An analysis of the possible effects of the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic on grass pollen concentrations in the Midlands,UK

The 2001 grass pollen season in the United Kingdom was notably severe. An epidemic of foot and mouth disease (FMD) occurred in the UK during February and spread through the country during the summer. The media claimed that the control measures of culling infected animals and the restricted movement of stock, led to reduced grazing allowing pastures to flower more than in previous years. This study aimed to examine whether the severity was due only to weather factors or if the control measures also contributed. Three pollen sites from the FMD-affected Midlands region were investigated and compared with two sites from regions unaffected for differences in pollen catches, culling levels and weather. The June pollen catch in the Midlands was particularly high but this pattern also features in areas such as Cambridge in the East that were minimally affected by the epidemic. In most of the catchment areas affected by FMD the quantity of animals culled was less than 10% of the total livestock. In areas where culling was concentrated we can assume that there would have been some localized affect on the pollen levels. The results show that the main influencing variable on the 2001 grass pollen counts in the Midlands was the weather and that culling due to the foot and mouth epidemic did not exert an important influence at the regional level.     

An analysis of the possible effects of the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic on grass pollen concentrations in the Midlands, UK

The 2001 grass pollen season in the United Kingdom was notably severe. An epidemic of foot and mouth disease (FMD) occurred in the UK during February and spread through the country during the summer. The media claimed that the control measures of culling infected animals and the restricted movement of stock, led to reduced grazing allowing pastures to flower more than in previous years. This study aimed to examine whether the severity was due only to weather factors or if the control measures also contributed. Three pollen sites from the FMD-affected Midlands region were investigated and compared with two sites from regions unaffected for differences in pollen catches, culling levels and weather. The June pollen catch in the Midlands was particularly high but this pattern also features in areas such as Cambridge in the East that were minimally affected by the epidemic. In most of the catchment areas affected by FMD the quantity of animals culled was less than 10% of the total livestock. In areas where culling was concentrated we can assume that there would have been some localized affect on the pollen levels. The results show that the main influencing variable on the 2001 grass pollen counts in the Midlands was the weather and that culling due to the foot and mouth epidemic did not exert an important influence at the regional level.     

Hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in Malaysia

Hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth.The illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents.Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) belongs to the species Human enterovirus A under the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae.EV71 has been associated with an array of clinical diseases including hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD),aseptic meningitis,encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like acute flaccid paralysis.A large outbreak of HFMD due to highly neurovirulent EV71 emerged in Malaysia in 1997,and caused 41deaths amongst young children.In late 2000,a recurrence of an outbreak of HFMD occurred in Malaysia with S fatalities in peninsular Malaysia.Outbreak of HFMD due to EV71 recurred in 2003 with an unknown number of cases and mortalities.A similar outbreak of HFMD with 2 recorded deaths in young children occurred in peninsular Malaysia in late 2005 and this was followed by a larger outbreak in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) with 6 reported fatalities in the early part of 2006.The current on-going outbreak of HFMD started in peninsular Malaysia in epidemiological week 12 of 2010.As with other HFMD outbreaks in Malaysia,both EV71 and CA16 were the main aetiological viruses isolated.In similarity with the HFMD outbreak in 2005,the isolation of CA16 preceded the appearance of EV71.Based on the VP 1 gene nucleotide sequences,4 sub-genogroups of EV71 (C1,C2,B3 and B4) co-circulated and caused the outbreak of hand,foot and mouth disease in peninsular Malaysia in 1997.Two sub-genogroups (C1 and B4) were noted to cause the outbreak in 2000 in both peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.EV71 of sub-genogroup B5 with smaller contribution from sub-genogroup C1 caused the outbreak in 2003.In the 2005 outbreak,besides the EV71 strains of sub-genogroup C1,EV71 strains belonging to sub-genogroup B5 were isolated but formed a cluster which was distinct from the EV71 strains from the sub-genogroup B5 isolated in 2003.The four EV71 strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients with hand,foot and mouth disease in the Sarawak outbreak in early 2006 also belonged to sub-genogroup B5.Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene suggests that the EV71 strains causing the outbreak in Sarawak could have originated from peninsular Malaysia.Epidemiological and molecular data since 1997 show the recurrence of HFMD due to EV71 in Malaysia every 2 to 4 years.In each of the past outbreaks,more than one sub-genogroup of the virus co-circulate.     

2008～2009年青岛地区手足口病病原学的调查分析

本研究对2008～2009年青岛地区手足口病的病原学进行调查研究。首先对HFMD病例的咽拭子标本直接进行病毒核酸的提取,然后采用多重荧光逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法对总肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV)、肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus Type 71,EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus Group A 16,CVA16)进行检测,对EV阳性而EV71和CVA16均阴性的标本采用半巢式反转录PCR进行肠道病毒VP1基因部分序列的扩增和序列分析以鉴定其血清型别。结果提示2008～2009年青岛地区手足口病的主要病原为EV71和CVA16,无论轻症和重症病例,EV71的比例都大于CVA16。2008年共获得5个(8株)其它血清型,分别是柯萨奇病毒(Cox-sackievirus,CV)的A5、A6、A10、A12及埃可病毒9(Echovirus 9,E9),血清型分布比较分散、均匀。2009年共获得3个其它血清型(13株),分别是CVA9、CVA12及CVB2,CVA12所占比例较大(11/13),分布比较集中。CVA12成为2009年青岛地区HFMD病原中除EV71和CVA16外,新的较为流行的病原。     

口蹄疫病毒外源序列插入位点的研究进展

伴随着对口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)蛋白结构功能的深入研究,发现FMDV能够表达外源基因片段。通过对FMDV的基因进行改造和修饰研究,进而实现了不同应用目的,如提高病毒滴度、引入标记、提高免疫应答、降低致病性等。文中主要从FMDV接受外源基因插入位点角度来介绍现阶段关于FMDV表达外源基因相关进展。     

2009～2011年上海市手足口病流行病学和病原学特征

为分析2009～2011年上海地区手足口病流行病学特征和病原构成,从国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统获取上海市2009～2011年手足口病流行病学资料;采用实时荧光反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）对来自上海18个区（县）的6676例手足口病病例标本进行肠道病毒核酸检测,对其中257份标本进行病毒分离;对27份人肠道病毒71型（HEV71）毒株进行VPl基因序列全长测定和分析。结果显示,2009～2011年上海市18个区（县）均有手足口病病例报道,地区分布元显著差异;≤5岁的婴幼儿为疾病高发年龄段;4～11月为发病高峰期。HEV71和柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CAl6）为主要病原,不同地区病原构成有所不同。实时荧光RT—PCR对6676例病例标本进行核酸检测,其中肠道病毒通用核酸检测阳性率为69．61％,HEV71和CAl6阳性率分别为38．83％和21．26％。对257份HEV71核酸阳性标本进行病毒分离,获得毒株57株,分离阳性率为22．18％。对其中27株进行VPl基因全长测序,均属C4a基因亚型。     

Towards broadly protective polyvalent vaccines against hand,foot and mouth disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by multiple enterovirus infections is a serious health threat to children in the Asia–Pacific region. This article reviews progresses in the development of vaccines for HFMD and discusses the need for polyvalent HFMD vaccines for conferring broad-spectrum protection.     

2010年上海部分地区440例手足口病病例的病原谱及分子流行病学分析

本文旨在对上海部分地区2010年440例临床手足口病病例进行病原谱及分子流行病学特征分析,为上海地区手足口病防治工作提供依据.采集4所哨点医院440例手足口病病例的咽拭子、粪便和脑脊液标本,进行肠道病毒核酸检测、反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增、DNA测序和序列分子系统发生树分析.结果显示,引起手足口病的肠道病毒主要为肠道病毒...     

益生菌治疗中国儿童手足口病疗效Meta分析

目的 系统评价补充益生菌对中国儿童手足口病的疗效。 方法 电脑检索资料库,包括知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Medline、The Cochrane Library。检索时间为建库至2020年3月,搜集有关益生菌辅助治疗儿童手足口病疗效的随机对照试验,由两位研究者独立筛选文献,提取数据并进行质量评价。运用RevMan 5.3软件作数据分析。 结果 共纳入12项临床研究,计943例患儿。Meta分析结果显示,补充益生菌可缩短患儿皮疹消退时间[MD=-1.20 d,95%CI(-1.63～-0.77),P结论 现有证据表明,益生菌作为手足口病的辅助治疗方法,可减轻患儿临床症状,缩短病程且不增加副反应发生率。     

2011—2016年上海地区手足口病病原谱及柯萨奇病毒A组6型不同基因型感染细胞的差异研究

本文旨在分析2011—2016年上海地区手足口病病原谱的构成和主要病原体流行规律,为手足口病的疫情防控和重症预警提供参考。采集2011—2016年哨点医院临床诊断为手足口病的患儿标本,首先进行肠道病毒通用型核酸和分型检测,其次对2012—2016年核酸检测为柯萨奇病毒A组6型(coxsackievirus A6,CA6)阳性样本进行基因型重组检测,分离重组型和非重组型CA6株,比较两者生物学特性。结果显示,2011—2012年秋季上海地区手足口病主要致病原为肠道病毒71型(enterovirus type 71,EV71)和CA16;2012年秋季起CA6成为主要病原体;2013—2014年重组型CA6(recombinant CA6,R CA6)占一定比例;2015—2016年非重组型CA6(non-recombinant CA6,NR CA6)成为优势流行株。R CA6和NR CA6代表株在RD细胞中增殖良好,在KB、MRC-5和HEp-2细胞中未见明显增殖。比较R CA6与NR CA6代表株接种于RD细胞后细胞活性下降的动态变化,未见显著差异。本研究证实,CA6为近年来上海地区手足口病的主要病原体,R CA6和NR CA6的构成比逐年变化,提示持续监测手足口病主要病原体并了解其生物学特性,对上海地区手足口病的防控预警及疫苗研发具有重要意义。     

广州白云区儿童多次罹患手足口病的流行病学特征

目的分析2009年1月—2011年9月广州白云区儿童多次罹患手足口病的流行病学特征。方法采用描述性流行病学分析方法,对2009年1月—2011年9月白云区社区儿童多次罹患手足口病案例进行流行病学分析。结果 2009年1月—2011年9月,共监测到手足口病个案18665例,其中再次罹患手足口病个案542人,发生率为2.95%,以城中村较为密集的西南部病例居多。多次罹患手足口病按月分布的变化规律与总发病水平相关(r=0.84p,<0.0 001),再患手足口病的时间与初次患病感染病原体型别无关。4岁以下儿童易发,占85.24%;男孩发病是女孩的1.75倍;散居儿童与集体儿童发病的比例为1.70∶1,与初次患病比,托幼机构儿童比例显著上升。病原学检测以其他肠道病毒感染为主。结论儿童多次罹患手足口病存在明显季节、地区、性别年龄差异。病原型别多、分布广泛,可能是儿童再患手足口病发生较频繁的主要原因,应加强儿童监护人健康教育和托幼机构卫生管理。     

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

This review examines whether exfoliated, virus-infected animal skin cells could be an important source of infectious foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) aerosols. Infectious material rafting on skin cell aerosols is an established means of transmitting other diseases. The evidence for a similar mechanism for FMDV is: (i) FMDV is trophic for animal skin and FMDV epidermis titres are high, even in macroscopically normal skin; (ii) estimates for FMDV skin cell aerosol emissions appear consistent with measured aerosol emission rates and are orders of magnitude larger than the minimum infectious dose; (iii) the timing of infectious FMDV aerosol emissions is consistent with the timing of high FMDV skin concentrations; (iv) measured FMDV aerosol sizes are consistent with skin cell aerosols; and (v) FMDV stability in natural aerosols is consistent with that expected for skin cell aerosols. While these findings support the hypothesis, this review is insufficient, in and of itself, to prove the hypothesis and specific follow-on experiments are proposed. If this hypothesis is validated, (i) new FMDV detection, management and decontamination approaches could be developed and (ii) the relevance of skin cells to the spread of viral disease may need to be reassessed as skin cells may protect viruses against otherwise adverse environmental conditions.     

2014-2018年辽宁省手足口病病原构成及其他肠道病毒基因进化特征

目的 了解辽宁省2014-2018年手足口病病原构成以及其他(非EV71和非CA16的肠道病毒)肠道病毒基因进化特征。 方法 采用2014-2018年辽宁省14个市送检的手足口病确诊病例的阳性标本,通过细胞培养法分离肠道病毒,提取病毒RNA,采用RT PCR法对肠道病毒VP1区基因进行扩增和序列测定。利用BLAST对测序结果比对后确定病毒基因型别,并构建系统进化树。 结果 手足口病阳性标本病原构成以其他肠道病毒为主,构成比为51.96%,在重症病例中阳性标本构成比是59.29%。优势流行病原在2014和2016年以CA16为主,其他年份以其他肠道病毒为主。CA10、CA6和CA4肠道病毒的分离株与相应的原型株的亲缘关系较远,与国内的分离株的亲缘关系较近。 结论 EV71和CA16感染的构成比总体呈下降趋势,其他肠道病毒的构成比缓慢上升,是本地手足口病的优势病原,要加强对其他肠道病毒的检测和分型工作,有效预防和控制手足口病。     

Complete sequence analyses of enterovirus 71 strains from fatal and non-fatal cases of the hand,foot and mouth disease outbreak in Singapore (2000)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major aetiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). In recent years, several outbreaks in East Asia were associated with neurological complications and numerous deaths. An outbreak in Singapore in October 2000 afflicted thousands of children, resulting in four fatal cases from three of whom EV71 was isolated. The genomes of two representative EV71 strains isolated from a fatal case and a surviving patient were completely sequenced, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with known EV71 strains. The two outbreak strains were classified under genogroup B, together with those previously isolated in Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. Comparative sequence analysis of the two Singapore strains revealed 99% nucleotide similarity, while their deduced amino acid sequences were almost identical except for residue 1506 in the 3A non-structural region. Given that the outbreak involved closely related genetic variants of EV71, the broad spectrum of disease severity may be attributed to critical factors such as varying viral inoculation doses or differing host immune responses following infection, but is less likely to be due to the emergence of EV71 strains with heightened virulence.     

CpG-enriched plasmid enhances the efficacy of the traditional foot-and-mouth disease killed vaccine

A CpG-enriched recombinant plasmid (pUC18-CpG) as an adjuvant of FMD killed vaccine was tested for immunization and vaccination challenge in a porcine model. Our preliminary results had indicated that the recombinant plasmid could enhance the humoral immune response triggered by the traditional oil-adjuvant vaccine after the initial inoculation. A subsequent vaccination-challenge test showed an increased PD(50) value. Thus, coadministration of the recombinant plasmid with the oil-adjuvant vaccine helped illicit an immune response earlier than that elicited by giving the vaccine alone. Our results showed that pUC18-CpG can be a potent immunoadjuvant for the traditional FMD killed vaccine and can greatly enhance the traditional vaccine's efficacy when given in combination with it.     

口蹄疫病毒三价复合多表位佐剂DNA疫苗构建及其免疫原性

以O型、A型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)结构蛋白VP1全基因和AsiaI型FMDV两个基因拓扑型的结构蛋白VP1基因上的5个抗原表位基因作为主要免疫原基因,以来源于非结构蛋白3ABC和结构蛋白VP4上的3个Th2细胞表位基因作为辅助基因,构建了O型、A型和Asia1型FMDV复合多表位基因工程疫苗表达盒OAAT,在此基础上,以金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)为基因佐剂,通过分子设计构建了SEA与OAAT融合表达基因。将构建好的表达盒OAAT与SEA融合表达基因克隆至真核表达载体PVAX1PCMV启动子下游,构建了口蹄疫三价基因佐剂DNA疫苗pEA。经Western blotting和IFA检测,目的蛋白在Hela细胞中获得正确表达。小鼠免疫实验表明,pA和pEA免疫组的血清抗体均能分别与O型、A型和AsiaI抗原反应,与对照组相比差异较显著,且pEA免疫组和灭活疫苗免疫组抗体水平均显著高于pA免疫组;同时pA和pEA免疫小鼠细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10较对照组显著提高,且pEA免疫组的IL-2、IFN-γ和IL-4水平明显高于pA免疫组。用O/NY00和Asia1/YNBS/58株FMDV进行...