60Co辐照对水稻基因组DNA诱变的分子生物学效应

以水稻品种农林8号及其60Co γ射线辐照突变体农林8号m为研究材料,选用360个10碱基寡核苷酸随机引物,利用随机扩增多态性DNA标记技术筛选出1个引物OPG18在农林8号和农林8号m之间表现出共显性的多态性.通过对该共显性标记的克隆和序列分析表明,突变体农林8号m与农林8号相比有29 bp DNA片段的缺失.研究结果为60Co γ射线辐照导致植物基因组DNA缺失提供了一个最直接明确的证据.     

辐射诱发唐菖蒲复色花突变体的AFLP分析

以唐菖蒲品种'新秀'的种球为材料,经不同剂量50Co γ射线诱变后,进行生物学性状观察,并以'新秀'为对照.用AFLP分子标记对突变体进行多态性分析.结果显示,(1)诱变后代出现了广泛变异,并从75 GY剂量组M:代中选出了花瓣呈粉白相间的复色花突变体.(2)突变体的大多数引物扩增产物带型与对照带型差异显著;64种引物中50对引物检测出DNA分子的多态性,产生1 600条清晰谱带,多态性位点112个,多态性13.08%,相似性系数为93%.差异片段主要集中于100～700 bp之间.研究表明,复色花突变体和对照之间的差异与遗传物质的改变相关,其中一些可能与花色形成基因有关.     

钝顶螺旋藻低中温适应型新品系的选育及RAPD分析

【目的】选育低中温适应型螺旋藻新品系，显著拓展螺旋藻工厂化培植的地理范围及时间、提高产量和降低成本。【方法】以用于工厂化培植的钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis) ZJU0116为出发品系，用组织匀浆和离心分离法制得其单细胞或原生质球，先以0.6%甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS)处理30 min，再用2.4 kGy的⁶⁰Co γ射线辐照，进行低温逆境筛选、5次冷/热(12 ℃/38 ℃)骤变交替处理、藻丝单体分离培养、温度适应面构建和蛋白质含量等检测及生产培植试验。【结果】获得了1株蛋白质含量与ZJU0116的相当、而温度适应面和平均日产量依次提高10.7%和10.9%的低中温适应型突变体，命名为ZJU0116(LMTA)。光学显微形态与随机扩增的多态性DNA (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD)分析结果显示，与其亲本ZJU0116相比，ZJU0116(LMTA)藻丝的螺旋数和长度依次减少54.4%和42.1%，螺距增加28.8%；基因组DNA在随机引物S30的扩增产物中多了1条约470 bp的条带。【结论】ZJU0116(LMTA)在工厂化培植中温度适应性好、生产性状稳定，干藻粉产量可增加10%以上，可为当前螺旋藻产业深度融合“双碳”目标、迈向高质量发展新阶段提供必要支撑。     

60Coγ射线和电子束对红棕象甲雄虫的不育效应

[目的] 红棕象甲在我国的危险性和潜在风险性日益突出,应用辐照不育技术控制该虫是绿色防治的重要途径之一。本研究筛选对红棕象甲雄成虫的射线最佳辐照剂量,为该项技术的实际应用提供科学依据。[方法] 通过室内试验,测定并分析2种射线不同辐照剂量⁶⁰Coγ射线和电子束辐照红棕象甲雄成虫对红棕象甲产卵量、卵孵化率、寿命的影响。[结果] 处理虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率都随2种射线剂量的增加而逐渐降低,与对照组具有显著差异。电子束剂量为100、150、200和250 Gy以及⁶⁰Coγ射线剂量为100、140、180 Gy时,卵孵化率为0。对2种辐照射线进行对比,当雌∶雄∶辐照雄虫为1∶1∶6 时,100 Gy ⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照对红棕象甲的防治效果较好,雌雄交配后卵的孵化率仅为2.44%。[结论] 实际应用中应选择剂量100 Gy⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照为宜。     

60Co γ射线对不同细胞形态出芽短梗霉的辐射诱变效应

使用⁶⁰Co γ射线辐照诱变的方法处理出芽短梗霉Aureobasidium pullulans AP92菌株的原生质体、茵丝体片段、分生孢子悬液,经初筛、复筛与对突变株的遗传稳定性研究,发现采用原生质体进行诱变,所获突变株的正突变率、单株产多糖的提高幅度、正突变株的产多糖遗传稳定性均明显高于菌丝体与分生孢子。比较出发菌株AP92与经原生质体诱变获得的正突变株A8l的性能,有如下明显改善：产多糖能力从16-35g/L提高到29.69g／L'糖转化率从 32.7％升到61.4％,残糖从13.26g/L降到3.06g/L,而发酵周期则可缩短约24小时。结果证明,对原生质体进行⁶⁰Co γ射线诱变,是优化出芽短梗霉菌种的有效途径。     

60Co-γ射线辐射诱变蝴蝶兰M1代花型突变体的RAPD分析

利用72个10bp随机引物对蝴蝶兰（F141780）及其60Co-γ射线辐射的8个表现型花型突变体进行RAPD分析。其中有30个引物能扩增出理想的带型,有4个随机引物扩增出的带型显示其中的25-6、304、30—8-2等3个突变体与对照品种之间具有稳定的多态性差异,即初定其为基因型花型突变体。     

60Coγ射线对广藿香的辐照诱变及再生植株的RAPD分析

探讨60Coγ射线辐照对广藿香外植体离体再生的影响及再生植株的诱变效应.采用60Coγ射线辐照广藿香外植体,考察辐照对外植体离体再生的影响,并观察再生植株的形态变异;同时采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术分析诱变再生植株的变异情况.广藿香外植体的存活率和外植体再生芽的能力,随着辐照剂量的升高而降低;部分再生植株在形态上发生一些变化;RAPD分析表明,4个辐照剂量的外植体再生植株多态性频率分别为39.13%、36.37%、23.09%及33.33%.60Coγ射线辐射会造成外植体存活率和再生芽能力的下降,辐照外植体培养获得的再生植株,在表型性状及分子水平上出现了一定的分离,为将辐照诱变技术应用于广藿香育种提供了依据.     

用随机扩增多态性DNA产物做探针产生鸡的DNA指纹图

我们用12个随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)引物对来自不同品系的4只鸡进行了RAPD分析,在扩增出的共99条带中,表现多态性的带为38条,占总带数的38％.回收了4个表现个体特异性的RAPD产物,当用鸡的基因组总DNA探针与它们杂交时,其中3个表现阳性,说明RAPD方法扩增出的高变异产物含有重复序列.用含重复序列的个体特异性RAPD产物作探针,与无关个体鸡基因组DNA的HaeⅢ酶切产物进行DNA印迹,获得了变异性较高的DNA指纹图谱.因此,高变异的RAPD产物可以有效地用作DNA指纹探针.     

照射后HeLa细胞对CDDP诱导的DNA交联产生抗性

应用EB荧光分析法测定了人宫颈癌上皮细胞系(HeLa line)经单次 ⁶⁰Co照射后顺铂(CDDP)诱导的DNA链内交联反应(ct％).经研究发现,1～6 Gy照射后,细胞相对生长分数(fraction of control growth,FCG) 减小,单位细胞DNA含量增高,HeLa细胞与CDDP的交联反应明显降低,且与照射剂量呈依赖关系.结果提示,γ射线照射后存活的肿瘤细胞可能对CDDP或烷化剂的化学治疗作用产生抗性.     

MITE转座子在不同甘蓝型油菜品种中的多态性研究

微型反向重复转座因子(MITE)在真核生物基因组中普遍存在,其活动能够在物种内形成丰富的多态性,在基因组进化和基因调控中均发挥重要作用。该研究利用286对不同MITE家族侧翼序列筛选的特异引物,对101个中国油菜、27个加拿大油菜和29个合成油菜品系(共157个品系)的基因组DNA进行多态性研究,以明确MITE家族的插入/缺失多态性以及在不同油菜品种之间插入的遗传多样性,进而探讨他们之间的亲缘关系。结果显示：(1)286对引物中筛选出60对条带清晰重复性高的多态性引物,多态性比例21.0%;其中Stowaway like家族和Tourist like家族特异引物的多态性比例分别为24.6%和20.0%。(2)PCR扩增结果显示,60对多态性引物对中国、加拿大、合成油菜品系的基因组DNA分别扩增出4 029、1 044、1 087条清晰可辨的条带。(3)UPGMA聚类显示,中国油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.59~0.95,加拿大油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.73~0.95;合成油菜品种间遗传相似系数值在0.64~0.93。研究表明,MITE在基因组中大量随机插入,形成种内丰富的多态性,利用MITE家族引物检测不同地区的油菜种质资源的多态性,可为油菜的育种找到许多尚未被开发的遗传变异。     

Effects of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic fields combined with gamma radiation on DNA and DNA repair

The aim of this study was to reveal whether static magnetic fields (SMFs) influence the repair of radiation‐damaged DNA on leukocytes or has any effect on DNA. After 4 Gy of ⁶⁰Co‐γ irradiation, some of the samples were exposed to inhomogeneous SMFs with a lateral magnetic flux density gradient of 47.7, 1.2, or 0.3 T/m by 10 mm lateral periodicity, while other samples were exposed to homogeneous SMF of 159.2 ± 13.4 mT magnetic flux density for a time period of 0.5 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 18, 20, or 24 h. Another set of samples was exposed to the aforementioned SMFs before gamma irradiation. The following three groups were examined: (i) exposed to SMF only, (ii) exposed to SMF following irradiation by ⁶⁰Co‐γ, and (iii) exposed to SMF before ⁶⁰Co‐γ irradiation. The analysis of the DNA damage was made by single‐cell gel electrophoresis technique (comet assay). Statistically significant differences were found at 1 h (iSMF), 4 h (hSMF), and 18 h (hSMF) if samples were exposed to only SMF, compared to control. When the SMF exposure followed the ⁶⁰Co‐γ irradiation, statistically significant differences were found at 1 h (iSMF) and 4 h (hSMF). If exposure to SMF preceded ⁶⁰Co‐γ irradiation, no statistically significant difference was found compared to 4 Gy gamma‐irradiated group. Bioelectromagnetics 31:488–494, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Cloning, quantification and characterization of a minisatellite DNA sequence from common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

 We describe the cloning and the characterization of a 130-bp DNA fragment, called OPG9-130, amplified from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genomic DNA. This fragment corresponds to a minisatellite DNA sequence containing seven repeats of 15 bp which differ slightly from each other in their sequence. Southern analysis showed that the core sequence of 15 bp is repeated in clusters dispersed throughout the genome. The use of this fragment as a probe allowed us to identify common bean lines by their DNA fingerprints. We suggest that OPG9-130 will be useful for line identification as well as for the analysis of genetic relatedness between bean species and lines. Received: 14 February 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 1998     

Map-based cloning of a novel rice cytochrome P450 gene CYP81A6 that confers resistance to two different classes of herbicides

Development of hybrid rice has greatly contributed to increased yields during the past three decades. Two bentazon-lethal mutants 8077S and Norin8m are being utilized in developing new hybrid rice systems. When the male sterile lines are developed in such a mutant background, the problem of F1 seed contamination by self-seeds from the sterile lines can be solved by spraying bentazon at seedling stage. We first determined the sensitivity of the mutant plants to bentazon. Both mutants showed symptoms to bentazon starting from 100 mg/l, which was about 60-fold, lower than the sensitivity threshold of their wild-type controls. In addition, both mutants were sensitive to sulfonylurea-type herbicides. The locus for the mutant phenotype is bel for 8077S and bsl for Norin8m. Tests showed that the two loci are allelic to each other. The two genes were cloned by map-based cloning. Interestingly, both mutant alleles had a single-base deletion, which was confirmed by PCR-RFLP. The two loci are renamed bel ^a (for bel) and bel ^b (for bsl). The wild-type Bel gene encodes a novel cytochrome P450 monooxgenase, named CYP81A6. Analysis of the mutant protein sequence also revealed the reason for bel ^a being slightly tolerant than bel ^b . Introduction of the wild-type Bel gene rescued the bentazon- and sulfonylurea-sensitive phenotype of bel ^a mutant. On the other hand, expression of antisense Bel in W6154S induced a mutant phenotype. Based on these results we conclude that the novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP81A6 encoded by Bel confers resistance to two different classes of herbicides. Gang Pan and Xianyin Zhang contributed equally to this work.     

Positive and negative tandem mass spectrometric fingerprints of lipids from the halophilic Archaea Haloarcula marismortui

Lipids from the extremely halophilic Archaea, Haloarcula marismortui, contain abundant phytanyl diether phospholipids, namely archaetidic acid (AA), archaetidylglycerol (AG), archaetidylglycerosulfate (AGS), with mainly archaetidylglycerophosphate methyl ester (AGP-Me). These were accompanied by a triglycosyl archaeol (TGA), lacking characteristic sulfate groups. Tandem-mass spectrometry was employed to provide fingerprints for identifying these known lipids, as well as small amounts of unsaturated phospholipids. These contained 3 and 6 double bonds in their archaeol moiety, suggested by negative tandem-MS of intact phospholipids, as indicated by differences between their pseudo-molecular ion and specific fragment ions designated as π₂. The core ether lipids were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol (C20, C20), which gave rise to a precursor-ion at m/z 660 [M+Li]⁺, and its fragment ion at m/z 379 [M+Li]⁺, consistent with mono-O-phytanyl-glycerol. Furthermore, lithiated ions at m/z 654 (MS¹), 379 (MS²) and m/z 648 (MS¹), 373 (MS²), combined with ¹H/¹³C NMR chemical shifts at δ 5.31-121.6 (C2/2′-H2/2′), 5.08-124.9 (C6/6′-H6/6′) and 5.10-126.0 (10/10′-H10/10′) confirmed the presence of unsaturated homologs of archaeol. We carried out a comprehensive study on the lipids present in cells of H. marismortui. We used positive and negative ESI-MS with tandem-MS, which served as a fingerprint analysis for identifying the majority of component lipids.     

Recombinant DNA analysis indicates that the multiple chromosomes of maize mitochondria contain different sequences

Twenty-eight Bam H 1 restriction fragments were isolated from normal mitochondrial DNA of maize by recombinant DNA techniques to investigate the organization of the mitochondrial genome. Each cloned fragment was tested by molecular hybridization against a Bam digest of total mitochondrial DNA. Using Southern transfers, we identified the normal fragment of origin for d each clone. Twenty-three of the tested clones hybridized only to the fragment from which the clone was derived. In five cases, labeling of an additional band indicated some sequence repetition in the mitochondrial genome. Four clones from normal mitochondrial DNA were found which share sequences with the plasmid-like DNAs, S-1 and S-2, found in S male sterile cytoplasm. The total sequence complexity of the clones tested is 121×10⁶ d (daltons), which approximates two thirds of the total mitochondrial genome (estimated at 183×10⁶ d). Most fragments do not share homology with other fragments, and the total length of unique fragments exceeds that of the largest circular molecules observed. Therefore, the different size classes of circular molecules most likely represent genetically discrete chromosomes in a complex organelle genome. The variable abundance of different mitochondrial chromosomes is of special interest because it represents an unusual mechanism for the control of gene expression by regulation of gene copy number. This mechanism may play an important role in metabolism or biogenesis of mitochondria in the development of higher plants.     

Simulation of DNA fragment distributions after irradiation with photons

The Monte Carlo track structure code PARTRAC has been further improved by implementing electron scattering cross-sections for liquid water and by explicitly modelling the interaction of water radicals with DNA. The model of the genome inside a human cell nucleus in its interphase is based on the atomic coordinates of the DNA double helix with an additional volume for the water shell. The DNA helix is wound around histone complexes, and these nucleosomes are folded into chromatin fibres and further to fibre loops, which are interconnected to build chromosomes with a territorial organisation. Simulations have been performed for the irradiation of human fibroblast cells with carbon K and aluminium K ultrasoft x-rays, 220 kVp x-rays and ⁶⁰Co γ-rays. The ratio single-strand breaks to double-strand breaks (ssb/dsb) for both types of ultrasoft x-rays is lower than for γ-rays by a factor of 2. The contributions of direct and indirect effects to strand break induction are almost independent of photon energy. Strand break patterns from indirect effects reflect differences in the susceptibility of the DNA helix to OH^• attack inside the chromatin fibre. Distributions of small DNA fragments (<3 kbp) are determined by the chromatin fibre structure irrespective of whether direct or indirect effects are causing the breaks. In the calculated fragment size distributions for larger DNA fragments (>30 kbp), a substantial deviation from random breakage is found only for carbon K irradiation, and is attributed to its inhomogeneous dose distribution inside the cell nucleus. For the other radiation qualities, the results for larger fragments can be approximated by random breakage distributions calculated for a yield of dsb which is about 10% lower than the average for the whole genome. The excess of DNA fragments detected experimentally in the 8–300 kbp region after x-ray irradiation is not seen in our simulation results. Received: 19 October 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 14 January 1999     

Comprehensive RNAA of cadmium,cobalt, nickel,and copper using109Cd,57Co,and reactor-produced67Cu as radioisotopic yield monitors

An existing radiochemical NAA procedure for Cd, Co, and Cu was improved to allow determination of individual radiochemical yields by the radioisotopic tracer technique, thus eliminating errors owing to variable recovery.¹⁰⁹Cd was used as tracer for Cd determination via¹¹⁵Cd/^115mIn,⁵⁷Co for Co via⁶⁰Co, and potentially for Ni via⁵⁸Co, whereas as a novelty⁶⁷Cu, produced by reactor irradiation of ZnO of natural isotopic composition (by the⁶⁷Zn [n,p]⁶⁷Cu reaction) was used for Cu via the indicator nuclide⁶⁴Cu. The simple production and purification of⁶⁷Cu by anion exchange is described. Results for biological RMs are given and discussed.     

Construction of a YAC library from a Beta vulgaris fragment addition and isolation of a major satellite DNA cluster linked to the beet cyst nematode resistance locus Hs1 pat−1

A YAC library was constructed from the Beta vulgaris fragment addition AN5-203b. This monosomic fragment addition harbors an approximate 12-Mbp fragment of B.patellaris chromosome 1 accomodating the Hs1 ^pat-1 conferring resistance to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). The YAC library consists of 20,000 YAC clones having an average size of 140 kb. Screening with organelle-specific probes showed that 12% of the clones contain chloroplast DNA while only 0.2% of the clones hybridizes with a mitochondrial specific probe. On the basis of a sugar beet haploid genome size of 750 Mbp this library represents 3.3 haploid genome equivalents. The addition fragment present in AN5-203b harbors a major satellite DNA cluster that is tightly linked to the Hs1 ^pat-1 locus. The cluster is located on a single 250-kb EcoRI restriction fragment and consists of an estimated 700–800 copies of a 159-bp core sequence, most of which are arranged in tandem. Using this core sequence as a probe, we were able to isolate 1 YAC clone from the library that contains the entire 250-kb satellite DNA cluster.Abbreviations YAC Yeast artificial chromosome - BCN beet cyst nematode - RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA - RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism     

Physiological responses of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium sp. strain NRC1 to desiccation and gamma irradiation

We report that the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1 is highly resistant to desiccation, high vacuum and ⁶⁰Co gamma irradiation. Halobacterium sp. was able to repair extensive double strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in its genomic DNA, produced both by desiccation and by gamma irradiation, within hours of damage induction. We propose that resistance to high vacuum and ⁶⁰Co gamma irradiation is a consequence of its adaptation to desiccating conditions. Gamma resistance in Halobacterium sp. was dependent on growth stage with cultures in earlier stages exhibiting higher resistance. Membrane pigments, specifically bacterioruberin, offered protection against cellular damages induced by high doses (5 kGy) of gamma irradiation. High-salt conditions were found to create a protective environment against gamma irradiation in vivo by comparing the amount of DSBs induced by ionizing radiation in the chromosomal DNA of Halobacterium sp. to that of the more radiation-sensitive Escherichia coli that grows in lower-salt conditions. No inducible response was observed after exposing Halobacterium sp. to a nonlethal dose (0.5 kGy) of gamma ray and subsequently exposing the cells to either a high dose (5 kGy) of gamma ray or desiccating conditions. We find that the hypersaline environment in which Halobacterium sp. flourishes is a fundamental factor for its resistance to desiccation, damaging radiation and high vacuum.     

珍稀濒危飘带兜兰叶绿体全基因组种内变异研究(附录)

飘带兜兰(Paphiopedilum parishii)分布范围狭窄,仅在中国、缅甸、泰国以及老挝有少量分布。近年来,因生境破坏和人为滥采而导致飘带兜兰野生种群极度缩减。为开发种内多态性的分子标记用于保护生物学研究,该研究对飘带兜兰4个野生个体经测序、组装、注释获得的叶绿体基因组序列,与已公布的飘带兜兰2个个体的叶绿体全基因组序列进行比对,分析飘带兜兰叶绿体基因组的种内差异。结果表明:(1)飘带兜兰叶绿体基因组具有典型被子植物叶绿体基因组环状四分体结构,基因组长度为154 403～154 809 bp,共编码129个基因,包括78个蛋白质编码基因、39个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因,以及4个假基因。(2)在飘带兜兰6个个体叶绿体基因组中检测到103～107个SSRs(simple sequence repeats)位点,其中21个SSR位点具有多态性。此外,在6个个体叶绿体基因组中还检测到60个长序列重复,包括17～21个正向重复、18～29个反向重复、9～16个回文重复、4～9个互补重复。(3)通过比较6个个体叶绿体基因组序列的核苷酸多样性,共发现70处变异,包括10个SNPs(single nucleotide polymorphism)、60个插入缺失(InDels)。其中,有3个SNP位点发生了非同义替换,导致编码功能基因的氨基酸发生改变; 19个插入缺失多态性较高,具有开发为分子标记的潜力。(4)通过计算核苷酸多样性值(P_i)共发现8个有变异的区域,P_i值为0～0.006 32,其中变异度较大的是rps3-rpl22、trnL-UAC-rpl32、rpoB-trnC-GCA以及ycf4,这些高变区可开发为分子标记用于评估飘带兜兰遗传多样性。(5)系统发生分析结果表明,飘带兜兰6个个体叶绿体基因组序列聚在一起,与长瓣兜兰互为姐妹群。综上表明,飘带兜兰叶绿体基因组的SSRs、长序列重复、SNPs、InDels以及核苷酸序列呈现了足够的种内多样性,可开发成分子标记用于该种的系统演化及保护生物学研究。