Host tree resistance against the polyphagous wood-boring beetle Anoplophora glabripennis

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiini) is an invasive wood‐boring beetle with an unusually broad host range and a proven ability to increase its host range as it colonizes new areas and encounters new tree species. The beetle is native to eastern Asia and has become an invasive pest in North America and Europe, stimulating interest in delineating host and non‐host tree species more clearly. When offered a choice among four species of living trees in a greenhouse, adult A. glabripennis fed more on golden‐rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) and river birch (Betula nigra L.) than on London planetree (Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willdenow) or callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decaisne). Oviposition rate was highest in golden‐rain tree, but larval mortality was also high and larval growth was slowest in this tree species. Oviposition rate was lowest in callery pear, and larvae failed to survive in this tree species, whether they eclosed from eggs laid in the trees or were manually inserted into the trees. Adult beetles feeding on callery pear had a reduced longevity and females feeding only on callery pear failed to develop any eggs. The resistance of golden‐rain tree against the larvae appears to operate primarily through the physical mechanism of abundant sap flow. The resistance of callery pear against both larvae and adults appears to operate through the chemical composition of the tree, which may include compounds that are toxic or which otherwise interfere with normal growth and development of the beetle. Unlike river birch or London planetree, both golden‐rain tree and callery pear are present in the native range of A. glabripennis and may therefore have developed resistance to the beetle by virtue of exposure to attack during their evolutionary history.     

A field experiment on dispersal of newly emerged adults ofMonochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Newly-emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus aged 1 to 5 days were code-numbered with lacquer paint and released by placing them on the trunks of one or two trees in a Pinus thunbergii stand at weekly intervals during the beetle emergence period from 1980 to 1983. Beetles were captured at weekly intervals from one week after the first day of release. Determinations were made on the distance and direction of beetle dispersal during a week after release and analysed by a method of Inoue (1978). When the stand canopy was closed, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.56 per week. The beetles dispersed at random by walk and flight. When the pine stand was sparse, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.02–0.30 per week. They dispersed at random by flight. The average distances traversed were estimated to be 7.1–37.8 m for the first week after emergence. Using other method, the average distance traversed was estimated to be 10–20 m for each week through the first 3 weeks after release. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis and a simple field experiment suggested that the dispersal of newly-emerged beetles was affected by stand density, number of beetles emerging from individual dead trees, maximum air temperature, and precipitation.     

History and development of an isolated outbreak of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

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Seasonal flight patterns of Ips typographus in southern Sweden and thermal sums required for emergence

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Olfactory response of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) to larval frass of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on different host tree species

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is a destructive pest that attacks many species of deciduous hardwood trees. One of its natural enemies is Dastarcus helophoroides that parasitizes many species of longhorned beetles. Larval frass from six different host tree species varied in attraction to D. helophoroides adults, and frass from one host species, Acer negundo, showed no attraction at all. This information has practical benefits to evaluating the efficacy of D. helophoroides as a biological control agent for A. glabripennis and increases our understanding of the co-evolution between this parasitoid, its host, and host food trees.     

Field studies of control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) using fiber bands containing the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria brongniartii

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, was first found attacking urban street trees in the United States in 1996 and in Canada in 2003. This tree-killing invasive insect has long been a major pest in China and is difficult to control because immature stages live within wood and long-lived adults are often located high in tree canopies. A microbial control product (Biolisa Kamikiri) consisting of non-woven fiber bands impregnated with cultures of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria brongniartii, is marketed in Japan for control of a congeneric orchard pest. Replicated field trials were conducted in Anhui, China to compare Biolisa Kamikiri with similarly prepared bands containing Metarhizium anisopliae for control of A. glabripennis. One fungal band was placed at 2–2.5 m height, around the stem or major scaffold branch on each of 40 willow trees (Salix spp.) per plot, with five plots for each fungal treatment and five control plots. Adult beetles collected from fungal-treated plots 7–22 days after bands were attached to trees died faster than adults from control plots. Beetles exposed to B. brongniartii bands consistently died faster than controls throughout this period, while results from plots with M. anisopliae bands were not as consistent in differing from controls. Numbers of adult beetles from plots of each fungal species dying in <10 days were greater than controls (16% of beetles) but did not differ between fungal treatments (34–35%). Oviposition in fungal-treated plots was approximately half that in control plots. Locations of adult beetles and oviposition scars within tree canopies were quantified to determine optimal locations for band placement. Most adult beetles were found >3.5-m high in trees, with adults in B. brongniartii-treated plots higher within trees than adults in other plots.     

Life history of the Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in southern Europe

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Early responses of bark and wood boring beetles to an outbreak of the hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in a boreal balsam fir forest of North America

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Individual-based modeling of the spread of pine wilt disease: vector beetle dispersal and the Allee effect

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus. Due to their mutualistic relationship, according to which the nematode weakens and makes trees available for beetle reproduction and the beetle in turn carries and transmits the nematode to healthy pine trees, this disease has resulted in severe damage to pine trees in Japan in recent decades. Previous studies have worked on modeling of population dynamics of the vector beetle and the pine tree to explore spatial expansion of the disease using an integro-difference equation with a dispersal kernel that describes beetle mobility over space. In this paper, I revisit these previous models but retaining individuality: by considering mechanistic interactions at the individual level it is shown that the Allee effect, an increasing per-capita growth rate as population abundance increases, can arise in the beetle dynamics because of the necessity for beetles to contact pine trees at least twice to reproduce successfully. The incubation period after which a tree contacted by a first beetle becomes ready for beetle oviposition by later beetles is crucial for the emergence of this Allee effect. It is also shown, however, that the strength of this Allee effect depends strongly on biological mechanistic properties, especially on beetle mobility. Realistic individual-based modeling highlights the importance of how spatial scales are dealt with in mathematical models. The link between mechanistic individual-based modeling and conventional analytical approaches is also discussed.     

Flight dimorphism is related to survival,reproduction and mating success in the leaf beetle Oreina cacaliae

1. Alternative life histories may be maintained in populations due to variation in the costs and benefits of the underlying strategies. In this study, potential costs of dispersal by flight were investigated as an alternative life‐history strategy in the mountain‐living chrysomelid beetle Oreina cacaliae. 2. In this species, previous mark–recapture studies showed a dispersal dimorphism in both males and females. While a fraction of the population engages in flight in autumn and spring (in the following referred to as ‘flyers’), the other part does not fly (non‐flyers). Flyers emerge earlier than non‐flyers and feed on a spring host plant before the emergence of the main host plant. 3. In this study, the overwintering and dispersal locations were recorded over 7 years in the field, flyers from the spring host plant were collected, and morphology and lifetime reproductive output and survival of collected flyers and non‐flyers were compared. 4. A potential trade‐off between flight and life‐history traits was observed: flyers were smaller in size, lighter in body mass, had a lower lifetime fecundity and a higher mortality. 5. Mating experiments of field‐caught beetles in the laboratory showed that larger beetles had a higher (multiple) mating success, but there was no evidence for size‐assortative mating. It is hypothesized that one reason for small beetles to disperse by flight might be to escape competition for mates with larger non‐flyers. 6. The overwhelming quantity of beetles found on the spring host every year reveals that the flying strategy is successful, despite the costs and risks.     

Quantifying the effects of distance and conspecifics on colonization: experiments and models using the loosestrife leaf beetle, Galerucella calmariensis

The ability of an insect to disperse to new habitat patches is difficult to quantify, but key to the establishment and persistence of populations. In this study, we examined dispersal of the phytophagous chrysomelid beetle, Galerucella calmariensis, which is currently being introduced into North America for the biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive wetland weed. We used a mark, release, and recapture approach to determine how rates of colonization of host patches by this beetle are influenced by the distance of the patch from the source of dispersers, and by the presence of conspecifics at the patch. We released color-coded beetles at six distances from a long, linear patch of purple loosestrife that was divided into segments with and without conspecifics. We observed initial flight directions as beetles left the release points and collected all beetles that settled at the target patch. We found a bias in initial flight toward the target for distances up to 50 m. Over the 7 days of the experiment, beetles arrived at the target from all release points, including the farthest release point, 847 m away. G. calmariensis was strongly attracted to conspecifics when settling after dispersal; 86% of the 582 recovered beetles came from the segments inhabited by conspecifics. The probability of an individual arriving at the patch declined steeply with release distance. This relationship fits a model in which beetles move in a random direction and stop if they intercept the target patch, and where beetles are lost at a constant rate with distance travelled. The dispersal and patch-colonizing behavior of G. calmariensis is likely to have important consequences for the biological control program against purple loosestrife. Received: 23 January 1996 / Accepted:30 September 1996     

Differences in the fruit maturation stages at which oviposition occurs among insect seed predators feeding on the fruits of five dipterocarp tree species

The seeds of dipterocarp trees are the main food resources for many species of weevils, bark beetles and small moths; however, for most seed‐eating insects on dipterocarp tropical trees, seed utilization patterns remain poorly investigated. This study aimed to determine the fruit maturation stages at which eggs are laid by different insect seed predators feeding on the seeds or fruits of the following five dipterocarp species: Dipterocarpus globosus, Dryobalanops aromatica, Shorea beccariana, S. acuta and S. curtisii, which reproduced during the same period. We investigated the occurrence frequencies of the insect seed predators at various growth stages by collecting both unfallen and fallen fruit on several occasions during the period of seed/fruit maturation in a tropical rainforest in Borneo from September to December 2013. Weevils and bark beetles were the dominant insect seed predators of the five tree species. One or two weevil species of Alcidodes, Damnux and/or Nanophyes preyed on the seeds of each of the five tree species, and one bark beetle species, Coccotrypes gedeanus, preyed on the seeds of all five tree species. Many larvae, pupae and adults of each weevil species were found in pre‐dispersal (unfallen) fruit, whereas bark beetles at various growth stages were found in post‐dispersal (fallen) fruit. These results suggested that, among the dominant insect seed predators of the five dipterocarp species, weevil species oviposit on pre‐dispersal fruit and begin their larval growth before seed dispersal, whereas the oviposition and larval development of bark beetle species occurs in post‐dispersal fruit.     

Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest

Abstract.  1. Bark and ambrosia beetles are crucial for woody biomass decomposition in tropical forests worldwide. Despite that, quantitative data on their host specificity are scarce.
2. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) were reared from 13 species of tropical trees representing 11 families from all major lineages of dicotyledonous plants. Standardised samples of beetle-infested twigs, branches, trunks, and roots were taken from three individuals of each tree species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea.
3. A total of 81 742 beetles from 74 species were reared, 67 of them identified. Local species richness of bark and ambrosia beetles was estimated at 80–92 species.
4. Ambrosia beetles were broad generalists as 95% of species did not show any preference for a particular host species or clade. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from different tree species was not correlated with phylogenetic distances between tree species. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from individual conspecific trees was not higher than that from heterospecific trees and different parts of the trees hosted similar ambrosia beetle communities, as only a few species preferred particular tree parts.
5. In contrast, phloeophagous bark beetles showed strict specificity to host plant genus or family. However, this guild was poor in species (12 species) and restricted to only three plant families (Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Sapindaceae).
6. Local diversity of both bark and ambrosia beetles is not driven by the local diversity of trees in tropical forests, since ambrosia beetles display no host specificity and bark beetles are species poor and restricted to a few plant families.     

Continuous population estimates forDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) occurring in infestations

Infestations of Dendroctonus frontalisZimm. are often observed to enlarge continuously by the colonization of new hosts in a pattern similar to a forest fire. This pattern of infestation growth presents unique problems in quantitatively estimating populations of D. frontalis. Beetle populations on each infested tree in an infestation go through five processes: attack, oviposition, reemergence, survivorship, and emergence. These processes, which have been described mathematically in the literature, each take several days for completion. In order to follow the distribution and abundance of D. frontalis throughout the course of development of a spot, we need a daily estimate of the number of beetles involved in each process on every tree. Since it is not practical to sample each tree daily, we developed a procedure whereby quantitative estimation procedures for within-tree populations were used in combination with the mathematical models for the life processes to produce a daily record of the number of adults successfully attacking trees, the number of eggs oviposited, the number of beetles reemerging, number of beetles surviving within the trees, and the number of beetles emerging. These daily estimates were then summarized for all trees in the spot for the duration of the infestation. The daily record of populations of D. frontalis, used with information on infestation geometry, were suggested to be of value in describing and elucidating several important facets of population dynamics including dispersal patterns within infestations, between tree beetle loss (mortality), and time lags among the various population processes. The information reported can be used to develop simulation models of population dynamics or to validate existing models.     

The role of host tree condition in attack of white oaks by the twolined chestnut borer,Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Summary The twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), attacks stressed oaks (Quercus spp.) and is associated with extensive mortality of trees in the eastern deciduous forests of North America. We examined host location by the insect and subsequent host mortality in experimentally stressed trees. A. bilineatus adults were able to rapidly and specifically locate stressed oak trees. Up to 160 beetles per week were captured on sticky band traps on the trunks of stressed trees, while beetles rarely landed on unstressed control trees. This suggests that adult borers have an acute perception of host tree quality, and that this perception is from a distance. One mechanism of host location may be detection of volatile compounds produced by stressed trees.The condition of the host tree appears to regulate both beetle attraction and successful colonization. Mortally wounded (xylem-girdled) trees attracted beetles only until the cambium died. Xylem-girdled trees were attacked early in the beetle flight season, but larvae did not survive to emerge as adults from these trees. In contrast, phloemgirdled trees continued to attract beetles throughout the flight period. Phloem-girdled trees which were heavily attacked by A. bilineatus died late in the season in which they were attacked. Lightly attacked trees survived until the following growing season, and were then heavily attacked and killed. In one stand, phloem-girdled trees were not attacked, healed over the girdling wounds and were still alive three years after girdling. These results indicate that oak trees are only attractive to A. bilineatus within a narrow range of physiological conditions following stress but prior to mortality. A. bilineatus appears to be a proximate agent of mortality in stressed oaks in eastern North America.This paper (85-7-8-216) resulted from a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with the approval of the Director     

The pattern and range of movement of a checkered beetle predator relative to its bark beetle prey

Theoretical studies of predator‐prey population dynamics have increasingly centered on the role of space and the movement of organisms. Yet, empirical studies have been slow to follow suit. Herein, we quantified the long‐range movement of a checkered beetle, Thanasimus dubius, which is an important predator of a pernicious forest pest, the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Adult checkered beetles were marked and released at five sites and subsequently recaptured at traps baited with pine and pine beetle semiochemicals and located at distances up to 2 km away from the release point. While the pattern of recaptures‐with‐distance at each site provided a modest fit to a simple random‐diffusion model, there was a consistent discrepancy between observed and expected recaptures: a higher than expected proportion of beetles were recaptured at the more distant traps. To account for this deviation, we developed a model of diffusion that allowed for simple heterogeneity in the population of marked beetles; i.e., a slow and fast moving form of the checkered beetle. This model provided a significantly better fit to the data and formed the basis for our estimates of intra‐forest movement. We estimated that on average, one half of the checkered beetles dispersed at least 1.25 km, one third dispersed>2 km, and 5% dispersed>5 km. The source of the heterogeneous dispersal rates were partially due to differences in beetle size: smaller beetles (for both males and females) were more likely to be recaptured away from the release site than larger beetles. The southern pine beetle (prey for the checkered beetle) exhibited no significant heterogeneity in dispersal ability and provided a very good fit to the simple diffusion model. The only difference in dispersal between these two species was that checkered beetles were undergoing greater long‐distance dispersal than the pine beetles (the radius containing 95% of the dispersing individuals was 5.1 km for the checkered beetle and 2.3 km for the pine beetle). Data on the movement of these two species is used to evaluate a general model of spatial pattern formation in a homogeneous environment, and the potential of the checkered beetle as a biological control agent for the southern pine beetle.     

Spatial spread and infestation risk assessment in the Asian longhorned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis

The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is recognised as potentially one of the most damaging invasive insects in Europe and North America. International trade has increased the risk of accidental introduction of ALB. An eradication programme was initiated in Northeast Italy in June 2009, when an ALB infestation was discovered. The infestation was monitored by annual surveys of all host‐tree species growing in the eradication area. Infested trees were cut down and chipped. This study analyses the spatiotemporal distribution of infested trees for a 5‐year period from 2008 to 2012 using a generalised linear model approach. The results show that spread and infestation risk were significantly affected by (1) distance of suitable hosts from the nearest infested trees, (2) number of infested trees in the surroundings, and (3) annual variation. The significant differences in beetle dispersal between years reflect to some extent the onset of the eradication programme. The model allowed the estimation of arbitrary probability‐based management boundaries surrounding ALB‐infested trees. For example, the model estimated a 0.1% probability of attack on a suitable host tree 1 910 m from an existing attack.     

Density, distribution and dispersal of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis in two adjacent cereal fields

The distribution of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis was monitored in the summer during a period of declining activity associated with aestivation in a hedgerow. After emergence from aestivation, population density, distribution and dispersal of N. brevicollis were studied during autumn 1994 in a mark‐recapture experiment. 3560 beetles were marked and 1887 were recaptured in a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 32 m either side into two recently harvested cereal fields. Population size, estimated from a Lincoln index, increased slightly with time with a mean population density of approximately 0.9 beetles m^?2. Activity‐density varied during the experiment and was significantly related to maximum temperature. The population was aggregated within the hedgerow during aestivation and in several spatially stable hot‐spots of activity‐density within the field during autumn. There was considerable movement within fields but the hedgerow was a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with potential effects on the metapopulation structure of the species.     

Recapture of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) with attractants of low release rates: localized dispersion and environmental influences

1 The dispersal of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) was studied using a mark–release–recapture approach in a grid of traps equipped with pheromone lures of release rates of about 8.4 mg/day of 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol (MB) and 0.29 mg/day of (S)‐cis‐verbenol (cV) in experiment 1, and 1.2 mg/day of MB and 0.04 mg/day of cV in experiment 2. 2 We investigated whether beetle dispersal reflected the simple diffusion pattern observed in previous I. typographus experiments, for which attractant release rates generally approached 50 mg/day of MB and 1 mg/day of cV. We also examined how environmental parameters (wind) and human activities (felling) could influence the beetles' flight. 3 The recapture percentage was higher in experiment 1 than in experiment 2: respectively, 7.0% (with 64 traps) and 2.3% (with 100 traps) of the beetles that took off were caught in the traps. 4 With the higher release rate (experiment 1), trap catches decreased with increased distance, whereas with the lower release rate (experiment 2), trap catches rose between 50 and 100 m then decreased with increasing distance. 5 Flight was little orientated by prevailing wind directions, a feature probably explained by the low wind speeds (0–1.2 m/s) observed throughout the study. 6 High trap catches of unmarked beetles close to areas undergoing thinning activities suggest that the presence of freshly cut spruce and larch material could have an influence on dispersal, attracting the beetles into the felling area. Spatial analyses show that capture patterns were autocorrelated up to distances of about 250 m.     

Behaviours of phoretic mites (Acari) associated with Ips pini and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during host‐tree colonization

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