西双版纳不同森林类型的树洞密度及其特征

树洞是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,它能为许多动物提供栖息、筑巢、繁殖和躲避天敌的场所。因而,树洞的密度和特征通常被认为是限制树洞巢居动物多样性和丰富度的主要因子,然而目前国内外对热带森林的树洞密度和洞口特征研究较少。选取西双版纳20 hm~2热带森林动态监测样地(包括热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林)为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了所有胸径≥5 cm的活体乔木上的树洞,分析其树洞密度和特征(高度、洞口大小、类型和洞口方位,并探讨树洞在不同森林类型间的差异)。结果表明:(1)热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林的树洞密度不存在显著差异;(2)两种森林类型的树洞均以高度较低、洞口较小、干中部洞口为主,受盛行风的影响洞口朝向主要集中在东北方向;(3)树洞高度、类型和洞口方位在两种森林间的分布差异显著(P0.01),而洞口大小不存在明显差异。结果表明森林类型会影响树洞的特征,因而加强森林生境异质性的保护对维持树洞巢居动物的需要具有重要意义。     

Tree species diversity of tropical forest vegetation in Xishuangbanna, SW China

Tree species diversity of four tropical forest vegetation types was investigated in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. These are: tropical seasonal rain forest, tropical montane rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest and monsoon forest over limestone. A total of 17 samples were taken and four species diversity indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener's H, the complement of Simpson's index, d, Fisher's and evenness index E. The results reveal the long-tailed rank/abundance diagrams of these forests. However, this feature is greatly reduced in the samples of monsoon forest over limestone. Tropical seasonal rain forest shows the highest tree species diversity of all four vegetation types. Owing to the variation of microenvironment, diversity values within the same vegetation type vary between the samples from different patches. The tree species diversity of single-dominant rain forest is not significantly lower than that of mixed rain forest, because the dominant species of some single-dominant rain forests are principally in the emergent layer. This is composed of sparse and huge trees of one species and, consequently, creates a unique canopy architecture and more heterogeneous microenvironments for the more diversified species composition under the emergent layer. The occurrence of tree species with small population sizes, particularly of species represented by only one individual, is highly correlated with the tree species diversity of the local forest vegetation. They are crucial elements in the richness of local biodiversity.     

Spatial dispersion patterns of trees in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna,southwest China

Ecological Research - Spatial dispersion patterns of trees at different life stages are an important aspect to investigate in understanding the mechanisms that facilitate species co-existence. In...     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被类型碳格局变化及影响因子

采用样方法研究了西南喀斯特峰丛洼地草地、灌丛、次生林、原生林4种植被类型碳格局及其土壤碳的影响因子。结果表明:草地、灌丛、次生林、原生林4类生态系统总碳储量分别为133.84、160.79、179.08和261.24 Mg C/hm2,其中植被碳储量为5.02、6.59、20.87和60.20 Mg C/hm2,占总碳储量的3.75%—23.04%,随植被正向发展而增加;地被物碳储量为1.76、0.95、2.60和0.82 Mg C/hm2,仅占总碳储量的0.32%—1.45%;土壤层碳储量为127.06、153.25、151.61和200.21 Mg C/hm2,占76.64%—94.93%,随植被正向发展呈增加趋势,但对整个生态系统碳储量贡献率减少;由草地向原生林发展过程中,地下部分碳储量均大于地上部分碳储量,地上部分所占比例逐渐提高,地下部分所占比例逐渐减少;相关分析表明,土壤有机碳含量、储量与土壤容重、土壤深度存在良好的线性关系,喀斯特峰丛洼地石灰土土壤有机碳含量与水稳性团聚的分布关系密切,土壤氮素是影响有机碳含量的主要因素,2 mm细根和土壤微生物对石灰土土壤有机碳的积累具有重要的作用。     

西双版纳地区不同胶农(林)复合系统的植物水分利用效率比较

当前,西双版纳地区大面积橡胶单一种植林已引发了诸多的生态环境问题,为解决这些问题同时协调当地的经济发展,农林复合系统被生态学者们认为是最好的解决办法。然而目前关于不同间作模式下橡胶树水分利用效率研究还很少。因此,于2013－2014年的雨季中期(8月)和末期(11月)、雾凉季(1月)、干热季(3月),分别测定了中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园内四种不同胶农(林)复合系统(橡胶—叶茶、橡胶—咖啡、橡胶—大叶千斤拔、橡胶—可可复合系统)及单层橡胶林的土壤含水量、橡胶树及其林下间作植物的枝条凌晨水势和正午水势,以及它们植物叶片的δ13 C值,分析了各胶农(林)复合系统内橡胶树的水分利用效率,以期遴选出水分关系配置合理的复合橡胶林栽培模式,为环境友好型橡胶种植林的建设和推广提供相关的参考依据和理论支持。结果表明：除橡胶—可可复合系统以外,其余胶农(林)复合系统内的橡胶树水分利用效率值均高于单层橡胶林;橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统的土壤含水量显著高于其它复合系统;橡胶—叶茶复合系统的土壤含水量虽然低于橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统,但其最为稳定、季节变化小;橡胶—咖啡复合系统的水分利用效率最高最稳定,即使受到寒害也没有引起明显变化;而橡胶—可可复合系统的作用不明显,所有特征都与单层橡胶林相似。这表明除了橡胶—可可复合系统外,其他3种胶农(林)复合系统都显著地缓解了橡胶树在旱季所遭受的水分胁迫,同时也能有效地抵御突发性天气灾害。     

西双版纳地区主要森林植被乔木多样性的时间变化

为了评估云南省西双版纳森林植被乔木多样性的时间变化,该研究通过样方调查收集了该地区4种主要森林植被(热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带山地常绿阔叶林和暖热性针叶林)乔木多样性数据,结合遥感影像提取了该地区4种森林植被在1992年、2000年、2009年和2016年4个时期的分布,用Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Scaling物种多样性指数对比4种森林植被乔木均匀度差异,并利用Scaling生态多样性指数和灰色关联评价模型,评估该地区在4个时期的森林乔木多样性的时间变化。结果表明:(1)森林面积比例变化有先减少后增加的趋势,表现为由1992年的65.5%减少至2000年的53.42%,减少到2009年的52.49%,再增至2016年的54.73%,但热带雨林呈现持续减少的趋势。(2) 4种森林植被对乔木多样性的贡献有明显差异,均匀度排序是热带雨林>热带山地(低山)常绿阔叶林>暖热性针叶林>热带季节性湿润林,丰富度排序是热带雨林>热带山地(低山)常绿阔叶林>热带季节性湿润林>暖热性针叶林,对乔木多样性贡献的排序是热带雨林>热带山地(低山)常绿阔叶林>热带季节性湿润林>暖热性针叶林。(3)热带雨林和热带季节性湿润林乔木多样性呈现持续减少趋势,4个时期西双版纳森林植被乔木多样性排序为1992年>2009年> 2016年> 2000年。以上结果表明经济活动是影响西双版纳生物多样性的重要原因,保护热带雨林对维持该地区生物多样性具有重要意义。     

喀斯特山区不同植被类型土壤有机碳的变化

研究了贵州西南部典型喀斯特山区不同植被类型下常规土壤及小生境土壤中有机碳及不同粒径土壤颗粒有机碳的变化.结果表明:不同植被类型下,常规及小生境土壤有机碳含量均表现为:裸地＜草丛＜灌木林＜乔木林,常规土壤变幅在7.18 ～43.42 g·kg-1,土面和石坑土壤有机碳变幅分别为6.62 ～46.47 g· kg-1和9.01 ～52.07 g·kg-1;颗粒有机碳(POC)/矿物结合态有机碳( MOC)值均为:裸地＜草丛＜乔木林＜灌木林,同一植被类型下,与常规及土面相比,石坑中土壤POC/MOC值最高;植被在由裸地-草丛-灌木林-乔木林的变化过程中,不同粒径土壤颗粒有机碳含量增加,而土壤有机碳主要以砂粒及粉砂粒有机碳形式存在,说明喀斯特地区土壤的固碳能力及有机碳稳定性较弱,土壤易受外界干扰而引发有机碳流失,土壤质量存在下降或退化的风险.     

西双版纳热带次生林中的丛枝菌根调查

对西双版纳热带次生林中13个科的26种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fongii,AMF）侵染情况进行了研究,并从这些植物的根围土壤中分离鉴定了隶属于球囊霉属（Clomus）、巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）、盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）和无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）的11种丛枝菌根真菌。该地次生林中AMF的孢子密度为13—29个／100g土壤,平均为19个;种的丰富度在4．9之间（平均为6）;平均频度为53．8％;相对多度为3．2％-26．5％;物种多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为0．94和0．93。丛枝菌根的侵染率达到44．8％．57．2％（平均为50．9％）;球囊霉属（Glomus）和无梗囊霉属（Acattlospora）是热带次生林根围土壤中菌根真菌的优势类群。     

Diversity and composition of understory vegetation in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, SW China

Tropical forests vegetation and community research have tended to focus on the tree component, and limited attention has been paid to understory vegetation. Species diversity and composition of the understory of tropical seasonal rain forest were inventoried in a 625 m2 area (for sapling layer) and a 100 m2 area (for herb/seedling layer) in three 1 ha plots. We found 3068 individuals belonging to 309 species, 192 genera and 89 families. The most important family as determined by the Family Importance Value (FIV) was Rubiaceae in both sapling and herb/seedling layers. In terms of Importance Value Index (IVI), the shrub Mycetia gracilis (Rubiaceae) was the most important species in the sapling layer and the pteridophyte Selaginella delicatula (Selaginellaceae) was the most ecological significant species in the herb/seedling layer. Much more vascular plant species were registered in the understory than in the tree layer totaled among the three plots. The species diversity did not differ significantly among the tree layer, sapling layer and herb/seedling layer. Given that we still know little about the understory plant community for growth forms other than trees, the results from the present study indicate that more attention should be paid to the understory vegetation during the decision-making process for biodiversity conservation in the tropical forests.     

西双版纳不同演替状态热带次生林土壤节肢动物群落特征

采用样地调查法,对西双版纳4种不同演替状况热带次生林：中平树(Macavanga denticulate)、崖豆藤(Millettia laptobotrya)、野芭蕉(Musa acuminata)与黄竹(Dendrocalamus membranaceae)林的土壤节肢动物群落结构与季节变化进行了研究．结果表明,4类不同演替状况次生林土壤节肢动物群落在数量优势类群组成上无较大差异,蜱螨目为所有4类林地的突出优势类群,膜翅目、弹尾目和鞘翅目在不同林地中分别为不同数量等级的次优势类群,而在常见和稀有类群的组成上,各林地表现出较大的差异．土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数和DG多样性指数以正向演替的崖豆藤林最高,偏途演替的黄竹林最低,但中平树、崖豆藤和野芭蕉林的差异不大．4类林地土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数的垂直分布分别以凋落物层和土壤表层(0～5cm)最高,其它各层分布因林地不同各异,并存在明显的季节差异．各林地土壤节肢动物个体数和类群数的季节消长总体表现出干季和雨季初期与末期高于雨量最大的雨季中期,由于不同林地植被结构、凋落物数量和质量以及土壤水热状况不同,其季节变化显现样地差异,除了受林地降水量和温度变化影响外,食物的丰欠和栖息场所的干扰状况也有重要的影响作用．     

西双版纳不同热带森林群落土壤表层的细根年动态

用钻土蕊法和内生长土蕊法研究了西双版纳 4个不同的热带森林群落一年内细根现存量和两个群落长入细根量的动态变化 ,结果表明 :在原始群落中活细根现存量 6～ 1 2月间相对较大 ,峰值为 1 0月份 ,在 2～ 6月间相对较少 ,死细根现存量高值出现于 4月中后期 ,最小值出现于 8月。人为干扰较大的 1 5年生群落和人工群落活细根现存量在各个月份出现不规律的变化 ,死细根现存量与原始林有类似的变化规律。 3 0年生群落活细根现存量在 6～ 1 0月份相对较大 ,低值出现于 2月 ,死细根现存量高峰值则出现于 6月 ,低峰值出现在 8月。细根长入量在原始群落和人工群落 4～ 6月期间量最大 ,人工群落于上年 1 2～ 2月份出现最低值。     

中国热带森林植被类型研究历史和划分探讨

热带森林是我国森林植被的重要组成部分,明确其森林植被类型分类对于生物多样性维持机制研究和保护管理等都具有重要意义。该文以中国热带森林植被分类研究中存在的问题为出发点,通过阐述我国各省区植被类型分类的研究历史,在综合考虑多种生物和非生物影响因素的基础上,提出一个新的热带森林植被类型分类框架以供探讨。结果表明:(1)尽管针对我国热带森林的分布范围和群落特征等都已开展了诸多研究,但对我国热带森林植被类型的划分依据和分类体系仍存在争议。(2)尽管我国的热带森林都处于季风气候区带内,但许多热带地区的森林植被类型并不只是受季风影响,而是气候带、关键气候因子、地形、土壤反馈和物种适应等多种因素共同作用的结果。(3)我国的热带森林植被包括5个植被型,即非典型性热带雨林、热带季雨林、热带山地雨林、热带山顶苔藓矮林(热带云雾林)和热带针叶林,其中热带季雨林植被型包含4种植被亚型[热带落叶季雨林、热带半落叶(半常绿)季雨林、热带常绿季雨林和热带石灰岩(石山)季雨林]。(4)阐明了上述热带森林植被型和植被亚型在我国各省区的分布情况,并提出未来有必要对人工恢复后的热带森林进行评估和植被类型划分。综上所述,该文提出一个新的热带森林植被类型分类框架,以期为今后基于不同地区开展热带森林比较研究提供参考。     

Temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture under different vegetation types in Qilian Mountain, China

Field observations were conducted near the forest boundary in Qilian Mountain to test the differences in temporal variability of soil moisture between grassland, shrubland and forest habitats, and to examine the contributions of canopy rainfall interception and plant uptake to any observed differences. It was found that considerable differences of the temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture do exist between the three habitats. The coefficient of variance (CV) in soil moisture content at 5 cm depth was significantly higher in grassland and shrubland than in forest, while that at 20 cm was significantly higher in shrubland and forest than in grassland. High canopy rainfall interception of shrubs and intense soil moisture evaporation in grassland should be responsible for the higher temporal variability of soil moisture content at 5 cm depth in the two habitats, respectively, while the differences at 20 cm depths are most likely only due to the differences in canopy rainfall interception. Water uptakes provide little contribution to the differences in CVs of soil moisture at both 5 cm and 20 cm depths. It was also found that the CV at depth of 20 cm is significantly higher than that at depth of 5 cm, suggesting that the most active depth of soil moisture does not necessarily happen on the surface.     

Temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture under different vegetation types in Qilian Mountain, China

Field observations were conducted near the forest boundary in Qilian Mountain to test the differences in temporal variability of soil moisture between grassland, shrubland and forest habitats, and to examine the contributions of canopy rainfall interception and plant uptake to any observed differences. It was found that considerable differences of the temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture do exist between the three habitats. The coefficient of variance (CV) in soil moisture content at 5 cm depth was significantly higher in grassland and shrubland than in forest, while that at 20 cm was significantly higher in shrubland and forest than in grassland. High canopy rainfall interception of shrubs and intense soil moisture evaporation in grassland should be responsible for the higher temporal variability of soil moisture content at 5 cm depth in the two habitats, respectively, while the differences at 20 cm depths are most likely only due to the differences in canopy rainfall interception. Water uptakes provide little contribution to the differences in CVs of soil moisture at both 5 cm and 20 cm depths. It was also found that the CV at depth of 20 cm is significantly higher than that at depth of 5 cm, suggesting that the most active depth of soil moisture does not necessarily happen on the surface.     

Clearance and fragmentation of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW, China

Xishuangbanna, situated in the northern margin of the tropical zone in Southeast Asia, maintains large areas of tropical rain forest and contains rich biodiversity. However, tropical rain forests are being rapidly destroyed in this region. This paper analyzed spatial and temporal changes of forest cover and the patterns of forests fragmentation in Xishuangbanna by comparing classified satellite images from 1976, 1988 and 2003 using GIS analyses. The patterns of fragmentation and the effects of edge width were examined using selected landscape indices. The results show that forest cover declined from 69% in 1976 to less than 50% in 2003, the number of forests fragments increased from 6,096 to 8,324, and the mean patch size declined from 217 to 115 ha. It was found that fragment size distribution was strongly skewed towards small values, and fragment size and internal habitat differ strongly among forest types: less fragmented in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, but severe in forests that are suitable for agriculture (such as tropical seasonal rain forest and mountain rain forest). Due to fragmentation, the edge width was smaller in 2003 than that in 1976 when the total area of edge habitat exceeded core habitat in different forest types. The core area of tropical seasonal rain forest was smallest among main forest types at any edge width. Fragmentation was severe within 12.5-km buffers around roads. The current forest cover within reserves in Xishuangbanna was comparatively large and less fragmented. However, the tropical rain forest has been degraded inside reserves. For conservation purposes, the approaches to establish forest fragments networks by corridors and stepping stone fragments are proposed. The conservation efforts should be directed first toward the conservation of remaining tropical rain forests.     

Stream vegetation in different landscape types

A methodology is proposed for assessing the ecological value of streams in the catchment of the Moravská Dyje River. It is concluded that by using a wide range of parameters that a more objective assessment is achieved than if only one were used. The landscape of the catchment studied contains excessive amounts of nutrients and, in comparison to its natural state, has become too uniform.     

土壤细菌呼吸对西双版纳热带森林恢复的响应

揭示不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤细菌呼吸季节变化及其主控因素,对于探明土壤细菌呼吸对热带森林恢复的响应机制具有重要的科学意义。以西双版纳不同恢复阶段热带森林(白背桐群落、崖豆藤群落和高檐蒲桃群落)为研究对象,运用真菌呼吸抑制法及高通量宏基因组测序技术分别测定土壤细菌呼吸速率和细菌多样性,并采用回归分析及结构方程模型揭示热带森林恢复过程中土壤细菌多样性、pH、土壤碳氮组分变化对土壤细菌呼吸速率的影响特征。结果表明：1)不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤细菌呼吸速率表现为：高檐蒲桃群落((1.51±0.62)CO₂ mg g^-1 h^-1)显著高于崖豆藤群落((1.16±0.56)CO₂ mg g^-1 h^-1)和白背桐群落((0.82±0.60)CO₂ mg g^-1 h^-1)(P<0.05)。2)不同恢复阶段土壤细菌呼吸速率呈显著的单峰型季节变化(P<0.05),最大值均出现在9月：高檐蒲桃群落((...