七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。     

黑襟毛瓢虫对莲缢管蚜的捕食作用

白莲Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.是江西广昌地区支柱性农业产业,莲缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae(Linnaeus)是危害江西广昌白莲的重要害虫.课题组在广昌县开展广昌白莲害虫种类调查时,连续两年在莲田中监测到一种外形类似介壳虫生物在捕食莲缢管蚜,经形态鉴定及分子复核确认其为黑襟...     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉敏感性的比较研究

采用麦穗浸渍法在室内测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi(L .)对吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和乳油的敏感度。结果表明 ,禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉的敏感度是麦长管蚜的 3～ 4倍 (基于LC50 的比较 )。在北京、河南、江苏、湖北、四川等地同浓度的吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜的防治效果要好于麦长管蚜 (特别是在低浓度时尤为明显 )。依据我国不同省份小麦穗蚜的优势种不同 ,建议用吡虫啉防治小麦穗蚜时 ,在南方麦区 ,禾谷缢管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉用药量为 15～ 3 0g(a.i) hm2 ;北方麦区 ,以麦长管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉的用药量应大于 3 0g(a.i) hm2 。     

禾谷缢管蚜田间种群Ace1基因选择性剪切

【目的】为了分析我国不同地区禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)田间种群Ace1基因的选择性剪切、Ace1基因选择性剪切频率及Ace1基因选择性剪切对其ACh E1结构的影响。【方法】从我国11个省(市)的16个地区采集田间试虫,通过RT-PCR技术,克隆各个地区及室内敏感品系各15头禾谷缢管蚜试虫的Ace1基因序列的全长,分析并鉴定Ace1的选择性剪接,在SABLE服务器和I-TASSER服务器上分别分析选择性剪切对ACh E1的二级结构和三级结构的影响。【结果】16个地理种群中,9个地理种群都存在选择性剪切,不同地理种群该选择性剪切的频率不同;剪切位点靠近Ace1基因的5′端,其对应的核苷酸序列为5′-ATCCGAATTTAG-3′,导致4个氨基酸(RSEF)缺失;选择性剪切改变了局部的二级结构,并在一定程度上改变其三级结构。【结论】禾谷缢管蚜田间种群中较为普遍地存在一个Ace1基因的选择性剪切,该Ace1基因选择性剪切改变了ACh E1的空间结构,并可能改变ACh E1的代谢特性。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

黄板、黄盆及灯光对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的诱捕效果

通过黄板、黄盆及灯光的监测,研究了其对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)诱捕作用,结果表明2种麦蚜对黄盆的趋性最好,黄盆诱捕量分别为黄板诱捕量的7.94、2.13倍。黑光灯和荧光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕作用比较试验表明,黑光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕效果较好。黄盆和黑光灯2种监测手段的结合能够为预测预报提供准确可靠、适时的测报结果。     

菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析

采用阈性状分析法,估算了菜缢管蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubuer)对菊马混剂及其单剂、棉铃虫对灭铃威混剂及其单剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对抗性风险和混剂延缓抗性的作用进行了评估。结果表明,菜缢管蚜和棉铃虫对混剂的现实抗性遗传力均明显小于各单剂,依次为：拟除虫菊酯>氨基甲酸酯>有机磷>混剂。混剂的使用寿命大于组成其各个单剂的使用寿命之和,抗性风险依次为：拟除虫菊脂>氨基甲酸酯>有机磷>混剂。菊马混剂对菜缢管蚜和棉铃虫,灭铃威混剂对棉铃虫均有延缓抗性发展的作用。灭铃威对棉铃虫抗性发展的延缓作用最显著。     

小麦抗禾缢管蚜的生化研究

通过福林法、葸酮法、滴定法等分别测定了不同抗蚜性小麦品种植株中酚、糖含量及酸度。结果表明：小麦对禾缢管蚜尺Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的抗性与小麦体内酚含量有关,抗性强的小麦其体内含酚量相对高,反之低。同时小麦抗性的强弱与体内糖含量,酸度亦有相关性。另外还测走了在不同抗性小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶及羧酸酯酶的活性,结果表明在抗性强的小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶,羧酸酯酶活性强,反之弱。     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

实验室内16—21℃的温度下,七星瓢虫雌成虫捕食行为集中在8:00—22:00。瓢虫各龄幼虫及雌成虫对麦长管蚜的功能反应均属Holling Ⅱ型。28℃时,瓢虫雌成虫的攻击率最大,处理时间最短。随温度增加,攻击率减小,处理时间增加。假设:猎物种群在无捕食者存在时,呈Logistic曲线增长;捕食者随机搜寻猎物。对猎物的功能反应为Holling Ⅱ型,捕食者个体间存在相互干扰;捕食者种群存在一个最低死亡率K_0,随种群增大,死亡率增加,增加速率与密度成反比;捕食者取食的猎物转化为自身部分的比例为β。 七星瓢虫-麦长管蚜捕食作用系统模拟模型:较好地描述了当麦长管蚜种群增长到某一数量时,放置一头瓢虫雌成虫后蚜虫种群增长过程。本文对模型平衡点作了局部稳定性分析。     

基于EPG的麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食行为比较

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。     

Positive correlation of methamidophos resistance between Lipaphis erysimi and Diaeretilla rapae and effects of methamidophos ingested by host insect on the parasitoid

Temporal and spatial correlated variations on the methamidophos resistance and biomolecular rate constant of acetylcholinesterase to insecticides were found between the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and its endoparasitoid, Diaeretilla rapae , collected from field colonies and an insecticide-free field insectarium in Fujian, China. Compared to the related susceptible insectarium population, L. erysimi and D. rapae displayed 7.4–29.2- and 2.6–9.2-fold resistance ratios, respectively. In addition, two populations of L. erysimi with different methamidophos resistance levels, that is, a field (with 5.8-fold resistance ratio) and an insectarium population, were used to study the effects of methamidophos ingested by the host insect on D. rapae development. The percentage of D. rapae cocoon formation decreased significantly when the parasitized L. erysimi were fed on cauliflower leaves treated with methamidophos at lethal concentration dosages 10 (LC₁₀) or LC₅₀. At LC₅₀ dosages the percentage of D. rapae cocoon formation and adult emergence decreased significantly. When the parasitized L. erysimi were fed on methamidophos at LC₉₀ dosage, no D. rapae cocoons were found. When the field or insectarium L. erysimi were treated with methamidophos at LC₁₀, the susceptibility to methamidophos in the adult D. rapae emerged from the treated host insect was similar to the control. However, the susceptibility to methamidophos in the adult D. rapae became lower than the control when the host insects were treated at LC₅₀ dosages. The data thus suggested that the methamidophos ingested by the host insect L. erysimi could be an important factor in the endoparasitoids' insecticide resistance development. The natural selectivity would favor the parasitoids that had developed an insensitivity to the insecticide(s).     

植物提取物对萝卜蚜的室内毒力研究

采用浸叶法和Potter喷雾法测定七种植物提取物对萝卜蚜 (Lipaphiserysim)的室内毒力效果。研究结果显示 :巴豆、博落回和醉鱼草提取物对萝卜蚜的致死中浓度LC50 分别为 1 86.94mg/L、2 0 0 .75mg/L和 1 5 7.73mg/L。     

广西野生楝科植物提取物对萝卜蚜的杀虫作用初步研究

针对广西12种野生楝科植物提取物进行了对萝卜蚜的触杀活性筛选。结果显示:红楝子(树皮)、香椿(树皮)、地黄连(全株)和老虎楝(枝叶)的提取物在10mg/mL的浓度下有较高的杀虫活性,24h校正死亡率分别达到73.89%、79.47%、74.55%和72.19%,与其它的相比差异性显著。     

Reproductive rate of the Indian mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae) on different Brassica oilseeds: colmparisons with Swedish strains of mustard (Lipaphis erysimi erysimf) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)

The reproductive rate of the Indian mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae), a serious pest on Brassica oilseeds in India, was compared with that of Swedish strains of mustard aphid (L. e. erysimi) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on six common Indian and Swedish Brassica oilseed cultivars. There were clear differences between L. e. erysimi and L. e. pseudobrassicae in the relative suitability of the cultivars, emphasisipg the biological differences between these aphids. B. brassicae had similar reproductive rates on all cultivars.
In addition, the reproductive rate of L. e. pseudobrassicae was measured on both young and old plants of the six Brassica oilseed cultivars and 14 Indian rai (B. juncea) cultivars. Among the six Brassica cultivars, the reproductive rates were highest on turnip rape and toria (B. campestris), and lowest on yellow sarson (B. campestris) and rai (B. juncea). The ranking of the cultivars was similar for young and old plants. There were no significant differences between the rai (B. juncea) cultivars tested, neither among young nor among old plants. These results from laboratory studies are compared with field data from India on the relative susceptibility of different Brassica oilseed cultivars to L. e. pseudobrassicae.     

菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜的控制作用研究

为了明确菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜的控制作用,本文研究了在云南玉溪以6个不同蚜蜂比释放菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜的寄生率,结果表明,按6个不同蚜蜂比释放菜蚜茧蜂寄生萝卜蚜后,其对萝卜蚜的寄生率随时间变化的曲线相似。放蜂后第3天,其对萝卜蚜的寄生率即达4%左右。前12 d寄生率虽有波动,但寄生率较低,多在5%以下,之后寄生率开始逐渐上升。蚜虫数量越多,其寄生率反而越高,21 d时,蚜蜂比250∶1和500∶1的寄生率已达26.06%和24.23%,显著高于其它蚜蜂比。蚜蜂比5∶1和25∶1时,萝卜蚜数量的增长最慢,21 d时,其数量仍呈直线上升趋势。蚜蜂比50∶1和150∶1时,萝卜蚜数量的增长开始呈直线上升趋势,到第18天趋于平稳。而蚜蜂比250∶1和500∶1时,萝卜蚜在第9天后,其种群数量呈爆发式增长,到第15天时即趋于平稳。萝卜蚜数量与有翅蚜数呈线性关系y=0.0097 x+10.953。僵蚜数与有翅蚜数呈指数函数模型,y=9.2582e0.0017 x。本研究表明菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜有一定的控制作用,可以作为生物防治萝卜蚜的选择之一。     

Sexual size dimorphism in parasitoid wasps

Sexual dimorphism in body length and proportion of overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females were estimated for 361 species of parasitoid wasps from 21 families. In most species, females are generally larger than males, though the range of male and female sizes overlap. Species in the family Ichneumonidae differ significantly from species in other families in three ways: (1) ichneumonids on average are larger, (2) in most species, females are generally smaller than males, and (3) on average, proportion overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females is greater. At present, there is a paucity of life history data on parasitoid wasp species for which size dimorphism is known. Thus it is not clear why ichneumonids differ from species in other families. Possible evolutionary explanations for variation in dimorphism among parasitoid wasp species are discussed.     

植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫实验和自然种群的联合控制作用

研究白蝴蝶（Syngonium podophyllum ）乙醇提取物、苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum ）乙醇提取物、机油乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对桃蚜（Myzus persicae）和萝卜蚜（Lipaphis erysimi）的控制效果.室内四因子（1/2实施）二次正交回归旋转组合设计测试对有翅蚜的忌避作用,结果表明,对有翅桃蚜的主要忌避作用物为苍耳乙醇提取物,当苍耳提取物与白蝴蝶乙醇提取物混用,以及机油乳剂和印楝素混用时,对桃蚜有翅蚜的忌避效果提高;而对萝卜蚜有翅蚜的忌避作用主要受苍耳提取物和白蝴蝶提取物的影响.这些干扰作用均是非线性的.田间试验结果,单独使用白蝴蝶提取物对有翅成蚜有较强的驱避作用;对萝卜蚜自然种群的干扰控制作用以4种植物提取物和药剂混配效果最好,达95.7%;对桃蚜自然种群干扰控制效果最好的则是白蝴蝶提取物,控制效果达87%;同时,白蝴蝶提取物与印楝素乳油混配以及苍耳提取物与印楝素乳油混配,对两种蚜虫的控制效果均达80%以上.     

桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种内密度和种间竞争效应

在温室内不同密度条件下,研究了桃蚜和萝卜蚜在甘蓝上的种内密度效应和种间竞争作用。结果表明：单独饲养时,在5头／株和10头／株密度下,两种蚜虫种内密度效应均较弱;而在15头／株时,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寿命和产蚜量都随之显降低,说明当两种蚜虫达到一定的拥挤程度时,种内密度对种群均产生一定的负效应。两种蚜虫共存时,单头产蚜量均比单独饲养时显下降,种问竞争作用明显。在10、15头／株密度下,桃蚜的竞争作用大于萝卜蚜,萝卜蚜的寿命和单头产蚜量都极显低于桃蚜。     

关于Taylor幂法则b值的不一致性问题讨论─—以菜蚜为研究事例

关于Ｔａｙｌｏｒ幂法则ｂ值的不一致性问题讨论─—以菜蚜为研究事例汪信庚,刘树生（浙江农业大学植保系,杭州３１００２９）ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｃｏｎｓｔａｎｃｙｏｆｂＶａｌｕｅｉｎＴａｙｌｏｒ＇ｓＰｏｗｅｒＬａｗｗｉｔｈＳｐｅｃｉａｌＲｅｆ...     

Free amino acid content of phloem sap from Brassica plants in relation to performance of Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Cultivars of Brassica juncea, B. napus and B. campestris, differing in host-suitability to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae Kalt.), were analysed for their phloem sap content of free amino acids. Sap was collected from excised mustard aphid stylets and analysed by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Aspartic and glutamic acid were, together with glutamine, the dominating amino acids. All plants had very little glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), methionine and tryptophan in their sap. This amino acid pattern closely resembled that of cereals. The total concentration and the individual composition of amino acids were not found to be related to the level of aphid resistance previously found in the investigated Brassica species. However, one B. campestris cultivar, yellow sarson YSB-9, on which the aphids were shown to grow more slowly, had less amino acid content than other B. campestris varieties. The slow population growth of aphids on B. juncea, compared to that on B. campestris, is probably due to other than nutritional factors.