上海市部分鸟类寄生虫虫卵检查情况

为调查上海市部分鸟类寄生虫感染情况,于2012年2、5、8、11月分别对上海市部分鸟类粪便进行采集,共抽样采集46种鸟类的231个粪样,采用漂浮法、沉淀法和麦氏虫卵计数法调查其寄生虫虫卵的感染率及感染强度。结果显示:有39种鸟的171个粪样检出寄生虫虫卵阳性,粪便中的寄生虫虫卵以球虫卵囊和线虫卵为主。5月和8月寄生虫虫卵的检出率相对较高。球虫卵囊和线虫卵的每克粪便卵囊数(OPG/EPG)最大值均出现在11月,分别为168 750个和3375个。检查结果表明,上海花鸟市场鸟类感染寄生虫的种类较多,感染率高。检查结果为掌握上海鸟类寄生虫的感染状况和做好寄生虫病的防控提供了基础数据。     

日本血吸虫卵在动物组织内的发育和演变

观察了日本血吸虫卵在小白鼠、家兔组织内发育和演变的情况。 自然地死亡的虫卵,或因宿主组织反应以及某些药物作用引起死亡的虫卵。其形态上发生显著的变化,主要表现在卵壳增厚,表面粗糙不平,胚膜不清楚,卵内的胚胎或幼虫萎缩成块状或结构模糊呈网状。但大部分颗粒性虫卵虽死亡已久,其卵壳始终很薄,部分胚膜清楚,色泽金黄,然而卵内的结构紊乱,表现为颗粒大小不一,折光不均匀,有空隙。一般,虫卵死亡时间越长,这种变化越明显。但其变化的速度相当缓慢,宿主体内虫子死亡后,大部分虫卵可以逐渐被组织吸收,还有部分虫卵可在组织内保留相当长的时间。 介绍了一种鉴别组织内虫卵死活的吖啶橙萤光染色法:活虫卵发橙红色或红绿相嵌色彩的萤光,虫卵死亡后,随着时间的延长,虫卵由橙黄色、黄绿色,继之转为发蓝色的萤光。此法虽需仪器设备,但方法敏感,对于科研工作是有价值的。 对某些虫卵的特点,吖啶橙萤光染色法的原理进行了简单的讨论。     

寄生虫卵玻片标本制做方法的改进

1.用甘油明胶改良的方法,制作一般寄生虫卵玻片标本,可供教学及示教之用,且可经久保留,虫卵尚属完好。2.用上法对十二指肠钩虫卵 Ancylostoma duode-nale 及短膜壳绦虫卵 Hymenolepis nana 制成的玻片标本,尚不能令人满意。     

人体几种寄生虫卵的检查与识别

人体几种寄生虫卵的检查与识别张帆（首都医科大学寄生虫学教研室１０００５４）寄生虫病流行广,对人危害很大,因此人们很重视对寄生虫病的诊断。在寄生虫病实验诊断的方法中,对虫卵的检查与识别又是经常采用的简便易行的方法。现将几种常见的寄生虫卵检查识别方法介绍...     

寄生虫卵的收集与示教

寄生虫虫卵的形态观察在动物学、寄生虫学及卫生宣传中都是必不可少的实验内容,该实验一般采用粪便直接涂片或水洗沉淀集卵法收集虫卵,但这样常常由于标本供应不及时,检出率不高或虫卵类型太少而影响观察效果。下面我们介绍一种寄生虫虫卵收集和示教的简便高效的方法。虫卵的收集寄生虫的种类很多,现以人蛔虫为例介绍之。人蛔虫寄生于肠道,一条成熟雌虫每天可排出20万虫卵,但一条雌虫的子宫内却集中有千万枚虫卵。因此,我们解剖雌虫取出子宫,就可得到大量纯净的蛔虫虫卵。方法:①在蛔虫病人驱虫时获取成虫,解剖雌虫取出子宫。②将子宫放在培养皿中剪碎或用解剖针划破,使虫卵流出。③用5-10%的甲醛溶液固定虫卵,然后用吸管将固定液、虫卵一并吸人青霉素瓶     

试论昆虫卵的分类特征

一、引言 昆虫卵是重要的虫态,但对昆虫卵的分类鉴定研究,则远远落后于成虫分类的研究。近年来,国内外开展消灭害虫于卵期的研究工作,如在虫情予测予报中以卵数量为指标,调查各种卵的寄生蜂种类,利用赤眼蜂消灭多种害虫卵,以及在研制农药和激素杀卵剂等方面皆需要以昆虫卵分类鉴定作为依据。有鉴于此,笔者在此提出一些关于昆虫卵分类特征方面的意见和看法,供参考和讨论,抛砖引玉,以期促进昆虫卵分类工作的开展。     

豆状带绦虫四川株的生物学研究

目的对豆状带绦虫四川株的生物学特性进行深入研究,为豆状囊尾蚴病的防控提供基础数据。方法用豆状带绦虫虫卵经口感染兔后,于第60天剖杀采集豆状囊尾蚴并记录其在兔体内的寄生部位。用豆状囊尾蚴经口感染实验犬,观察犬首次排出孕节的时间、每天排出孕节的数目及排孕节持续时间;选取55个孕节,记录孕节中虫卵的数目及大小;用1%次氯酸钠溶液激活虫卵,观察虫卵孵化过程。结果 5只犬在感染豆状囊尾蚴后分别在感染后39 d、43 d、45 d、50 d和57 d开始排出孕节;最多一天排出158片孕节;孕节中虫卵含量在60~26 480个之间,平均为3372个,虫卵大小为(41.32±4.53)μm×(36.23±4.92)μm;虫卵孵化需要4~5 min。豆状囊尾蚴在家兔体内主要寄生于胃大网膜和直肠浆膜。结论犬感染豆状囊尾蚴后,在犬体内发育成熟的豆状带绦虫排孕节持续时间长,孕节内虫卵量大,排出的虫卵可对环境造成较大的污染,极易引起中间宿主的感染。     

日本血吸虫重感染兔肝在生理盐水中冷藏24小时后的虫卵活性观察

本文探讨日本血吸虫重感染兔肝加生理盐水置冰箱浸泡24小时后分离的虫卵活性。1材料和方法感染1500条日本血吸虫尾蚴的26只家兔肝,用常规方法分离虫卵,按兔肝湿重等分为两份。一份即时分离虫卵称即时组,另一份加少量生理盐水(淹没肝组织为度)置冰箱24小时分离虫卵称24小时组。两组所获虫卵均分别制备加热超声虫卵〔1〕和冰冻干燥虫卵。加热超声的两组虫卵用玻片法作环卵沉淀试验以观察环沉率和反应强度。冻干卵两组则制备成1%虫卵抗原用对流免疫电泳(抗原稀释法)检测活性,并用凯氏微量定氮法测含氮量,依据含氮量稀释为10—15μg/ml致敏血球,…     

牛带绦虫早期虫卵的卵膜结构的扫描电镜观察

通过对牛带绦虫早期虫卵的冷冻断割,做扫描电镜观察,见到带科绦虫虫卵在早期阶段保留了典型的各层膜的结构。虫卵共有七个膜层,实际各层之间是互相沟通与渗透的完整体系。待到虫卵成熟时,绦虫的卵壳才破裂,卵黄细胞及卵黄膜层也有退行性变化,而胚膜(embryophore)及幼虫(六钩幼hcxacanth embryo)的发育则趋于更完整。 对带绦虫的成熟虫卵的超微结构,国内、外已有过较细的描述(Inatomi,S.1962;Ishii,Y.1972;王松山等 1980)。这些报告多侧重于对带绦虫的胚膜超微结构的研究,尤其是对胚膜微管系统的观察,这些观察对于了解虫卵的生理是很有意义的。此外,Ogren,R.E.(1953,55,56,57,67) Smyth,J.D.(1956) 曾分别对Linstowiidae 科绦虫的 Oochoristria symmetrica(=O,ratti)及假叶目绦虫(Pseudophyllidae)的Schistocephalus solides的虫卵的发育做了一系列的观察;森山(1961)也对未成熟的牛带绦虫卵做过观察。但这些研究的方法,主要是光学显微镜的观察,对一些虫卵的微细结构,仅是以示意模式图来表示,而不能直接地表达其观察结果。 本文试图应用冷冻断割法(freeze fracture)将牛带绦虫卵剖开,通过SEM观察绦虫卵的早期三维结构,对绦虫卵的膜结构做了进一步地了解。     

天山马鹿南山种群肠道寄生虫的流行病学调查

为了解野生天山马鹿胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,2011 年10 月至2012 年6 月和2012 年9 月,利用漂浮法和沉淀法,对分布于新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿的306 份马鹿粪便进行了调查。结果表明,天山马鹿寄生虫感染情况较为严重,主要有鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵、线虫卵和幼虫,总感染率高达85. 6% 。其中鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵及其他(未能鉴定分类的线虫卵和幼虫)的平均感染率分别为78.1% 、56. 9% 、0.7% 和25. 8% ,感染强度(EPG)分别为106.4、8. 6、0.9 和3.9,其中鞭虫卵占优势。混合感染情况比较严重,鞭虫卵和蛔虫卵的混合感染率为最高,可达44% 。     

A single micropyle in the eggs of the most basal living actinopterygian fish, Polypterus (Actinopterygii, Polypteriformes)

Breeding of Polypterus , the most basal living actinopterygian, provided the opportunity to study the surface structure of its eggs with SEM for the first time. The investigation revealed the previously overlooked presence of a micropyle at the animal egg pole, thus rejecting recent textbook belief that the eggs of Polypterus slack a micropyle. Comparison with data for other gnathostomes demonstrates that eggs with a micropyle are a further synapomorphy for Actinopterygii and confirm membership of the Cladistia in that group.     

几种生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼野生和养殖卵孵化的影响

比较了曼氏无针乌贼野生卵和养殖卵的区别,研究了不同温度、盐度、孵化密度、卵类型对野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼孵化率和孵化时间的影响.结果表明：野生卵的质量较佳,养殖卵则以黑色小卵的质量为佳.野生卵的最佳孵化温度为27 ℃～29 ℃,最佳孵化盐度为24.5～32.0;孵化密度对野生卵孵化率的影响不显著.养殖卵在19 ℃～29 ℃下的孵化率为6.7%～30.0%,高于33 ℃和低于17 ℃均不能孵化;在盐度19.5～32.0范围内孵化率为18.3%～25.0%,盐度低于17.0不能孵化;充气情况下,孵化密度对养殖卵的孵化率影响不显著,而不充气情况下影响显著.     

厦门地区夏季播种的松花型花椰菜营养品质评价

以厦门地区夏季播种的抗热松花型台湾花椰菜Brassica oleracea var. botrytis品种为材料,比较各品种生物学性状、营养成分、矿质元素、能源、植物功能性指标,并以低能高营养的消费原则,采用平均隶属函数值对品种进行评价。结果表明,平均隶属函数值依次为‘雪松’(4.805) >‘香雪’(3.282) >‘雪丽’(2.279) >‘庆农S90’(1.037)。结合生育期考虑,‘雪松’为夏季较适合在厦门地区推广的松花型花椰菜抗热新品种。     

Association between an interleukin 1 receptor,type I promoter polymorphism and self-reported attentional function in women with breast cancer

Subgroups of patients with breast cancer may be at greater risk for cytokine-induced changes in cognitive function after diagnosis and during treatment. The purposes of this study were to identify subgroups of patients with distinct trajectories of attentional function and evaluate for phenotypic and genotypic (i.e., cytokine gene polymorphisms) predictors of subgroup membership. Self-reported attentional function was evaluated in 397 patients with breast cancer using the Attentional Function Index before surgery and for six months after surgery (i.e., seven time points). Using growth mixture modeling, three attentional function latent classes were identified: High (41.6%), Moderate (25.4%), and Low-moderate (33.0%). Patients in the Low-moderate class were significantly younger than those in the High class, with more comorbidities and lower functional status than the other two classes. No differences were found among the classes in years of education, race/ethnicity, or other clinical characteristics. DNA was recovered from 302 patients’ samples. Eighty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms among 15 candidate genes were included in the genetic association analyses. After controlling for age, comorbidities, functional status, and population stratification due to race/ethnicity, IL1R1 rs949963 remained a significant genotypic predictor of class membership in the multivariable model. Carrying the rare “A” allele (i.e., GA + AA) was associated with a twofold increase in the odds of belonging to a lower attentional function class (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.30; p = .009). Findings provide evidence of subgroups of women with breast cancer who report distinct trajectories of attentional function and of a genetic association between subgroup membership and an IL1R1 promoter polymorphism.     

Comparison of Methods for Assessing Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in Peanut

Use of resistant cultivars is a desirable approach to manage the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria). To incorporate resistance into commercially acceptable cultivars requires reliable, efficient screening methods. To optimize the resistance screening protocol, a series of greenhouse tests were done using seven genotypes with three levels of resistance to M. arenaria. The three resistance levels could be separated based on gall indices as early as two weeks after inoculation (WAI) using 8,000 eggs of M. arenaria per plant, while four or more weeks were needed when 1,000–6,000 eggs/plant were used. High inoculum densities (over 8,000 eggs/plant) were needed to separate the three resistance levels based on eggs per gram of root within eight WAI. A gall index based on percentage of galled roots could separate the three resistance levels at lower inoculum levels and earlier harvest dates than other assessment methods. The use of eggs vs. second-stage juveniles (J2) as inoculum provided similar results; however, it took three to five more days to collect J2 than to collect eggs from roots. Plant age affected gall index and nematode reproduction on peanut, especially on the susceptible genotypes AT201 and D098. The genotypes were separated into their correct resistance classes when inoculated 10 to 30 days after planting, but were not separated correctly when inoculated on day 40.     

Dinosaurs: a field guide/The Princeton field guide to dinosaurs

Eggshells from the three extant crocodilian species Crocodylus mindorensis (Philippine Crocodile), Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier's Smooth-fronted Caiman or Musky Caiman) and Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator or Common Alligator) were prepared for thin section and scanning electron microscope analyses and are described in order to improve the knowledge on crocodilian eggs anatomy and microstructure, and to find new apomorphies that can be used for identification. Both extant and fossil crocodilian eggs present an ornamentation that vary as anastomo-, ramo- or the here newly described rugosocavate type. The angusticaniculate pore system is a shared character for Crocodylomorpha eggshells and some dinosaurian and avian groups. Previously reported signs of incubated crocodilian eggs were found also on our only fertilised and hatched egg. Paleosuchus palpebrosus presents unique organization and morphology of the three eggshell layers, with a relatively thin middle layer characterised by dense and compact tabular microstructure.     

Nest height, nest concealment, and predator type predict nest predation in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus?cyaneus)

Three factors and their interaction effects are increasingly recognized as important determinants of nest predation: nest concealment, nest height, and predator type. The risk of nest predation is predicted to vary across these variables because of nest detectability and accessibility. In general, however, few studies examine how these three variables interact in relation to nest predation, focusing instead on either nest concealment or nest height (whereby predator identity is usually not known). In this study, we examine the role of nest concealment and nest height for nest survival using both artificial and natural nests in the superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus). We indirectly identified potential predators through marks left on artificial eggs and footprints left on tracking tunnels. Predation level at artificial nests was lower than at natural nests, and this could be due to a failure of some nest predators to locate cryptic nests in the absence of cues provided by parental activity. Our results supported the prediction that exposed and concealed nests have different levels of nest predation, which can be explained by variation in predator type. Visual predators were only detected at exposed nests, and survival from visual predators was lower for high nests that were also exposed. However, olfactory predators were detected irrespective of nest height or nest concealment. Because rodents use olfaction to locate nests, this could explain the lack of association between nest concealment and predation outcome at low nests. In addition, rodent footmarks near nests were significantly associated with rodent tooth marks on eggs.     

Influence of egg size differences within egg clutches on larval parameters in nine libellulid species (Odonata)

Abstract.  1. In libellulids, egg size differs between species and populations. There are also size differences within egg clutches of individual females.
2. Past experiments suggest that there are two different types of egg clutches in libellulids. Egg size decreases significantly during oviposition in species that perform non-contact guarding during oviposition. In contrast, in species ovipositing in tandem, egg size is randomly distributed.
3. This study deals with the possible consequences of egg size variation within the different egg clutch types. The study examined whether there is a correlation between egg development time, offspring sex or larval size and egg size.
4. The current experiments were conducted in Namibia and Germany. Five non-contact guarding and four tandem guarding libellulid species were used.
5. In some species larger eggs needed more time to develop, in some species no correlation between egg size and egg development time could be found, whereas in other species larger eggs developed faster.
6. The sex ratio was biased towards females in Leucorrhinia dubia and in Sympetrum striolatum and egg size was not associated with gender.
7. In both egg clutch types larger eggs resulted in larger larvae. In this study, evidence was found that the effects of egg size diminished with progressing larval development under good conditions. However, it is possible that the effects may have a greater influence under harsh circumstances.     

Evolution of gene expression in fire ants: the effects of developmental stage, caste, and species

Ants provide remarkable examples of equivalent genotypes developing into divergent and discrete phenotypes. Diploid eggs can develop either into queens, which specialize in reproduction, or workers, which participate in cooperative tasks such as building the nest, collecting food, and rearing the young. In contrast, the differentiation between males and females generally depends upon whether eggs are fertilized, with fertilized (diploid) eggs giving rise to females and unfertilized (haploid) eggs giving rise to males. To obtain a comprehensive picture of the relative contributions of gender (sex), caste, developmental stage, and species divergence to gene expression evolution, we investigated gene expression patterns in pupal and adult queens, workers, and males of two species of fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri. Microarray hybridizations revealed that variation in gene expression profiles is influenced more by developmental stage than by caste membership, sex, or species identity. The second major contributor to variation in gene expression was the combination of sex and caste. Although workers and queens share equivalent diploid nuclear genomes, they have highly distinctive patterns of gene expression in both the pupal and the adult stages, as might be expected given their extraordinary level of phenotypic differentiation. Overall, the difference in the proportion of differentially expressed genes was greater between workers and males than between workers and queens or queens and males, consistent with the fact that workers and males share neither gender nor reproductive capability. Moreover, between-species comparisons revealed that the greatest difference in gene expression patterns occurred in adult workers, a finding consistent with the fact that adult workers most directly experience the distinct external environments characterizing the different habitats occupied by the two species. Thus, much of the evolution of gene expression in ants may occur in the worker caste, despite the fact that these individuals are largely or completely sterile. Analyses of gene expression evolution revealed a combination of positive selection and relaxation of stabilizing selection as important factors driving the evolution of such genes.     

Stable group size in cooperative breeders: the role of inheritance and reproductive skew

Recent studies of reproductive skew have revealed great variationin the distribution of direct fitness among group members, yetthere have been surprisingly few attempts to explore the consequencesof such variation for stable group size, and none that takeinto account the future benefits of group membership to nonbreeders.This means that the existing theory is not suited to explainthe group size of most cooperatively breeding vertebrates andprimitively social insects in which group membership involvessubstantial future benefits. Here we model the group size ofsuch species as social queues in which nonbreeders can inherita breeding position if they outlive those ahead of them in thequeue. We demonstrate, however, that the results can be generalizedto systems in which inheritance occurs via scramble competition,rather than via a strict queue. The model predicts that stablegroup size will depend on the number of breeding positions inthe group and the mortality rates of breeders and nonbreeders,but not on the distribution of reproduction among the pool ofbreeders. This is because deaths occur at random, so that eachindividual has the same chance of surviving to reach each breedingposition. We tested a specific prediction of the model usingdata on ovarian development in the paper wasp, Polistes dominulus.We found a positive correlation between group size and the proportionof females with fully developed eggs, as predicted. Our resultsclarify the interaction between the dominance structure andsize of animal groups and add to the growing recognition ofthe potential for inheritance as a major determinant of bothindividual behavior and group-level characteristics of animalsocieties.