温度、蔗糖和硼酸对含笑花粉离体萌发的影响

以含笑(Michelia figo)花粉为试验材料,采用花粉人工培养法研究了含笑花粉离体萌发的最适条件。结果表明:蔗糖、硼酸在一定浓度范围内能促进花粉萌发,含笑花粉萌发的最适蔗糖和硼酸分别为50 mg.L-1和5mg.L-1,萌发率分别为21.51%和44.14%;花粉最佳萌发温度为25℃,萌发率达53.33%。正交试验设计结果表明,花粉萌发的最佳组合为70 mg.L-1蔗糖+5 mg.L-1硼酸+28℃,萌发率可达65.33%。     

The Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Scarification on the Seed Dormancy and Germination in Luzula spicata

Luzula spicata L. seeds are completely dormant at maturity. A germination inhibitor is present at the micropylar end. Normally, the only effective means of eliciting germination is a precise scarification of the micropylar end which inactivates the inhibitor. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid, kinetin, KNO₃, and thiourea have no affect on the dormancy of unscarified seeds. Scarification of the hilar end of the seed does not elicit germination, but when gibberellic acid is applied to the hilar scarified seeds moderate germination results. Presumably, these seeds are dormant due to a deficit of endogenous gibberellin; a condition which can be overcome by the application of gibberellic acid to seeds scarified at a site in itself ineffective in producing germination. Apparently the gibberellic acid serves to initiate amylase activity in the endosperm, overcoming the inhibitor block. Luzula spicata seed dormancy is apparently unique in that a germination inhibitor is operative in conjunction with the commonly recognized gibberellin-amylase mechanism.     

Lichens buffer tundra microclimate more than the expanding shrub Betula nana

Background and AimsIn tundra systems, soil-borne lichens are often the dominant groundcover organisms, and act to buffer microclimate extremes within or at the surface of the soil. However, shrubs are currently expanding across tundra systems, potentially causing major shifts in the microclimate landscape.MethodsHere, we compared soil temperature and moisture underneath the dwarf birch Betula nana and seven abundant lichen species in sub-alpine Norway. We also examined mixtures of lichens and dwarf birch – an intermediate phase of shrubification – and measured several functional traits relating to microclimate.Key ResultsWe found that all lichen species strongly buffered the daily temperature range, on average reducing maximum temperatures by 6.9 °C (± 0.7 s.d.) and increasing minimum temperatures by 1.0 °C (± 0.2 s.d.) during summer. The dwarf birch had a much weaker effect (maximum reduced by 2.4 ± 5.0 °C and minimum raised by 0.2 ± 0.9 °C). In species mixtures, the lichen effect predominated, affecting temperature extremes by more than would be expected from their abundance. Lichens also tended to reduce soil moisture, which could be explained by their ability to intercept rainfall. Our trait measurements under laboratory conditions suggest that, on average, lichens can completely absorb a 4.09 mm (± 1.81 s.d.) rainfall event, which might be an underappreciated part of lichen–vascular plant competition in areas where summer rainfall events are small.ConclusionsIn the context of shrubification across tundra systems, our findings suggest that lichens will continue to have a large effect on microclimate until they are fully excluded, at which point microclimate extremes will increase greatly.     

Effects of Temperature on Activation, Germination, and Outgrowth of Bacillus megaterium Spores

The effects of temperature on the activation, glucose-induced germination, and outgrowth of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores were investigated. There was no evidence for discontinuities in the response of spores to temperature in these processes reflecting reported thermal anomalies in the physical structure of water. Increasing the temperature of heat activation (aqueous suspensions, 5 min) increased the germinability of spores. Activation, as measured by extent of germination, was optimal after heating at 62 to 78 C, and the rate of spore germination was maximal after heat activation at 64 to 68 C. Increasing the temperature of activation above 68 C depressed the germination rate and increased the time lag before this rate was reached. Germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures, but was optimal between 28 and 38 C. The highest rate of germination was at 38 C; at lower incubation temperatures, the maximum attained rate was lower and the lag in attaining this rate was extended. Outgrowth (postgerminative development through the first cell division) of the germinated spores in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) occurred in at least two phases-a temperature-dependent lag phase followed by a relatively temperature-independent phase of maximum outgrowth rate, during which increase in optical density was a linear function of time. Outgrowth time (time required for doubling of the initial optical density), essentially dependent on the time for completion of the lag phase, was shortest at temperatures between 34 and 40 C. The temperature-dependent lag phase was completed in a rich medium (e.g., BHI) but not in the glucose germination medium, suggesting that the endogenous reserves of the germinated spore were inadequate to support the metabolic synthetic events occurring during this period.     

温度对桃离体花药散粉及花粉萌发的影响

以目前生产栽培较多的‘湖景蜜露’、‘霞晖6号’和‘白凤’3个桃品种为试材,连续2年调查了不同温度处理下花药失水率、花药散粉时间以及花粉离体萌发特性等变化。结果表明：桃花药于相对低温条件下散粉失水率较低,随散粉温度升高失水率相应上升;花药开裂所需时间与处理温度呈相反趋势;3个品种花粉离体萌发率随散粉温度的升高而下降。离体花药在超过30℃的温度条件下散出的花粉在萌发过程中出现花粉管变短、花粉瘪小的概率增多的现象,表明高温促使花药脱水和散粉加快,但降低了花粉活力。在桃树花期以及制备花粉时外界环境温度应控制在30℃以下。     

胚乳和外源赤霉素对五味子[Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill]种子发芽的影响

以组织培养和土壤播种的未经层积处理的五味子种子为材料,检测胚乳和外源赤霉素(GA3)对发芽影响的结果表明,在不加生长调节物质的MS培养基上,去掉外种皮带全胚乳的种子发芽率只有2.7%,而带1/2和1/3胚乳的种子发芽率则分别为46%和70.6%;培养基中添加GA3,可提高去掉外种皮带全胚乳和带1/2胚乳种子的发芽率,而对带1/3胚乳的种子则无效果.土壤播种时,用10～1000mg·L-1GA3对去掉外种皮种子进行1～10d前处理,其中100mg·L-1GA3前处理10d的发芽率最高,达到38.7%.     

盐分和温度对盐节木种子萌发的影响

采用多因素交叉试验设计,探讨了不同盐分类型、盐分浓度以及温度对盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)种子萌发的影响。结果表明:15~25℃范围是盐节木种子萌发的最适温度范围,5~15℃和25~35℃的变温不利于种子萌发;最适温度下,单盐和土盐浓度分别小于0.96%和0.6%(电导率小于9.375dS/m)时可促进种子萌发,当浓度分别高于0.96%和0.6%(电导率大于9.375dS/m)时,单盐处理下的种子萌发率随浓度升高而降低,土盐处理下的种子萌发率随浓度升高表现为先升高后下降,但2种盐处理下的平均种子萌发率差异不显著(P>0.05),非最适温度下,2种盐处理下的平均种子萌发率差异显著(P<0.05)。由此得出:盐分浓度和温度是影响盐节木种子萌发的关键因素,土盐对种子萌发的抑制作用较单盐的小。     

Comparative Effects of lndole-3-acetic acid, Abscisic acid, Gibberellic acid and 6-Benzylaminopurine on the Dark- and Light-induced Pulvinar Movements in Cassia fasciculata Michx

Effects of plant hormones were examined on the dark- and light-inducedmovements of Cassia fasciculata. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA),gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) inhibitedthe scotonastic movement whereas abscisic acid (ABA) enhancedit. After brief treatments (5 to 30 min), the ABA effect wasinhibitory rather than promotional. Hormonal treatment in theacidic range gave the best physiological response for ABA, butthe greatest efficiency of IAA, GA₃ and 6-BAP was obtained withpH values close to neutrality. Three to 5 h were needed beforeexpression of the physiological effect triggered by GA₃ and6-BAP, while 5 min treatments were sufficient for IAA and ABA.Light-induced movements were largely enhanced by IAA and slightlyby GA₃ but inhibited by 6-BAP and ABA. The results are discussedin relation to the ionic changes in the pulvinar motor cells,regulating leaflet movements. Key words: Abscisic acid, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, pulvinar movements     

不同环境条件对沙米种子萌发的影响

用控制试验研究了沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)种子萌发对温度、水势和埋深的响应模式.结果显示,在人工模拟科尔沁沙地4月(5℃/20℃)、5月(10℃/30℃)和7月(20℃/40℃)的夜/昼土壤温度条件下,沙米种子的最终萌发率分别为86%、91%和96%,各温度处理的前3 d累计萌发率分别为14%、66%和32%.在5月温度条件下,种子萌发曲线为陡直的单峰状,其他两月呈多峰状.0 MPa水势下,沙米种子的总萌发率为50%,当水势低于-0.4 MPa时,发芽率小于10%.当种子的埋藏深度分别为0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 cm时,出苗率分别为91%、78%、41%和22%,埋深达到8 cm时,没有种子出苗.研究表明,沙米种子在不同条件下萌发率差异显著,其萌发特征有利于种子在不适环境条件下减少种子库的无效损耗,而在环境条件适宜时快速萌发,提高幼苗存活机会,从而使沙米对流沙生境表现出良好适应能力.     

Effects of Temperature and Water Potential on Germination, Radicle Elongation and Emergence of Mungbean

Controlled environment experiments were performed to determinethe effects of temperature and water potential on germination,radicle elongation and emergence of mungbean (Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek cv. IPB-M79-17-79). The effects of a range of constant temperatures (15–45°C) and water potentials (0 to –2.2 MPa) on germinationand radicle elongation rates were studied using an osmoticumtechnique, in which seeds were held against a semi-permeablemembrane sac containing a polyethylene glycol solution. Linearrelationships were established between median germination time(Gt₅₀) and water potential at different temperatures, and betweenreciprocal Gt₅₀ (germination rate) and temperature at differentwater potentials. Germination occurred at potentials as lowas –2.2 MPa at favourable temperatures (30–40 °C),but was fastest at 40 °C when water was not limiting, withan estimated base temperature (T_b) of about 10 °C. Subsequentradicle elongation, however, was restricted to a slightly narrowertemperature range and was fastest at 35 °C. The conceptof thermal time was used to develop an equation to model thecombined effects of water potential and temperature on germination.Predictions made using this model were compared with the actualgermination obtained in a related series of experiments in columnsof soil. Some differences observed suggested the additionalimportance of the seed/soil/water contact zone in influencingseed germination in soil. Seedling emergence appeared to reflectfurther the radicle elongation results by occurring within anarrower range of temperatures and water potentials than germination.Emergence had an estimated T_b of 12.6 °C and was fastestat 35 °C. A soil matric potential of not less than about–0.5 MPa at sowing was required to obtain 50% or moreseedling emergence. Key words: Germination, temperature, water potential     

光温对3种醉鱼草属植物种子萌发的影响

密蒙花、七里香和大序醉鱼草3种醉鱼草的种子细小,千粒重仅12～58 mg,但形态有差异,可以进行种类区分.种子充分吸水后,在20～25℃条件下于5～10 d内就能迅速萌发,15 d时发芽率达到75%以上.光照强度21.6～32.4μmol·m-2·s-1和光照时间12～16 h·d-1均可显著提高七里香种子的发芽率,但光照抑制密蒙花种子萌发,而对大序醉鱼草种子萌发没有明显影响.种子苗移栽后3～5 d,真叶转绿,90%的幼苗可形成健壮植株.     

Predicting vegetative bud break in two arctic deciduous shrub species, Salix pulchra and Betula nana

The factors controlling bud break in two arctic deciduous shrub species, Salix pulchra and Betula nana, were investigated using field observations and growth-chamber studies. A bud-break model was calibrated using a subset of the experimental observations and was used to predict bud break under current and potential future climate regimes. The two species responded similarly in terms of bud break timing and response to air temperature in both field and controlled environments. In the field, the timing of bud break was strongly influenced by air temperatures once snowmelt had occurred. Growth chamber studies showed that a period of chilling is required before buds break in response to warming. Model simulations indicate that under current conditions, the chilling requirement is easily met during winter and that even with substantial winter warming, chilling will be sufficient. In contrast, warm spring temperatures determine the timing of bud break. This limitation by spring temperatures means that in a warmer climate bud break will occur earlier than under current temperature regimes. Such changes in bud break timing of the deciduous shrubs will likely have important consequences for the relative abundance of shrubs in future communities and consequently ecosystem processes. Received: 19 April 1999 / Accepted: 18 January 2000     

光、温度和土壤水分对坡垒种子萌发的影响

研究了温度,光照,土壤水分对坡垒（Hopea hainanensis Merr.et Chun)种子萌发和寿命的影响。结果表明坡垒种子萌发的最适温度为15－20℃种子在全黑暗条件与周期性光照条件下处理的萌发结果无明显差异。土壤含水量为20％－70％时种子能够萌发,而适宜的土壤含水量为30％－50％。在室内自然摊放第14天的发芽率为20％。18d完全丧失发芽能力。由于坡垒种子具有顽拗型种子的一些特点,该物种宜采取活体保存的方法,以就地保护为主,迁地保护为辅。     

Effects of Light, pH, Temperature, and Crowding on Megaspore Germination and Sporophyte Formation in Marsilea

Megaspore germination and sporophyte formation of Marsilea vestitaH. and G. was studied under different light, pH, temperature,and crowding conditions during a 6 d experimental period. Maximumgermination and sporophyte development occurs under relativelylow light intensity. Darkness and high light intensity inhibitsporophyte development. Selected wavelengths of light (red,far-red, green, blue) and darkness reduce both megaspore germinationand sporophyte development as compared to white light. Megasporesand sporophytes show maximum development at 25 ?C in light,whereas their development is reduced at all temperatures indarkness. The optimum pH range for megaspore germination ispH 7–8 and that for sporophyte development is pH 7. Sporocarpcontents alter the pH of unbuffered acidic and basic media towarda more optimal growth condition (pH 6–8) for megasporegermination. Megaspore germination and sporophyte developmentvary inversely with conditions of crowding. Root and leaf growthon developed sporophytes is very similar in most treatments.     

培养基组分、激素及pH值对转基因白桦花粉萌发的影响

采用花粉离体培养法研究了培养基不同组分、激素及pH值对转基因白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）花粉萌发的影响。结果表明,培养基组分在一定范围内促进花粉萌发,转基因白桦花粉萌发对硼酸和Ca^2＋的反应敏感,培养基中缺乏该物质时花粉不萌发。激素类物质低浓度时促进萌发,高浓度时抑制萌发。最适合培养基组分为蔗糖18%,硼酸0.015%,Ca^2＋ 0.020%,pH6.0,NAA 10mg/ml,6-BA 1mg/ml。并对不同保存条件（4℃,-20℃）下转基因白桦花粉的萌发率进行了比较,4℃下干燥保存更有利于保持转基因白桦花粉的活力。