The subcutaneous vascular system (lower extremity): studies on micro-preparations]

At the level of fascial penetration the cutaneous arteries of the lower extremity are constantly accompanied by 1 or 2 communicating veins of varying diameter. Usually, they penetrate the fascia in rows via the muscular interstitium. There they give up branches to the fascial vascular network, to pre- and subfascial areolar tissue and possibly to the muscle origins on the fascia, or to the intermuscular septa. The texture of the fascia itself determines the structure of fascial openings for the cutaneous vessels. In the subcutaneous tissue the arteries are accompanied by 1 or 2 veins (Vv. comitantes). Numerous arterio-arterial and intervenous anastomoses form a subcutaneous network of vascular bundles. Two anastomosing venous systems can be distinguished in the subcutis: The small Vv. comitantes are fed primarily by the subcutaneous adipose lobes, and end in communicating veins or flow into the subcutaneous veins (epifascial veins). These large subcutaneous veins on the other hand are responsible for the actual outflow from the venous network of the cutis. They form the saphenous system or empty into larger communicating veins. Between the subcutaneous arterioles and accompanying venules there are numerous capillary webs. In addition direct capillaries and looped as well as meandering or knotted arterio-venous shunts are found. The subcutaneous vascular bundles are fixed by a connective tissue. There are often typical capillary meshes within arterial sheat, oriented like a rope-ladder. They undergo prenatal development. The subcutaneous (epifascial) veins are surrounded by areolar tissue on the cutaneous as well as on the fascial side. Fibers from the accompanying connective tissue criss-cross into the adventitia and thereby anchor the veins in a movable fashion. Typical vascular patches with plane capillary networks characterize the areolar tissue around the subcutaneous veins, which is differentiating at the 2nd half of the fetal period. Within are also capillary loops and convoluted arterio-venous shunts.     

盆腔结缔组织炎大鼠模型的层黏连蛋白表达

目的建立混合菌液致SD大鼠盆腔结缔组织炎模型,研究大鼠盆腔黏连组织的病理学改变与层黏连蛋白表达。方法用注射器将细菌混悬液0．5mL,注人大鼠盆腔,并结合子宫穿孔手术,建立SD大鼠盆腔结缔组织炎模型。采用Philips分级评分法对大鼠盆腔黏连程度分级评分,切取黏连组织,用多聚甲醛固定,进行病理检测,并采用免疫组化法测定层黏连蛋白表达情况。结果模型组大鼠盆腔黏连Philips分级评分以Ⅲ级为主,与正常对照组比较差异极显著。HE染色镜检模型组可见大量炎细胞浸润,脓肿形成,伴有多少不等的纤维组织增生。免疫组化染色镜检模型组可见层黏连蛋白高表达,纤维结缔组织增生程度越高,层黏连蛋白表达越多。结论盆腔注射混合菌液并结合子宫穿孔手术,可作为建立大鼠盆腔结缔组织炎模型的方法。层黏连蛋白在盆腔结缔组织炎发病中起重要作用,参与整个炎症过程并维持盆腔黏连组织纤维化,可作为判断盆腔结缔组织炎的炎症和纤维化程度的参考指标。     

Paravascular structures of the major arteries of the cerebral hemispheres (electron microscopy study)

The ultrastructure of the paravasal formations of the magistral arteries in the brain hemispheres has been studied: the paravasal nerve trunks (components of the external nerve plexus of the arteries, running outside the adventitia and surrounded with liquor) and the artery-stabilizing constructions--strings in the human being and in the dog. The human para-arterial nerve trunks possess the vasa nervorum system, presented by blood capillaries situating at the border of endo- and perineurium, by powerfully developed perineurium, which includes into its composition a system of basal membranes and perineural cells. In the canine para-arterial nerve trunks these formation are absent. In the string composition there are collagenous-fibrillar base represented by tightly packed fasciculi of collagenous fibers, oriented in parallel to the long axis of the string, and by stellate cells. Both the paravasal nerve trunks and the strings are surrounded with flattened cells of the endothelial sheath. They are very much alike with the arachnoidendothelial cells lining the subarachnoidal space.     

A contribution to knowledge of the compartments and the fascial and septal formations of the popliteal fossa in the human fetus and the adult.

A contribution to knowledge of the compartments and the fascial and septal formations of the popliteal fossa in the human fetus and the adult. A study was made in human fetuses from the 3rd month onwards, newborn and the adult of the fascial and septal formations and the compartments of the popliteal fossa. Observations of serial sections of the knee of human fetuses, of macroscopic preparations of the knee of newborns and of ultrasound images of the popliteal fossa in adults showed that: the fascial formation covering the popliteal fossa consists of the popliteal fascia and the superficial fascia. The bud of the popliteal fascia is observable in the 3-month fetus as a layer of thin fibrillar connective tissue which is thicker in the tracts between the muscle buds. At birth the popliteal fascia is clearly a separate anatomical entity of continuous laminar structure which is thicker in the tracts between the muscles and thinner where it covers them. The superficial fascia becomes evident in fetuses at a later stage (6th month) in the form of a thin lamina in the frontal plane which at birth is well defined and observable as a thin continuous line deep below the subcutaneous layer. The septal formation consists of four septa: two in the sagittal plane (lateral and medial) and two in the frontal plane (lateral and medial). The bud of these septa appears in 4-month fetuses after the appearance of the popliteal fascia. They branch off from the thicker connective areas between the muscles buds as connective prolongations which later assume a laminar aspect and eventually become compact and form septa. In at-term fetuses and newborns these septal formations are clearly recognizable as antomical entities, which branch off from the deep surface of the thicker tracts of the popliteal fascia and are inserted into the femur. The relationships and connections with the muscular groups are also clearly visible. The organization and demarcation of the compartments, which is already delineated in the 6-month fetus, seems to be completed at birth, considering the presence of the superficial fascia, the popliteal fascia and the septa. It is possible to distinguish a superficial compartment between the popliteal and the superficial fascia an a deep compartment between the frontal septa, the skeletal plane and the popliteal fascia. This deep compartment is clearly subdivided by the two sagittal septa into three sectors (medial, intermediate and lateral). The medial and lateral sectors contain muscles, while the intermediate compartment contains the vasculonervous bundle and the popliteal adipose body.     

Fascia canals of the greater sciatic foramen and their practical importance

Fasciae and fat tissue spaces in the gluteal region, topography of the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina have been studied by means of a complex anatomical experimental technique. The suprapiriform foramen should be considered as a fascialosseous canal, as it is 4-4.5 cm long and 0.6-1.0 cm wide. It is formed by the upper margin of the greater sciatic notch covered with a thin fascia, fasciae of the gluteal and piriform muscles and the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia. The proper fascial vaginae of the upper gluteal vessels and nerves are adhered to fascial walls of the canal. This peculiarity is used for the method of ligation of the superior gluteal artery within the limits of the suprapiriform canal. The infrapiriform foramen is either narrow or wide enough (up to 2.0 cm in diameter). Inferior gluteal vessels at the level of the sacrospinous ligament go from the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia into the duplicature of the deeper layer of musculus gluteus maximus. The inferior gluteal nerve, above the lower margin of the piriform muscle, ajoining the vessels gets into the fissure of the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia, under the lower margin neurovascular fasciculus also goes through the fissure of the pelvic fascial parietal layer, downward and parallel to the inferior gluteal vessels. The knowledge of possible ways of connections through the canals of the greater sciatic foramen, fat tissue spaces at the subperitoneal level of the small pelvis and the gluteal region is of great practical value.     

Development of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the human gonads during the prenatal period of ontogeny

The formation of the organospecific hemomicrocirculatory bed of the ovaries and testes has been studied by a complex of light, transmissive and scanning electron microscopy in 3--9-month-old human fetuses. The change of the diffusive protocapillary bed is secured by: 1) reduction of some protocapillaries; 2) appearance of secondary capillaries from the growth buds of the preceeding microvessels; 3) formation of arteriolar and venular links of the hemomicrocirculatory bed from the protocapillaries at the expense of differentiation of the developing paravasal connective tissue into cellular elements of the muscular and adventitial tunics. The secondary blood capillaries of the human gonads are predominantly formed intraendothelially. During the prenatal ontogenesis presence of the secondary blood capillaries of somatic uninterrupted type is specific for the human gonads.     

Ontogeny of human fetal lymph nodes.

Developing lymph nodes from 30 human embryos and fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 18 mm (5.6 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were examined by light microscopy. The nodes were embedded in araldite, and the sections examined were approximately 1 mu in thickness. The development of nodes was divided into three stages: 1. the lymphatic plexus and connective tissue invagination (30 mm to 67 mm CRL); 2. the early fetal lymph node (43 mm to ,5 mm CRL); and 3. the late fetal lymph node (CRL greater than 75 mm). The lymphatic plexus was formed by connective tissue invaginations and bridges which divided a lymph sac into a meshwork of channels and spaces. Connective tissue invaginations were endothelially-lined and were surrounded by lymphatic space. Reticular cells, macrophages, and blood vessels were found in these invaginations. Early fetal lymph nodes were formed from invaginations when the cellular density and lymphocyte content increased. The lymphatic space surrounding the early node was the developing subcapsular sinus. With further development the early node became packed with lymphocytes, increasing the cellular density and size of the node. The connective tissue surrounding the subcapsular sinus condensed to form the capsule. Afferent lymphatic vessels pierced the capsule. Capillaries, veins, postcapillary venules, and occasional arteries were found in early and late nodes.     

Comparative study of the proliferative activity of blood vessel cells of various calibers

Proliferative activity of the main tissue components of aorta, inferior vena cava and small vessels of paravasal tissues has been studied in 7 white adult rats after repeated injections of 3H-thymidine (12 injections of 0.8 microCi/g with the interval of 8 h). The greatest number of labelled endotheliocytes is revealed in capillaries, small and medium veins (29.4 +/- 6.2%). Proliferative activity of smooth muscle cells in arterioles was by 2 times greater than in other vessels. There was no difference between the number of labelled fibroblasts in the media of all types of studied vessels.     

Comparative characteristics of the construction and cellular composition of popliteal lymph nodes in adolescence and adulthood

Topography, size and form of the popliteal lymph nodes have been described in adolescents and mature persons. Differences in areas occupied by the connective tissue framework, cortex and medulla and adipose tissue are presented. In the age groups mentioned, cell composition of the nodes is investigated and its quantitative characteristics are given.     

Fibrous framework of human skeletal muscles, fasciae and tendons

By means of scanning and transmissive electron microscopy, the construction of the fibrous framework of the human skeletal muscles, fasciae and tendons has been investigated and its morphofunctional analysis has been performed. The fibrous framework of the endomysium is presented as a complexly organized system of anastomosing fibers of the connective tissue, forming a net-like construction. The fibrous structures of the framework are united into a whole construction by connecting fibers and fibrils. Different types of structural interconnection of collagenous fibers with sarcolemma are revealed. The structure of the fibrous framework both in different muscles and within one muscle has certain peculiarities. The main constructive element of the fascial fibrous framework make large anastomosing collagenous fibers, their architectonics is stabilized by connective fibers and fibrils. The construction of the tendinous fibrous framework is characterized by a pronounced anisotropia of the largest collagenous fibers and a developed network of connective structures both on the surface and inside the collagenous fibers. Structural mechanisms, interconnecting muscles and tendons, are demonstrated. Presence of anastomoses between the fibrils in the composition of the collagenous fibers in the fascia and Achilles tendon are stated. Together with the peculiarities existing, the general principle of the structural organization of the fibrous framework of the muscle system is the net-like constructure dependent on presence of anastomoses and elements of the connective system between the fibrous structures. Depending on the organ's function, the construction of the network acquires certain specific morphological forms.     

基于CTA的在体女性盆腔静脉血管网数字化三维模型构建的方法及意义

目的:探讨利用CTA原始数据集构建在体女性盆腔静脉血管网数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法:基于双源CTA技术,获取1例宫颈癌患者的Dicom 3.0原始二维断层图像数据集。利用Mimics 10.01软件分别对骨盆、盆腔动脉血管网以及盆腔静脉血管网进行三维重建并配准融合。结果:构建的盆腔静脉血管网数字化三维模型可以清楚地显示下腔静脉、髂总静脉、髂外静脉、髂内静脉及其初级属支,以及双侧卵巢静脉等。与重建的骨盆、盆腔动脉血管网配准融合后,各支静脉血管的解剖走形及引流区域变得更加清晰明确。结论:基于CTA的计算机三维重建技术是一种研究女性盆腔静脉血管网的好方法,具有较大的运用价值。     

Musculoskeletal morphology of the pelvis and pelvic fins in the lungfish Protopterus annectens

The West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) performs benthic, pelvic fin‐driven locomotion with gaits common to tetrapods, the sister group of the lungfishes. Features of P. annectens movement are similar to those of modern tetrapods and include use of the distal region of the pelvic fin as a “foot,” use of the fin to lift the body above the substrate and rotation of the fin around the joint with the pelvis. In contrast to these similarities in movement, the pelvic fins of P. annectens are long, slender structures that are superficially very different from tetrapod limbs. Here, we describe the musculoskeletal anatomy of the pelvis and pelvic fins of P. annectens with dissection, magnetic resonance imaging, histology and 3D‐reconstruction methods. We found that the pelvis is embedded in the hypaxial muscle by a median rostral and two dorsolateral skeletal projections. The protractor and retractor muscles at the base of the pelvic fin are fan‐shaped muscles that cup the femur. The skeletal elements of the fin are serially repeating cartilage cylinders. Along the length of the fin, repeating truncated cones of muscles, the musculus circumradialis pelvici, are separated by connective tissue sheets that connect the skeletal elements to the skin. The simplicity of the protractor and retractor muscles at the base of the fin is surprising, given the complex rotational movement those muscles generate. In contrast, the series of many repeating segmental muscles along the length of the fin is consistent with the dexterity of bending of the distal limb. P. annectens can provide a window into soft‐tissue anatomy and sarcopterygian fish fin function that complements the fossil data from related taxa. This work, combined with previous behavioral examination of P. annectens, illustrates that fin morphologies that do not appear to be capable of walking can accomplish that function, and may inform the interpretation of fossil anatomical evidence. J. Morphol. 275:431–441, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The determination of the collagen and elastin amount in the human varicose vein by the computer morphometric method

The results of the works dealing with alterations of the connective tissue in varicose vein wall are not ambiguous, so the exact cause of the vein dilatation has still not been established. We were determining the collagen and elastin amounts in human varicose vein wall in comparison with non-dilated long saphenous vein by the light microscopy and computer morphometric method. We have found the lesser amount of collagen in varicose veins than in non-dilated veins, the amounts of the elastin in both the varicose and non-varicose veins were without the statistical significance.     

Structure and histology of the wattle in the White bellbird (Procnias alba)

Structure and histology of the wattle in the male White bellbird ( Procnias alba ) are described. The proximal two-thirds of the wattle contains only very sparse, frail connective tissue and is isolated both from the respiratory tract and from pneumatic spaces in the skull. The wattle is richly vascularized, with an extensive network of veins, which completely fill the lumen in the distal third. The larger veins possess longitudinal as well as circular muscle. Longitudinal muscle bundles (some associated with feather follicles) are scattered in the loose connective tissue of the periphery. The wattle is compared in structure with the superficially similar frontal process of the turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ). The mechanism of extension and retraction is discussed.     

Individual variability in the structure of the walls of the principal trunks of the subcutaneous veins of the lower extremities of the human fetus

Certain regional peculiarities are noted in the development process of the human principle trunks of the subcutaneous veins during antenatal period. In the fetuses of all ages the wall thickness of the subcutaneous veins is the greatest in the femur, and the middle tunic is better developed in the shin. The vein structure depends on the type of architectonics: at the magistral type (86%) the walls in the large and minor subcutaneous veins are thick with well developed smooth myocytes and connective tissue fibers; at the reticulate type (14%) the walls are thin, their elements are poorly developed. When there is mentioned varicosity of the lower extremity veins in the parents' anamnesis, in fetuses (57%) all the tunics in the venous wall develop more poorly, there is retardation in formation of smooth myocytes and in maturation of collagen fibers. This results in less amount of contractile structures in the middle tunic and optic density of collagen is less manifected.     

全身纤维结缔组织网络中的界面流体传输现象

纤维结缔组织在身体中的作用是支撑、连接和分隔不同的组织和器官。最近,人体断肢解剖研究证实,一种定向纤维结缔组织组成了一种长程液体传输通路。其解剖位置有两种:皮肤传输通路(包括真皮、皮下组织和脂肪小叶间隔)和血管周围传输通路(静脉和动脉周围纤维结缔组织)。这种纤维通路的三维空间内部结构是一种纵向分布、相互连接的纤维丝,在每一根纤维丝及其周围水凝胶之间形成了一种固液界面区;纤维结缔组织中的液体能够通过这种界面区传输,命名为"生物界面流体传输通路";存在于各种组织和器官纤维基质中的液体,很可能并没有被束缚在"组织凝胶"中,而是在尚未明确的某种物理机制的作用下,朝向一定的方向传输。这些研究结果为理解纤维结缔组织的功能提供了一个新的视角。     

The elastic fibre system in the veins of the human lower oesophagus

The elastic, elaunin and oxytalan fibres in the tunica mucosa and tela submucosa of veins of the human lower oesophagus were studied in 30 necropsy and biopsy specimens using appropriate histological and ultrastructural methodologies. Elaunin fibres predominate in the veins endowed with muscle cells. Scattered oxytalan and elastic fibres were also observed, the latter being more numerous at the vein periphery. No noteworthy fibre arrangement was encountered in veins lacking muscle cells. Those fibres disposed around the veins were considered to belong to the connective tissue of the tunica mucosa and tela submucosa in which they are embedded. The veins of the lower oesophagus seem to be of low elasticity, which may be related to a blockage mechanism described for the gastro-oesophageal blood stream in cases of portal hypertension.     

Paravaginal hematomas; their recognition and management postpartum

Paravaginal hematoma is an unavoidable obstetrical complication, usually due to the traction and rupture of paravaginal veins by the oncoming presenting part. Pain, swelling, ecchymosis and urinary retention are the usual symptoms if the hematoma is located below the levator plate, while supralevator hematomas give no external manifestations. Early diagnosis could be made more often if digital examination of the pelvis were done routinely after the third stage of labor and before dismissal of the patient from the hospital, and done more frequently in postpartum patients with pelvic complaints. Active surgical intervention is advocated to avert needless destruction of tissue, prolonged morbidity, and delayed recovery.     

Development of the paravascular bed of the vessels of the human heart during the prenatal period of ontogenesis

The paravascular bed of the cardiac vessels has been studied in 128 human fetuses at the age of 3-9 lunar months. Anatomical and histological techniques have been used, morphometrical analysis has been carried out. The paravascular bed of the cardiac wall vessels begins to form from the vascular epicardial network and from the paraneural vessels in 5-month-old fetuses. The paravasal longitudinal tracts are the first to form (the venous ones preceed the arterial). During the seventh month the nutritive vessels and the intramural networks of the main cardiac arteries and veins develop. The formation of the paraarterial bed is connected with the vascular diameter and with thickness of the arterial walls. Certain regularities in development of the venous paravascular bed are defined. By the beginning of the 8th month there are all main components of the paravascular bed of the cardiac vessels.     

Development and structure of epithelial formations of the connective tissue stroma of human gingiva

Processes of development and structure of epithelial formations, localized in the connective tissue framework of the gingival mucous membrane have been studied. During the prenatal period of development they are presented as epithelial pearls of Serra, and after birth--as remnants of ++tooth-forming epithelium (RTE). They are remnants of sheaths of the destroyed pearls. The latter, like RTE in the gingival stroma, have a genetic connection with the epithelial islets of Malasser and can cause some diseases in the gingiva.