油茶饼粕中茶皂素的提取及脱色研究

以油茶饼粕为原料,通过有机溶剂进行浸取,研究并确定提取了茶皂素的最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数75%,料液比(g:m l)为1:4,提取时间2 h,提取温度60℃;脱色的最佳条件为pH9,脱色温度60℃,脱色时间1 h,加入H2O220 mL。在此条件下提取的茶皂素得率为16.6%,纯化的茶皂素质量分数达到87.3%。     

酸解法制取甘草次酸及其纯化工艺

以甘草酸单铵盐为原料,酸解制取甘草次酸并利用低温冷析法对其进行精制纯化.通过L9(34)正交试验,确定了酸解甘草次酸的最佳条件:H2SO4体积分数8％、料液比(g/mL)1:100、温度100℃、12 h,在此条件下,转化率可达80.24％:通过对比实验,获得了低温冷析法精制甘草次酸的纯化工艺:酸解产物经水洗、氯仿溶提后,在体积分数30％乙醇溶液中80℃热溶15 min,再在冰水中冷析10 min,最终得到甘草次酸的质量分数为95.79％,得率40.87％.     

从皂荚壳中提取皂荚皂素的工艺研究

本试验以皂荚壳为原料,以皂素提取得率及皂素百分含量为评价指标,对皂素提取工艺进行了优化,结果:当原料粒径为40目、乙醇浓度为70%、提取温度为60℃、提取时间为2 h、提取次数3次、料液比为1∶20时,皂荚壳提取皂素的提取得率为49.12%、皂素百分含量为52.86%。     

黄姜皂素提取工艺研究

以黄姜为原料,研究皂素提取的生产工艺。通过对几种工艺的比较,确定一种先分离黄姜中纤维素及淀粉,再经过酸水解、中和提取皂素的方法。该法黄姜皂素的平均得率为传统方法的86.56%,用酸量仅为传统方法的9.62%,同时分离得到46.44%的纤维素和32.75%的淀粉。该法资源综合利用率明显提高,并大幅度减少废水的生成,减少环境污染,节约原料、能源,生产周期也明显缩短。     

油茶茶枯中茶皂素的提取工艺研究

油茶茶枯是南方地区一种常见的加工副产物,含有较高的茶皂素。茶皂素是工业生产中应用广泛的一种表面活性剂,性能优良,但目前茶皂素的提取工艺并不成熟。为了优化油茶茶枯中茶皂素提取的最佳工艺,提高油茶茶枯的利用率,该文以脱脂油茶茶枯粉末为原料,乙醇溶液作为浸提剂,以茶皂素的得率和含量作为提取效果的评价指标,通过单因子实验和正交试验探求油茶茶枯中茶皂素的最佳提取条件。结果表明:以提取时间、3%NaOH添加量、乙醇浓度、料液比、温度和提取次数6个因素作为单因子,对油茶茶枯中茶皂素提取得率和含量进行研究,在单因子实验的基础上进行正交试验得到茶皂素提取的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶17,乙醇浓度75%,提取温度81℃,提取时间88min,3%NaOH添加量2.5mL(即每10g茶枯粉末中添加0.075g NaOH),提取次数2次。通过论证该结果表明,在最佳的提取条件下,提取得到茶皂素的最高含量为0.54mg·mL-1,得率为21.35%。该实验方法添加了NaOH后,在最佳条件下茶皂素的得率明显提高,对今后优化油茶茶枯中茶皂素的提取工艺具有很好的借鉴意义。     

辣椒红色素与辣椒碱的提取分离

以干辣椒粉为原料,用95％乙醇作溶剂进行索氏提取,溶剂的用量为原料质量的5倍,减压蒸馏回收溶剂至浸膏状,用石油醚溶解注入硅胶柱。用石油醚：丙酮（V/V）=5：1的复配液为洗脱剂把色素洗脱下来,回收洗脱液,得到深红色油状辣椒红色素产品。留在柱子上的辣椒碱则用75％乙醇作溶剂洗脱下来,去除溶剂,无水乙醚结晶得白色的矩形晶体。     

油茶籽粕中茶皂素的优化提取及抑菌活性的研究

以油茶籽粕为原料,采取超声波辅助乙醇提取法,考察了料液比、浸提时间、超声时间、乙醇体积分数对茶皂素得率的影响,并用响应面优化实验设计得出最优提取条件,优化条件为:料液比1∶7(m/V)、浸提时间93min、超声时间36 min、乙醇体积分数55%,在该条件下茶皂素得率为14.708%。依照此优化方案进行验证实验,结果显示模型可靠性较高,可以较好的预测实际情况。同时茶皂素抑菌效果表明茶皂素对金黄色葡萄球菌有较好的抑菌效果,而对大肠杆菌没有抑菌效果。     

95％乙醇提取白胡椒中胡椒碱的工艺研究

目的:优选从白胡椒中提取纯化胡椒碱的工艺.方法:采用95％乙醇对白胡椒中胡椒碱提取及纯化,利用高效液相法对制得的胡椒碱的纯度进行测定,以胡椒碱的提取率和纯度为指标,从而优选出从胡椒中提取纯化胡椒碱的工艺.结果:以100 g白胡椒为例,用95％的乙醇提取2次,每次分别提取lh,采用乙醇与胡椒的体积质量比为8∶1,6∶1,制得的胡椒碱粗品,在95％乙醇中60℃溶解,常温下冷却结晶1次得到胡椒碱的纯度90％以上.结论:本实验所选用的工艺简单,制得产品纯度高,适合大规模生产.     

氨法提取油茶皂素

本文报导了一种在常温下用稀氨水从油茶饼中提取油茶皂素的方法,并讨论了影响产品颜色的诸因素。粗产品为淡黄色粉末,粗产品的得率大于9.0％,皂素含量为80％。残渣可用作饲料。     

氯代十六烷基吡啶在聚唾液酸分离纯化中的应用

利用氯代十六烷基吡啶对聚唾液酸特异性的络合效应,分离E．Coli发酵液中的聚唾液酸。通过单因素实验和正交实验分析确定氯代十六烷基吡啶与聚唾液酸发生络合和解离反应的最优工艺条件：络合时NaCl浓度0．05mol／L,pH6．0,加入的氯代十六烷基吡啶的质量为聚唾液酸质量的3倍;解离时NaCl浓度0．8mol／L,解离温度50℃。得到的聚唾液酸纯度大于95％,回收率大于80％。     

Enhancing plant uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls and cadmium using tea saponin

The potential of natural surfactant tea saponin to enhance uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cadmium (Cd) by Zea Mays L. and Saccharum officinarum L. was investigated. With addition of tea saponin at 0.01% in solution culture, the concentrations of PCB 14, PCB 18, PCB 77 and PCB 156 in root of corn seedling were 2.72, 2.68, 1.94 and 2.40 times as those of treatments without adding any surfactant, respectively. Application of tea saponin to the soil significantly elevated PCB 5 accumulation in shoots and roots (p < 0.05) by sugarcanes. With addition of 0.3% tea saponin, Cd concentration was increased by 96.9% in roots, 156.8% in stems and 30.1% in leaves compared with the treatment without addition of surfactant in sugarcane grown in soil. Tea saponin had potential of assisting the uptake of PCBs and Cd by plants from water solution and soil.     

Preparation of Purified Polysaccharides from Rhizobium

A method is described for the preparation of purified polysaccharides from strains of Rhizobium in quantities large enough so that with an exhaustive purification scheme enough product is recovered for various characterization purposes. When steps in the purification process are eliminated, much larger amounts of crude gum are obtained.

Organisms were grown in liquid medium and the crude gum was precipitated along with the bacterial cells by a quaternary ammonium complexing agent. This precipitate was dissolved in salt solution, reprecipitated with ethanol or ethanol-acetone mixtures several times, followed by pressure filtration with membrane filters.

The same procedure should be applicable to commercial scale production in large fermentors if a use for the gum could be shown. The method also should be suitable for other organisms with similar growth habits.

     

大孔吸附树脂对苜蓿皂苷的吸附和解吸附作用(英文)

采用5种不同极性的树脂(AB-8、S-8、NKA-9、D-101和X-5)来评价对苜蓿皂苷的吸附和解吸附作用,其中中等极性的AB-8树脂对苜蓿皂苷具有最大的吸附量,用55%~65%的乙醇溶液能有效地将吸附的皂苷洗脱下来。当苜蓿粗提物量和AB-8树脂量为1∶1时,树脂的吸附量达到饱和。采用AB-8树脂,用90%乙醇洗脱,苜蓿提取物的最大解吸附量为108.4 mg/g干重树脂。通过大孔树脂吸附和解吸附,将90%乙醇洗脱液浓缩,皂苷含量(53%)是苜蓿粗提物含量(5.68%)的9倍。结果表明,AB-8大孔吸附树脂可用于苜蓿皂苷的大规模制备。     

醇沉条件和干燥方式对毛头鬼伞子实体多糖品质的影响

为改善毛头鬼伞子实体多糖的性状,以粗多糖得率、多糖含量、吸潮性及色素含量为指标,对乙醇沉淀制备多糖的参数进行了优化。结果表明:子实体经提取后浓缩至浓缩比为1∶2,即m(物料干质量/g)∶V(提取液/m L)=1∶2时以60%乙醇沉淀,再以60%乙醇洗涤1次,经冷冻干燥所得粗多糖产品多糖含量较高、色浅,且吸潮性降低,性状得到明显改善。     

Slime of Myxococcus virescens

The slime excreted by two strains of Myxococcus virescens during growth in liquid casitone medium was studied. Strain S1H, unable to grow in dispersion, excreted slime during growth later than strain D11, which grows in dispersion. Slime was precipitated from the cell-free culture solution with ethanol and the crude precipitate fractionately dissolved using first pH 5,4 and then pH 9.0 for the remainder of the precipitate. Comparatively more material from strain S1H than from strain D11 belonged to the pH 9.0 fraction. The fractions thus obtained were dialyzed and then lyophilized. The composition of the slime preparations varied with the density of the harvested cultures. The slime fraction dissolved at low pH contained 12–18 % (w/w) Folin reactive material, 2–4% lipid and 5–30% anthrone positive material (glucose equivalents). The fraction soluble at pH 9.0 was richer in Folin positive material. About 25% of the proteolytic activity in the culture solution was recovered in the slime preparations. No DNA was detected in the slime, unless the cultures were harvested daring the phase of decline. The high polymers of the slime were separated from material of low molecular weight and coprecipitated media constituents by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B. The relative amount of the high polymers increased during growth, although they seemed to be degraded in the culture during the phase of decline. The polymer had a molecular weight of about 20 million. In most preparations: it was Folin positive.     

应用经典热乙醇法从组分IV沉淀中制备白蛋白

将Ｃｏｈｎ氏６法低温乙醇分离人血浆中的组分ＩＶ（ＦＩＶ）沉淀,溶解于注射用水中,加入９５％乙醇后使乙醇浓度为９％,经加温、过滤及超滤制得白蛋白。每公斤ＦＩＶ沉淀可制得白蛋白５７．８ｇ。     

Fractionation with ethanol of nucleic acids from viroid-infected plants

A combination of high salt and low ethanol concentration allowed the fractionation of nucleic acids extracted from viroid-infected leaves. By adding 0.4-0.5 vol of ethanol to 1 vol of a solution in 2 M LiCl of nucleic acids (containing mainly DNA, 4S, 5S, 7S, and viroid RNAs), 85% of the DNA and 75% of the 4S RNA remained in solution, from where they could be recovered by increasing the ethanol concentration, whereas almost all 5S, 7S, and viroid RNAs precipitated. When this process was repeated three times a 95% elimination of the initial DNA and 4S RNA was achieved. The method can be of special interest in viroid purification considering that DNA and 4S RNA are the most abundant contaminants in the starting solution of nucleic acids. It is suggested that the highly ordered secondary structure of viroid RNA may be responsible for its particular behavior in the ethanol fractionation of nucleic acids.     

A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA.

A quick and inexpensive method has been demonstrated to remove polysaccharide contamination from plant DNA. Isolated plant genomic DNA with polysaccharide contaminants was dissolved in TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA) with NaCl ranging from 0.5-3.0 M, then precipitated with two volumes of ethanol. Most of the polysaccharides were removed effectively in a single high-salt precipitation at 1.0-2.5 M NaCl. At 3.0 M NaCl, the salt precipitated out of solution. Purified DNA was easily digested by either HindIII or EcoRI and was satisfactory as a template for PCR. The results show that high-salt precipitation effectively removed polysaccharides and their inhibitory effects on restriction enzyme and Taq polymerase activity.     

A Selective Stain for Elastic Tissue (Orcinol-New Fuchsin)

A selective stain for elastic tissue (designated orcinol-new fuchsin) is described. Two grams of new fuchsin (C.I. No. 678) and 4 gm of orcinol (highest purity) are added to 200 ml of distilled water and the solution boiled for 5 min. Then 25 ml ferric chloride solution (U.S.P. IX) are added and the solution is boiled 5 min longer. The precipitate is collected and dissolved in 100 ml 95% ethanol. This is the staining solution. Sections are deparaffinized and brought to absolute ethanol, stained for 15 min at 37 °C with orcinol-new fuchsin, differentiated for 15 min in 70% ethanol, dehydrated, cleared and covered as usual.     

Preparation and Use of Aldehyde Fuchsin Stain in the Dry Form

A three-day old aldehyde fuchsin staining solution (Gomori, 1950) was precipitated in a separatory funnel by adding 50 ml. of chloroform and 200 ml. of distilled water to each 100 ml. of the staining solution. The mixture was shaken, allowed to settle and the precipitate-bearing layer filtered through paper. The precipitate was dried at 50°C, scraped from the paper and stored in a stoppered vial. To use, 0.5 g. of the dry stain was dissolved in 100 ml. of 70% ethanol containing 1 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. In the dry form, the dye has retained its property of staining thyrotroph cells and neurosecretory substance in the hypophysis of the rat for several months.