ISSR分子标记技术在分析玉米自交系遗传关系研究中的适用性

利用ISSR分子标记技术对59份玉米自交系和1份大刍草材料进行遗传多样性分析.21对ISSR引物共扩增出475条不同位置的带,平均22.6条;多态性带469条,平均22.3条,百分率高达98.7%;不同引物的多态性信息指数(PIC)在0.84～0.94之间.60份材料的遗传相似系数在0.23～0.48之间.经聚类分析,可将这些材料分成两大组,共9个亚组,并且在一定程度上与血缘和系谱是一致的,也存在一些例外.结果表明,ISSR标记尽管可以用于进行遗传多样性分析,但并不是最好的分子标记类型.综合考虑不同的分子标记类型的优缺点,认为ISSR标记在遗传研究较少的作物上应用潜力较大.     

应用A-PAGE技术研究玉米自交系资源种子蛋白的遗传多样性

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术对260份玉米自交系种质资源的种子储藏蛋白进行检测,分析了这组种质在蛋白水平上的遗传多样性。结果表明,在供试自交系中,种子盐溶和酸溶蛋白电泳谱带均显示出较高的多态性,并存在一致性。其中盐溶蛋白电泳谱带数目多于酸溶蛋白,且95%为多态性谱带,表明盐溶蛋白在供试自交系资源中具有丰富的多样性。利用盐溶蛋白多态性完成的聚类分析结果和自交系系谱及杂种优势群之间没有明显的对应关系,表明储藏蛋白A-PAGE方法对于大规模玉米种质资源的遗传多样性分析和类群划分可能存在局限性。     

利用RFLP,SSR,AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自效系遗传多样性的比较研究

利用ＲＦＬＰ、ＳＳＲ、ＡＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ４种分子标记方法研究了１５个玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系的遗传多样性,同时对４种标记系统进行比较。在供试材料中筛选到具多态性的ＲＦＬＰ探针酶组合５６个,６７６对ＳＳＲ引物,２０个ＲＡＰＤ引物和９个ＡＦＬＰ引物组合,分别检测到多态性带１６７、２０１、８７和１０８条。ＳＳＲ标记位点的平均多态性检测效率（Ａｉ,３２．２）。４种分子标记所得遗传相似自交系划分     

利用SSR标记分析玉米轮回选择群体的遗传多样性

利用SSR标记技术分析了玉米基础群体DC0及其选择两轮后的群体HSC2和MSC2以及基础群体XFC0和其选择一轮后的群体XFC1的遗传多样性。结果表明：49对引物在5个玉米群体中共扩增出185个等位位点,每个SSR座位的等位基因数目为1～7个,平均为3．8个;基础群体多态性位点总数和多态性位点比例比其改良群体的略高;DC0、HSC2和MSC2 3个群体的基因平均杂合度相似,XFC0与XFC1的基因平均杂合度相似;基础群体与改良群体的平均遗传距离也相似;累加各引物扩增的基因型种类,改良群体的基因型种类偏少,但这些差异均不显著。以上结果说明轮回选择的基础群体与其改良后群体的遗传变异相似,轮回选择可以保持群体的遗传变异范围,改变群体的遗传组成,增加群体内个体间的异质性。     

北方玉米丝轴黑粉菌遗传多样性与遗传分化研究

从80个随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)引物中筛选出26个扩增稳定、带纹清晰的引物,对从玉米丝黑穗病发生严重的大部分北方省市收集分离的68个玉米丝轴黑粉菌菌株进行了DNA遗传多 样性分析.结果表明,RAPD谱带多态性为98.33%,北方玉米丝轴黑粉菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,遗传分化明显;种群内遗传变异小于种群间遗传变异.玉米丝轴黑粉菌遗传分化除明显受地理阻隔影响外,也可能与玉米种子调运过程中携带病菌基因的遗传迁移相关.取相似系数为0.76阀值时的系统聚类分析,可将68个菌株划分为13个遗传宗谱.本研究结果完善和丰富了我国玉米丝轴黑粉菌遗传多样性评价研究,对玉米抗病资源筛选和抗病育种具有重要参考价值.     

中国地方黄牛的遗传多样性*

中国黄牛起源复杂,我国地方黄牛群体不同品种在毛色、形态外貌、细胞遗传学、血液蛋白座位分析均表现出多样性。计算我国黄牛群体6个毛色座位平均杂合度和6个血液蛋白座位平均杂合度分别为0.3144和0.4873,表明我国地方黄牛群体的遗传多样性非常丰富。计算我国黄牛群体的6个毛色座位和6个血液蛋白座位的基因分化系数分别为0.3404和0.095,表明我国黄牛群体毛色差异中有34.04％是由品种间的差异造成的。血液蛋白的多态性有9.5％是由品种间的差异造成的。我国黄牛群体的遗传多样性主要来自品种内的遗传多样性。保存我国黄牛品种资源多样性不仅要从整个中国黄牛群体上考虑,而且要针对每个品种（或类群）进行保种。     

基于荧光SSR标记的玉米自交系遗传结构解析

利用多重SSR-PCR荧光标记检测技术,对本单位自育和引进的259份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析,并以11个归属于不同杂种优势群的代表自交系为参照进行群体结构分析。结果显示,50对SSR引物共检测到214个等位基因变异,基因多态性指数的平均值为0.50,每个SSR标记的多态性信息量(PIC)平均值为0.44。用UPGMA方法将270份自交系划分成3大类群,进一步进行数值化杂种优势群分析,以明确所用种质资源的杂优类群利用方向,为玉米自交系的有效利用和品种的选育提供依据。     

利用分子标记分析遗传多样性时的玉米群体取样策略研究

利用分子标记技术对玉米种质资源进行遗传多样性分析对种质资源的保存和利用具有重要的指导意义。但是,在对地方品种和育种群体这些开放授粉群体进行大规模遗传多样性分析时,取样方法将会严重影响到研究结果和工作效率。本研究用2个育种群体和3个地方品种为试材,利用微卫星(SSR)标记对每个群体100个个体及其组成的不同随机混合样品进行了分子检测。结果表明,不同群体的群体内遗传变异大小存在差异;相同数目的个体随机混合的不同样品间的检测结果基本相同;不同数目的个体混合的样品间存在一定程度的差异,并且与材料本身的遗传变异大小有一定关系。考虑到结果的科学性和工作的可行性,建议在利用分子标记(如SSR)进行地方品种和育种群体的遗传多样性评估时,随机选取30个个体组成混合样(或用15个个体组成2个混合样)来代表1个地方品种或育种群体进行分子鉴定。     

玉米近缘植物的遗传研究及其在玉米改良中的利用

玉米近缘植物作为玉米的重要遗传资源,对玉米品种的改良存在着巨大的潜力介绍了玉米近缘植物的分类及其主要遗传资源,分析了玉米近缘植物的遗传学特征,阐述了玉米近缘植物在玉米改良中的主要作用,为玉米种质资源的进一步开发利用,指导玉米品种改良实践提供有益的参考     

玉米的遗传转化

介绍近年来玉米遗传转化在受体系统、基因导入、选择标记和表达系统等方面的研究进展。     

棉花遗传多态性研究进展

从系谱分析、形态特征、生化及 DNA分子水平等方面分析了棉花遗传多样性的研究进展 .国内外的研究一致表明陆地棉品种间遗传多态性水平低 ,改进其遗传多样性是今后棉花遗传育种研究的重要内容 .加强对现有栽培品种、野生种质的研究利用和种质引进交流 ,多种育种技术综合运用和合理的植棉区域规划及多育种目标引导 ,是提高育成品种遗传多样性的重要途径 .并提出今后应加强棉花核心种质的研究和从基因组水平对棉花遗传多样性的研究     

干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响

选取玉米品种丹玉39为供试材料,利用大型农田水分控制试验场,采用大田池栽方式,在玉米三叶-拔节期、拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期分别开展中度干旱胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析3个关键生育时期干旱胁迫对春玉米生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明：与水分适宜对照（CK）相比,三叶-拔节期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期推迟13 d,至拔节普遍期,株高偏低29.8%,叶面积偏小41.2%,复水后,株高和产量得到较大程度恢复,果穗性状和最终产量差异不大;拔节-吐丝期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短7 d,至吐丝普遍期,株高偏低18.6%,叶面积偏小14.1%,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降6.9%、19.1%、28.1%和29.4%,空秆率增加13.3%;吐丝-乳熟期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短15 d,生长至乳熟普遍期,株高偏低2.3%,叶面积偏小37.3%,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降9.2%、24.1%、30.8%和27.9%,空秆率增加24.5%.拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期干旱胁迫处理并复水后,玉米株高恢复不明显,产量降幅显著.     

Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents

The concepts of “founder equivalent” and “founder genome equivalent” are introduced to facilitate analysis of the founding stocks of captive or other populations for which pedigrees are available. The founder equivalents of a population are the number of equally contributing founders that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. Unequal genetic contributions by founders decrease the founder equivalents, portend greater inbreeding in future generations than would be necessary, and reflect a greater loss of the genetic diversity initially present in the founders. The number of founder genome equivalents of a population is that number of equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. The number of founder genome equivalents is approximately that number of wild-caught animals that would be needed to obtain the same amount of genetic diversity as is in the descendant captive population. Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents allow comparison of the genetic merits of adding new wild-caught stock vs. further equalizing founder representations in a captive population.     

Evidence for the genetic control of lysine catabolism in maize endosperm

A split pollination was used to produce normal (Su su su O2 o2 o2) and high lysine double mutant sugary opaque-2 (su su su o2 o2 o2) endosperms on the same ear of sugary opaque-2 maize plants. Amino acids were determined in the vascular sap of the ear peduncle. Lysine content in the sap was compared with lysine stored in both normal and sugary opaque-2 endosperm during kernel filling. Lysine content in the ear peduncle sap could account for all lysine found in both endosperms. Preformed lysine is highly catabolized in the normal endosperm, but not in the high lysine sugary opaque-2 endosperm. The rate of lysine breakdown appears to be an important mechanism by which the high lysine mutant controls lysine level in maize endosperm.     

Gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii): I. Dependence of gene survival in the calgary breeding group pedigree

The joint probability distribution of the number of distinct (not identical by descent) genes from each founder of the Equus przewalskii population that survive in the five horses of the Calgary Zoological Gardens breeding group has been calculated. The dependence structure of this distribution is investigated, and informative marginal distributions are given, among them the distributions of the genetic contributions of each founder to the Calgary horses and the distribution of wild-type genes in these horses. The dependence pattern is found to be complex; there is no substitute for exact calculation of the full joint probability distribution of numbers of surviving genes. Probabilities of gene survival give a more complete summary of the genetic structure of a set of individuals than is provided by more routine measures such as heterozygosity or founder contributions. The feasibility of computing these probabilities for small groups of current individuals descended from few founders via long and complex pedigrees, provides a new approach to assessing such groups, and could be used also in selecting animals to form the founder stock of propagules for future reintroduction programs.     

Gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii): II. Gene survival in the whole population,in subgroups,and through history

In populations with a known pedigree, exact joint probability distributions of numbers of surviving of genes from each founder can now be calculated for moderately large complex pedigrees (1,000–2,000 individuals and much inbreeding). The usefulness of such calculations is shown by our analysis of gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii), a species now extinet in the wild with a captive population with 1,516 individuals in the known pedigree (12 generations). We calculate the genetic diversity of subsets of the current population interesting to the North American Species Survival Plan, trace the loss of genetic diversity in this species through its history in captivity, and determine genetically important individuals in the North American population—those with relatively high probabilities of having unique copy genes (genes not found in any other living individual in North America).     

Change in genetic size of small-closed populations: Lessons from a domestic mammal population

The aim of this study was to monitor changes in genetic size of a small-closed population of Iranian Zandi sheep, by using pedigree information from animals born between 1991 and 2005. The genetic size was assessed by using measures based on the probability of identity-by-descend of genes (coancestry, f, and effective population size, N(e) ), as well as measures based on probability of gene origin (effective number of founders, f(e) , effective number of founder genomes, f(g) , and effective number of non-founder genomes, f(ne) ). Average coancestry, or the degree of genetic similarity of individuals, increased from 0.81% to 1.44% during the period 1993 to 2005, at the same time that N(e) decreased from 263 to 93. The observed trend for f(e) was irregular throughout the experiment in a way that f(e) was 68, 87, 77, 92, and 80 in 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, and 2005, respectively. Simultaneously, f(g) , the most informative effective number, decreased from 61 to 35. The index of genetic diversity (GD) which was obtained from estimates of f(g) , decreased about 2% throughout the period studied. In addition, a noticeable reduction was observed in the estimates of f(ne) from 595 in 1993 to 61 in 2005. The higher than 1 ratio of f(e) to f(g) indicated the presence of bottlenecks and genetic drift in the development of this population of Zandi sheep. From 1993 to 1999, f(ne) was much higher than f(e) , thereby indicating that with respect to loss of genetic diversity, the unequal contribution of founders was more important than the random genetic drift in non-founder generations. Subsequently, random genetic drift in non-founder generations was the major reason for f(e) > f(ne) . The minimization of average coancestry in new reproductive individuals was recommended as a means of preserving the population against a further loss in genetic diversity.     

农杆菌及基因枪在玉米遗传转化中的应用

目前外源基因导入玉米受体细胞的方法很多 ,最受瞩目的是农杆菌介导法和基因枪法。就农杆菌、基因枪转化玉米的基本原理、影响转化率的因素 ,以及近年来在玉米遗传转化中的最新动态进行了综述