基于地表土壤动物与植物完整性指数评估若尔盖沼泽湿地受扰现状

利用地表土壤动物与植物群落生物完整性指数评价若尔盖沼泽湿地受扰现状,为若尔盖沼泽湿地恢复提供依据。2018年7月与2019年7月对若尔盖10处典型湿地(参照区4个,受扰区6个)地表土壤动物与湿地植被群落进行调查。通过对74个候选指标的分布范围、判别能力及相关分析,确定中生性植物、一年生植物、龙胆科植物、一年生植物/多年生植物比4个植物核心指标,地表土壤动物总个体数量、中小型动物类群数量、蜘蛛目物种数量、菌食性土壤动物与腐食性土壤动物5个核心指标,构建若尔盖沼泽湿地地表土壤动物与植物完整性指数。以所有采样点95%分位数为最佳期望值,四分位法确定研究区域未受干扰、轻度干扰程度、中度干扰与重度干扰4个等级,作为判断若尔盖沼泽湿地受扰状况。结果显示,若尔盖沼泽湿地相对原始沼泽、花湖沼泽化草甸2、长期低强度排水疏干区、短期高强度排水疏干区分别处于未受干扰、轻度干扰、中度干扰与重度干扰状态。所调查的若尔盖典型湿地中,20%的湿地未受到干扰,30%的湿地受到轻度干扰,30%的湿地受到中度干扰,20%的湿地受到重度干扰。Pearson相关系数分析显示,地表土壤动物完整性指数与植物完整性指数存在显著正相...     

Differential seed mortality among habitats limits the distribution of the invasive non-native shrub Ardisia elliptica

During the early phases of biological invasions, both limited dispersal and habitat preference may contribute to observed patterns of distribution for non-native species. In a disturbed area of Everglades National Park, the non-native Ardisia elliptica (Myrsinaceae) does not occur in all habitat types nor is it evenly distributed among habitats where it does occur. One goal of this study was to determine whether the patchy distribution of A. elliptica may be due to differential effects of habitat on seed fates and germination. Screen mesh bags containing seeds of A. elliptica were buried in the surface litter of five habitats and were later sampled periodically over a three month period to measure seed germination, survival and death. Seed mortality and mean germination speed was higher in open exposed habitats relative to closed canopied forests. During the study period, which coincided with the dry season, there was no germination of seeds that had been placed in pine forests or in Schinus thickets that were highly disturbed pine forests. Because hydroperiod is a critical determinant of habitat type in the Everglades ecosystem, a second goal of this study was to determine whether water availability was correlated with seed germination and seedling survival in five sites where A. elliptica has invaded. Seeds were sown under mesh boxes and monitored for germination and seedling survival for ten months. Estimates of water availability taken as predawn water potentials on A. elliptica were positively correlated with percent seed germination but not with percent seedling survival. Additionally, pre-dawn water potential of A. elliptica differed among sites. This study suggests that differential water availability among habitats may have influenced the patchy distribution of A. elliptica in Everglades National Park. Lack of sufficient moisture availability for seeds in exposed habitats such as pine forests and wetland prairies during the dry season has contributed to its distribution. Because some of the habitats where A. elliptica currently occurs were pine forests and wetland prairies prior to disturbance, this study suggests that substrate disturbance and canopy formation have altered the soil microenvironment, favoring the establishment of A. elliptica.     

三江自然保护区自然和干扰湿地节肢动物群落组成和生态指示

节肢动物是湿地生物多样性的重要组分,在维持湿地生态功能,指示湿地环境变化中发挥重要作用。在2020年7月对黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的23个采样点进行节肢动物样品采集,运用统计方法分析人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物数量、群落组成、多样性的影响以及节肢动物对人类活动干扰的指示作用。共采集到节肢动物10目47科1825只,主要以双翅目和半翅目昆虫为主。自然湿地节肢动物的多度是干扰湿地的4.27倍;生物多样性指数在不同湿地类型之间存在一定差异,节肢动物的物种丰富度在自然湿地显著高于干扰湿地(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数在干扰湿地显著高于自然湿地(P<0.05)。人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物群落组成影响显著,聚类和非度量多纬尺度排序(NMDS)显示,两种湿地类型节肢动物群落结构相似性较低。指示值法分析显示,自然湿地的指示类群为叶甲科、蚁形甲科、叶蝉科、蚜科、盲蝽科、摇蚊科以及姬蜂总科,干扰湿地未发现指示类群。综上所述,湿地节肢动物对人类活动干扰响应十分敏感,可以作为指示湿地健康状况的关键生物类群。     

Response of wetland herbaceous communities to gradients of light and substrate following disturbance by thermal pollution

The influence of thermal disturbance and site characteristics on distribution of herbs was studied in portions of a 3020 ha wetland in the southeastern USA. Presence-absence of 52 species in 130 0.25 m² plots was determined from four sites with different disturbance histories and from an undisturbed site. Data from the four disturbed sites were ordinated by detrended correspondence analysis. Differences in species composition among sites (coarse scale) were associated with water depth, light, and substrate type. Within a site (at a fine scale), correlation of environmental variables with ordination scores at a chronically disturbed site was weakly correlated with light (r=0.50). At two sites with episodic disturbance, species composition correlated significantly and positively with substrate and water depth. At a recovering site, vegetation patterns were moderately correlated with water depth (r=?0.52). Species richness was correlated with substrate type along the disturbance gradient. Our results are consistent the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and the subsidy-stress gradient concept.     

Habitat and Population Effects on the Germination and Early Survival of the Invasive Weed, Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife)

In this study, we examined how environmental factors and differences among populations of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae; purple loosestrife) influenced the establishment of this species into both its preferred wetland habitat and secondary upland habitat. Seeds and seedlings from five parents from each of the three populations were planted in each wetland and upland of two sites in both disturbed and undisturbed plots. More seeds germinated in wetland than in upland sites (31% as compared to 11%) and, although a disturbance resulted in greater germination (23% as compared to 17% in undisturbed plots), there was no interaction with habitats. The results of a simultaneous greenhouse germination study in which seeds were planted under saturated and drained conditions suggest that the higher germination observed in wetland sites was due to the higher moisture present at such sites (79% vs. 45% in saturated and drained conditions, respectively). Disturbance enhanced both germination and growth of L. salicaria and this was especially so for seedlings. Dry weights of seedlings from disturbed plots were five times greater than those from undisturbed plots ( =9.2 vs. 1.8g in disturbed and undisturbed conditions, respectively). In addition to environmental factors, population differences are likely to play an important role in the spread of L. salicaria as we found differences between the populations in both life stages examined. One of the populations germinated equally well in both moisture treatments. In our seedling establishment experiment, one of the populations produced both the smallest plants and the most and earliest flowers, suggesting superior reproduction.     

苔草草丘恢复湿地的景观格局变化——以哈尔滨太阳岛为例

湿地景观变化是湿地生态学领域研究的重要内容。湿地景观要素在不同时间和空间的变化过程研究是揭示湿地演变规律,开展生态恢复实践的重要科学基础。以哈尔滨太阳岛苔草草丘恢复湿地为例,采用野外调查与3S技术相结合的方法,选取草丘面积、斑块形状特征、草丘数量及形态特征等指标,探究草丘湿地恢复过程中的景观变化,为开展湿地恢复提供了重要的科学依据。结果表明:经过8年的恢复,苔草草丘景观变化明显。草丘数量增多,丘墩高度、直径、植株高度、冠幅显著增加(P0.05);湿地恢复后,苔草群落向外扩展722 m~2,苔草草丘总面积达2222 m~2,扩展率为48.13%;在湿地微地貌和水文条件等因素的综合作用下,草丘群落扩展方向具有一定规律性,斑块边界和质心分别向西南方向扩展了29.91 m和迁移了5.9 m,扩展度和曲线边界比重不断增加,斑块形状和边界趋于复杂,景观空间异质性增强;利用根茎克隆繁殖结合水位调控可实现苔草草丘的快速恢复。     

Long-term landscape changes in vegetation structure: fire management in the wetlands of KwaMbonambi,South Africa

In wetlands the effects of fire on vegetation dynamics are somewhat uncertain. A change detection analysis in the herbaceous wetlands of KwaMbonambi, South Africa, which were subject to frequent fires, revealed that in 1937 the study area comprised grassland (69%), herbaceous wetland (25%), indigenous swamp forest (4%) and tree plantations (1%). However, by 1970, tree plantations occupied 78% of the landscape and grasslands and herbaceous wetlands had declined to 9% and 6%, respectively, whereas indigenous swamp forest had increased to 6%. By 2009 tree plantations had been removed from the wetland areas. Despite this opportunity for herbaceous wetlands to recover their historical extent, they decreased to only 2%, mostly changing to indigenous swamp forest or to an herbaceous/fern (Stenochlaena tenuifolia)/woodland mosaic. Fire records showed suppression of fire to be an important contributing factor, particularly in wetlands that had been disturbed by tree plantations, although subsequently removed. A pilot burning experiment revealed that S. tenuifolia did not inhibit fire. It is therefore practicable to increase fire frequency to prevent the mosaic developing into forest. A conceptual model of the influence of fire regime on wetland vegetation type is presented and priorities for further research on wetlands and fire are recommended.     

Study on coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China

Coastal wetland is located in the active interface between land and sea, which is one of the richest biodiversity habitats, while it is seriously disturbed and destroyed by anthropogenic activities in both terrestrial and marine parts. Habitat serves as the basis for organism survival, providing food, shelter, water, space and so on, and habitat degradation and loss caused by intense anthropogenic activities is widely considered as the main reason for biodiversity decline and loss. However, there is still limited study on the evaluating methods of coastal wetland habitats, especially for those in a large scale. In this study, methods for evaluating coastal wetland habitat quality, including selecting indicators, setting value assignment criteria and weights were discussed systematically, a method of coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation was established, and the habitat quality in Quanzhou Bay was also evaluated as a case study. The present study provided a new concept and method to assess quantitatively habitat status, indicate the ecological status and its change, and also reflect and predict indirectly the ecological impact of human activities.Referring to the habitat evaluation system (HES) developed by United States in the mid 1970s, the evaluation method was established by thorough analysis of the characteristics of coastal wetland. The habitat indicators were selected in terms of three habitat factors as follows: chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate in seawater, sulfide in sediment, and regional priority pollutants; physical factors, including landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index; biological factors, including invasive species risk and area ratio of invasive alien species. Weights were established by Analytic Hierarchy Process, combined with several-round expert evaluation. Evaluation criteria providing principles for value assignment of each indicator, were established referring to previous standards and related researches. The final result for assessing habitat quality was indicated and stated by the value of Habitat Quality Index (HQI), which is the weighted sum of each indicator. Habitat quality increased with the HQI value, with value ranging from 0 to 100.The established evaluating method was applied to assess the habitat quality of Quanzhou Bay, located in the southeast coastal zone of Fujian Province, with a total area of 136.4 km², which is an important bay in Fujian. Quanzhou Bay wetland is a typical coastal wetland with diverse wetland habitats, including mangrove, estuary, island, aquaculture ponds, salt pan, shallow sea, mud flat and so on. The Quanzhou Bay is now seriously suffering environmental problems, e.g. eutrophication due to great discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, rapid urbanization and reclamation resulting in decreased wetland area, and the invasion of alien species. The evaluation results showed that the habitat quality index value was 68.13, 57.99 and 51.23 in 1989, 2002 and 2008, respectively, indicating that the habitat degraded gradually. The five major factors that led to decline of HQI value were phosphate in seawater, lead in sediment, landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index and area ratio of invasive alien species. Therefore, in order to improve and maintain habitat quality, it is urgent to control pollution, large-scale reclamation and Spartina invasion in Quzhou Bay.     

Soil and Hydrological Drivers of Typha latifolia Encroachment in a Marl Wetland

Aggressive species competition by Typha latifolia in wetland systems on marl-derived soils may threaten the unique vegetation in these areas. We examined historic water and land use, soil chemistry, soil genesis, and topography in a wetland (Harewood Marsh) that is under encroachment by T. latifolia. An earthen road that bisects the wetland and active pastures in and around the wetland were also considered in the study due to their potential influence on wetland hydrology and nutrient inputs. Historic land uses and trends in surface water patterns were determined via aerial photography. In addition local landowners and city officials were contacted for information about historic water use in the area around the marsh. Soils were augered and sampled in seven locations in the wetland, and at each auger site, vegetation was described. Six wells were installed near the earthen road and weekly water depth measurements were taken from January 2002 to January 2003. In February 2002, 10 A-horizon soil samples (per transect) were taken from three 150-m transects that spanned areas with and without T. latifolia. Results indicate that T. latifolia encroachment is facilitated by a rising water table (the result of the termination of a local municipal water supply source) and N and P inputs, most likely from cattle grazing on the wetland. An increase in the numbers of rare plant species associated with marl wetland habitats appears to have also occurred and is believed partly due to current wetter conditions. Our study provides insight into the dynamics of T. latifolia encroachment in a unique marl wetland habitat and demonstrates how local factors controlling nutrient and hydrologic dynamics can have significant effects on changes in plant community composition.     

The potential of paleoecology for functional forest restoration planning: lessons from Late Holocene Italian pollen records

We describe forest landscape transformations during the last two millennia in the Italian peninsula by analyzing local (Rieti basin – Lago Lungo) and regional (RF93-30 Adriatic Sea) sediment cores. We identify a dynamic forest ecosystem through paleoecologic reconstruction and consider potential interventions for effective restoration of the most ancient, least disturbed forest ecosystem. The most degraded ecosystems in consequence of human activities were hygrophilous (wet) and mesic forests. In the Rieti Basin, degraded forest ecosystems on mountain slopes are undergoing some degree of forest succession and have less need of restoration. However, management plans for biodiversity, ecosystem services and resources conservation are needed to achieve more sustainable development. In Rieti, the paleoecological investigation revealed a dramatic decrease of deciduous wet and mesic tree taxa through time due to human landscape transformation. The starting point for restoration of a Mediterranean forest ecosystem that preserves natural biodiversity and associated ecosystem services requires recreating some portion of the floodplain wetland ecological niche. Once floodplain forest ecological niche has been recreated, the original ecosystem composed of Alnus, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus and Acer spp., all species which today are rare, should be planted on the basis of microsite characteristics and tree autoecology.     

Effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sestonic food abundance on the invertebrate community within a constructed treatment wetland

1. The effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation on the invertebrate community in a hypereutrophic constructed treatment wetland in southern California was investigated at two nutrient levels that influenced sestonic food abundance. 2. Gambusia affinis and insect predators in the wetland had a significant impact on larval mosquito density in the wetland irrespective of nutrient level. At the end of the 5‐month study, cladoceran abundance in predator exclusion enclosures was 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than in the treatments that allowed access by planktivores. Chironomids were the most abundant insect group collected in emergence traps, and midge production from the high nutrient location of the wetland was greater than from the low nutrient location, but was not affected significantly by G. affinis. The presence of abundant alternative prey in this highly enriched wetland may have weakened the predation impact of G. affinis on mosquitoes. 3. The abundances of six invertebrate groups in dipper samples and of four insect groups in emergence trap collections were analysed using a multivariate distance‐based linear model. Fish treatment and location interactions with sampling date explained significant amounts of the variation in the abundance of invertebrate groups. 4. Multivariate multiple regression analysis showed that chlorophyll‐a concentration explained a large portion of the variability in non‐predatory insect and zooplankton abundance at the high nutrient location, whereas bacterial density explained a large portion of the variability in the abundances of these taxa at the low nutrient location. Predatory insects were not directly coupled to the bottom‐up influence of bacterial abundance and chlorophyll‐a.     

辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化及驱动机制

湿地景观破碎化的加剧严重影响了湿地生物多样性保护和湿地生态系统服务功能的维持,本研究以辽河口盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)湿地为研究对象,基于GIS平台构建1985—2019年间湿地景观数据库,定量分析湿地景观破碎化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:1985—2019年间,辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地呈退化趋势,具体表现为湿地面积萎缩,湿地景观破碎化加剧。盐地碱蓬湿地面积在1988年达到最大值4158.81 hm~2,景观聚集度较高,此后,湿地景观破碎度出现先增大后减小再增大的波动变化,2003年和2019年盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化最为严重,破碎度分别达到5.90和7.89;影响辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化主要驱动因素为人为开发活动和水文过程;景观破碎化的整体上升趋势与道路修建、农田开发、水产养殖、径流量和输沙量有较好的空间对应关系,道路修建、农田开发和水产养殖面积的增加以及年径流量的减少是导致盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化的主导因素。     

Application of frequency ratio and logistic regression models for assessing physical wetland vulnerability in Punarbhaba river basin of Indo-Bangladesh

Growingly scarce ecologically viable flood plain wetland of the Punarbhaba river basin is further endangered due to flow modification through Komardanga dam. This work intends to discover physical vulnerability of the wetlands in Punarbhaba river basin of Indo-Bangladesh considering seven conditioning parameters, e.g., water presence frequency (WPF) map, flood inundation map, frequency of pixel being non-permanent, agriculture presence frequency (APF) map, fragmentation of wetland, normalized differentiation built up index (NDBI), and wetland changes (WC). Frequency Ratio and Logistic Regression models have been used for deriving the vulnerability of wetland for both pre (1988–1992) and post dam (1993–2016) periods. From computed FR models it is exhibited that out of the total wetland area (194.81 km²), 5.88% and 2.92% area are high and very highly vulnerable in pre-dam period but such vulnerable area is increased to 33.45% and 23.10% in post-dam state (total wetland: 126.11 km²). LR models also state that in pre-dam period, high and very high vulnerable wetland area were 5.02% and 3.82% (total wetland: 194.79 km²) and it is enhanced to 28.94% and 24.49% in post-dam state (total wetland: 126.11 km²). Extensions of agricultural land, squeezing of active flood plain, lowering flood frequency are dominant determinants for growing wetland vulnerability.     

POPULATION STRUCTURE,BIOMASS ALLOCATION,AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN MURDANNIA KEISAK (COMMELINACEAE)

Field and glasshouse studies were used to explain differences in plant biomass, shoot length, and reproductive effort in four populations of a wetland annual herb, Murdannia keisak. Populations were chosen from continually thermally disturbed, intermittently thermally disturbed, revegetating, and undisturbed portions of a floodplain forest in South Carolina, USA. Plants in the two thermally disturbed areas were shorter, flowered earlier in the autumn, and produced more and smaller seeds than plants in revegetating and undisturbed sites. Reproductive effort was higher in populations from undisturbed and revegetating sites than in the two thermally disturbed sites. Generally, differences observed in the field were not expressed in the glasshouse plants. Glasshouse experiments suggested that most of the observed among-population differences in size and reproductive effort in the field study were a result of a plastic response to water depth and light. The combination of field and glasshouse data showed that this wetland weed adjusts readily to newly disturbed habitats, thus spreading rapidly and maintaining local dominance.     

Plant communities on anthropogenically disturbed sites on the Chukotka Peninsula,Russia

Abstract. The vegetation of anthropogenically disturbed sites on the Chukotka Peninsula was investigated in 1986 and 1990. 102 sites had been bulldozed free of vegetation and soil between 2 and 20 yr ago and revegetated. Anthropogenic vegetation differs considerably from natural tundra. The total plant cover decreases, lichens are absent, moss composition changes, and graminoids predominate. A floristic classification was developed in order to describe the diversity of anthropogenic communities formed on these sites. Four associations were distinguished, all belonging to the alliance Poion glaucomalacanthae. An additional alliance characterized by Alopecurus alpinus is suggested for colder sites, but it has not yet been described. There is a correspondence of associations to substrate types. The association Phippsietum algidae was found only on loam substrate. The Artemisietum glomeratae and Saxifragetum punctatae are connected with rubble or gravel. The graminoid association Arctagrostietum arundinaceae is generally widespread in disturbed habitats and occurs on a variety of substrate types.     

排水对小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地溶解性有机碳和有效氮磷的影响

选取不同排水年限的兴安落叶松人工林湿地(1974年排水、1985年排水、1992年排水、2003年排水)和天然森林沼泽湿地(兴安落叶松沼泽湿地)为研究对象,探讨排水对小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和有效氮磷的影响。结果表明,天然沼泽排水后,在土壤垂直剖面上,不同排水年限的森林湿地与天然沼泽湿地的土壤溶解性有机碳含量均呈递减变化。与天然森林沼泽湿地相比,排水湿地各土层DOC含量均显著低于天然沼泽湿地(P0.05)。天然森林沼泽,表层(0—10 cm)的土壤SOC含量、DOC/SOC、土壤有效氮含量均大于排水森林沼泽,但是有效磷含量却低于排水森林沼泽(P0.05)。在土壤表层(0—10 cm),排水年限与DOC、SOC、DOC/SOC、土壤有效氮呈显著性负相关,与有效磷呈显著性正相关(P0.05)。天然沼泽排水后,表层(0—10 cm)土壤的DOC含量与有效氮(铵态氮、硝态氮)含量成正比,与有效磷含量成反比(P0.05)。     

1954-2015年不同地貌分区下湿地农田化过程的时空特征——以完达山以北三江平原为例

以完达山以北三江平原（以下简称为小三江平原）为研究区,依据样带选择原则选取具有湿地农田化典型性的区域（即典型样带）。在地质地貌分区的基础上,基于特定历史时期的土地利用/覆被数据集构建长时间序列的耕地和沼泽湿地动态变化数据集,利用RS和GIS技术分析小三江平原典型样带内湿地农田化的时空变化规律,探究近60年小三江平原内湿地农田化的区位特征,结果表明：（1）1954-2015年,小三江平原的耕地面积显著增加,垦殖率达到了79.47%,耕地结构发生了显著的变化;（2）小三江平原湿地农田化具有明显的历史阶段性：在改革开放之前（1954-1976年）湿地农田化程度不是很大,改革开放初期（1976-1985年）开始发生明显的湿地农田化,到全面改革开放期（1985-1995年）湿地农田化程度加重,在改革开放转型期（1995-2005年）湿地农田化最严重,在深化改革开放期（2005-2015年）湿地农田化程度有所减小;（3）区域大的自然背景决定了小三江平原湿地农田化整体趋势：1954-2015年间,小三江平原湿地农田化最初发生在中幅度沉降第四纪缓慢上升区,逐步扩展到大幅度沉降第四纪缓慢沉降区和小幅度沉降第四纪缓慢上升区;（4）小三江平原湿地农田化具有明显的地貌区位特征：湿地农田化最初发生在冲积平原上,然后扩展到河流低阶地和高河漫滩上,随着时间的推移逐步扩展到低河漫滩和微高地上,最后蔓延到洼地上。     

盐城滨海湿地优势植物碳氮磷生态化学计量高光谱反演

滨海湿地是海陆交界的生态过渡带,是自然界生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一。湿地植物作为湿地生态系统重要的组成部分,研究其碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征是了解植物生长状况与适应策略的有效途径。以江苏盐城滨海湿地为研究区,采集互花米草(Spartina alterifora)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)共5种优势湿地植物样本及冠层高光谱数据,对植物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征进行高光谱反演研究。结果表示白茅、柽柳与芦苇的最佳反演模型为随机森林(RF)模型,对互花米草反演效果最好的是偏最小二乘(PLSR)模型,而对盐地碱蓬反演精度最高的是BP神经网络(BPNN)模型。研究表明利用高光谱数据可以实现湿地植物碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的准确反演,不同模型对于不同湿地植物的反演存在差异,RF模型的反演稳定性最强,是反演湿地植物生态化学计量特征的较优模型。     

辽河三角洲湿地生长季蒸散量时空格局及影响因素

蒸散是湿地系统水分损失的重要途径之一,有效量化湿地蒸散量并对其时空格局进行研究具有重要意义。本文以Landsat数据和气象观测数据为基础,利用SEBAL模型估算辽河三角洲湿地1985—2017年共8期植被生长季的蒸散量,并分析其时空格局和影响因素。结果表明:(1)反演得到的蒸散量平均相对误差为9.01%,估测值与实测值相关系数为0.61,基本满足湿地蒸散研究需求;(2)研究区多年日蒸散量均值和相对变化率整体呈双峰态势,极小值出现在2005年,极大值出现在1989年和2014年;(3)日蒸散量具有水陆交界处最低、西部较低、中东部和南部高的趋势,具有显著的空间分异特征;(4)不同土地利用/覆被类型的蒸散量大小依次为:水体区湿地植被区非湿地植被区非植被区(除水体外),多年不同土地利用/覆被类型的蒸散量变化也呈双峰态势,日总蒸散量变化与土地利用转型有关,土地利用/覆被是导致湿地蒸散时空分异的重要因素;(5)平均蒸散量与太阳辐射、气温、风速、相对湿度四个气象因子加权值显著相关,相关系数为0.69,两者年际波动趋势基本一致,蒸散量变化与气象条件变动联系密切。     

The contribution of leaching to the rapid release of nutrients and carbon in the early decay of wetland vegetation

Our goal was to quantify the coupled process of litter turnover and leaching as a source of nutrients and fixed carbon in oligotrophic, nutrient-limited wetlands. We conducted poisoned and non-poisoned incubations of leaf material from four different perennial wetland plants (Eleocharis spp., Cladium jamaicense, Rhizophora mangle and Spartina alterniflora) collected from different oligotrophic freshwater and estuarine wetland settings. Total phosphorus (TP) release from the P-limited Everglades plant species (Eleocharis spp., C. jamaicense and R. mangle) was much lower than TP release by the salt marsh plant S. alterniflora from N-limited North Inlet (SC). For most species and sampling times, total organic carbon (TOC) and TP leaching losses were much greater in poisoned than non-poisoned treatments, likely as a result of epiphytic microbial activity. Therefore, a substantial portion of the C and P leached from these wetland plant species was bio-available to microbial communities. Even the microbes associated with S. alterniflora from N-limited North Inlet showed indications of P-limitation early in the leaching process, as P was removed from the water column. Leaves of R. mangle released much more TOC per gram of litter than the other species, likely contributing to the greater waterborne [DOC] observed by others in the mangrove ecotone of Everglades National Park. Between the two freshwater Everglades plants, C. jamaicense leached nearly twice as much P than Eleocharis spp. In scaling this to the landscape level, our observed leaching losses combined with higher litter production of C. jamaicense compared to Eleocharis spp. resulted in a substantially greater P leaching from plant litter to the water column and epiphytic microbes. In conclusion, leaching of fresh plant litter can be an important autochthonous source of nutrients in freshwater and estuarine wetland ecosystems.