖轴激素对绍鸭卵泡发育的协同调节作用。结果表明：在所测定的各级卵泡中,GHR mRNA在膜层的表达水平均显著高于颗粒层,膜层中大白卵泡表达量最高,而颗粒层中GHR mRNA水平在各级卵泡之间没有明显差异;相反,IGF-IR mRNA在同级卵泡颗粒层的表达水平显著高于膜层,颗粒层和膜层中IGF-IR mRNA表达在各级卵泡之间的差异均不显著,只是大白卵泡的膜层与其他等级卵泡的膜层相比,IGF-IR的表达量呈现较高的趋势;FSHR mRNA表达的变化趋势类似于IGE-IR,同级卵泡颗粒层中的表达量高于膜层;LMR mRNA在各级卵泡膜层中表达没有明显差异,而颗粒层中IMR mRNA随着卵泡发育成熟逐级显著增加,且F5和LWF卵泡膜层的IMR mRNA显著高于颗粒层,与GHR mRNA的表达相似。结果提示,GH和IGF-I调节卵巢功能的优势作用位点和机制不尽相同;GHR和LHR协同表达与IGF-IR和FSHR协同表达可能对卵泡发育起到精细的调节作用;而IMR在卵泡颗粒层中表达的逐级显著增加可能与卵泡等级的建立和排卵有关。     

重组生长激素对猪生长激素受体和胰岛素样生长因子1基因表达及血清瘦蛋白水平的影响

16头长白×大约克去势公猪, 随机分成试验组和对照组, 每天注射重组猪生长激素(rpGH, 每头每天4 mg) 或生理盐水, 28 d后采样. 用RIA法测定血清中胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-Ⅰ)和瘦蛋白含量, 用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法, 以18S rRNA作内标, 定量分析肝脏、肌肉生长激素受体 (GHR) 和IGF-ⅠmRNA的相对丰度.结果显示: (ⅰ) 试验组平均日增重提高26.1% ( P <0.05); (ⅱ)血清IGF-Ⅰ水平提高70.94% (P<0.01), 血清瘦蛋白降低34.80%(P<0.01); (ⅲ) 肝脏GHR mRNA增加24.45% (P < 0.05), IGF-ⅠmRNA增加45.30% (P<0.01), 背最长肌GHR和IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达无明显变化. 结果表明, 重组猪生长激素能明显提高生长猪生长性能. 上调肝脏GHR, 促进肝脏产生IGF-Ⅰ, 而对肌肉GHR和IGF-I基因表达无影响, 提示重组GH对基因表达的影响有组织特异性.     

不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性分析

用PCR-RFLPs和PCR-SSCP分析方法,对"双肌臀”大白猪、大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏、皮特兰、二花脸、东北民猪、湖北白猪和部分杂交猪等不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因3＇编码区、5＇调控区及内含子1区3个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)进行了分析.结果表明,3＇编码区的SNP发生的频率较低,在274头猪中未检出突变纯合体.对5＇调控区的SNP,引进猪种(大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏和皮特兰)及其杂交猪以等位基因T为主,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01).东北民猪的3种基因型近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg衡状态.对内含子1区的SNP,大白猪及其与长白猪的杂交猪等位基因G占优势,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01);东北民猪和大二猪的等位基因G和A近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态."双肌臀”大白猪在5＇调控区和内含子1区这两个位点的A等位基因稍高于普通大白猪.5＇调控区和内含子1区SNPs所产生的等位基因表现出连锁遗传现象.     

尼罗罗非鱼生长激素及其受体的cDNA克隆与mRNA表达的雌雄差异

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)雌雄鱼生长差异明显,为了探讨其原因,本文采用RT-PCR方法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼生长激素(Growthhormone,GH)及其受体(Growth hormone receptor,GHR)的cDNA序列,并应用半定量RT-PCR方法比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达差异。序列分析表明:GH开放阅读框为615bp,共编码204个氨基酸;GHR开放阅读框为1908bp,共编码635个氨基酸。以RT-PCR方法研究了GH、GHR在各组织的分布情况,结果表明:GH仅在垂体中检测到有表达,而GHR在所检测的18种组织中均有表达,其中以肝脏、肌肉、性腺、下丘脑、胸腺表达量较高。以半定量RT-PCR方法进一步比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量,结果表明:雄鱼垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA的表达量均显著高于雌鱼,肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量则无显著差异,推测垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA表达的雌雄差异是尼罗罗非鱼雌雄生长差异的主要原因之一。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.