手性技术与生物催化

简要介绍了手性,手性技术与生物催化的基本概念。手性,是指一个有机分子具有不对称性,形成两种空间排布方式不同的对映异构体。手性技术即生产手性化合物的技术,手性化合物的制备方法主要有手性源、外消旋体拆分、不对称合成等几种。生物催化,即利用酶或微生物等生物材料催化进行某种化学反应,被认为是手性化合物生产取得突破的关健技术。文章还介绍了生物催化外消旋体拆分、生物催化不对称合成等几种生产手性化合物的应用实例。     

手性药物合成中的生物转化

目前手性药物的发展非常迅速,本文介绍了利用微生物及其酶系作为生物催化剂,进行外消旋底物的拆分或前手性底物的不对称化,以合成手性药物的生物转化方法;并评述了生物转化在合成手性药物这一领域的应用现状及今后的发展趋势。     

手性药物合成中的生物转化

目前手性药物的发展非常迅速,本文介绍了利用微生物及其酶系作为生物催化剂,进行外消旋底物的拆分或前手性底物的不对称化,以合成手性药物的生物转化方法;并评述了生物转化在合成手性药物这一领域的应用现状及今后的发展趋势。     

手性药物分析方法研究进展

综述了近10 年来手性药物分离检测方法的发展,包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法,以及超临界流体色谱法等,旨在为该领域的进一步发展提供参考。     

不对称生物还原制备手性药物

近年来手性药物的发展非常迅速,手性合成药物的出现不仅提高了药效,而且有利于克服现行消旋体药物在治疗上的副作用。本文介绍了用生物还原法制备高光学纯度手性醇前体的一些方法。     

地尔硫卓手性中间体合成进展

地尔硫卓是重要的心血管药物,在其分子结构中含有2个手性中心,可产生4个立体异构体,其中只有（2s,3s）-异构体具有药理活性,因此其立体选择性合成具有很大的挑战性。研究人员采用多种方法合成单一构型的地尔硫卓手性中间体,其中包括化学拆分、化学不对称合成以及化学-酶法合成等方法。对地尔硫卓手性中间体的制备方法进行了综述。     

乙内酰脲酶及其在氨基酸手性合成中的应用

乙内酰脲水解酶、氨甲酰化酶和乙内酰脲消旋酶构成的酶系能够以5-取代乙内酰脲类化合物为原料合成天然和非天然D-或L-氨基酸,用于各种手性氧基酸的生产。近来的研究重点在分离新酶或提高原酶的活性,包括定向突变、三维结构解析与结构功能关系研究、酶固定化、蛋白融合和构建完整细胞生物催化剂等。     

过渡金属催化手性α-取代丙酸类药物的不对称氢化合成进展

手性α-取代丙酸及其衍生物是一类重要的有机合成彻块和关键中间体,现已被广泛地应用于手性药物的合成之中。如临床正在大量使用的非甾体类抗炎药布洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬和氟比洛芬等。众所周知的抗疟药青蒿素,其合成关键中间体二氢青蒿酸同样属于此种结构。所以,手性α-取代丙酸及其衍生物的不对称合成一直是科学家研究的热点。不对称催化氢化反应因为其原子经济性和高效性,越来越引起人们的关注。本文主要综述了近年来过渡态金属催化氢化合成手性α-取代丙酸类药物的研究进展。     

从专利角度分析ω-转氨酶在我国手性胺生物合成应用中的研究进展

转氨酶能够催化氨基在氨基酸、烷胺、芳香胺等多种氨基化合物和醛、酮、酮酸等羰基化合物之间的可逆转移。由于其底物范围广、立体选择性高、催化条件温和等特点,ω-转氨酶已在手性胺绿色生物合成中展现了巨大应用前景。开发高效、特异、环保且具有自主知识产权的手性胺合成应用技术,对我国医药、农药、材料产业的发展具有重要意义。本文从应用技术角度,对近10年来我国机构报道的ω-转氨酶相关中国专利进行了系统分析,重点从ω-转氨酶资源开发、酶性能的蛋白工程改造、在手性胺合成中的应用现状、催化转化技术工艺4个方面对我国ω-转氨酶在手性胺生物合成领域的研究进展进行阐述,以期为ω-转氨酶基础理论的深入研究和相关应用技术的推广提供参考。     

生物催化不对称还原制备氟代手性醇

由于氟原子的特殊性质，化合物中引入氟原子可显著改变其物理化学性质。因此，氟原子在药物中的应用越来越广。此外，80%药物分子结构属于手性分子。其中，氟代手性醇常见于手性药物结构中，该类结构的合成方法研究具有重要的意义。不对称还原含氟酮是合成此结构的常见方法。与化学还原方法相比，生物催化还原具有对映选择性强、产率高和易于分离纯化等优点。生物催化，特别是酶催化还原含氟酮类化合物成为手性药物合成领域的研究热点。本文从纯化酶催化和全细胞催化两个方面，综述了近年来含氟酮生物催化还原合成氟代手性醇的研究进展，并分析总结了氟代对酮生物催化还原的影响，最后对生物催化还原法未来的发展进行了展望。     

Screening and Application of Microbial Esterases for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Glycerol Derivatives

A number of enzymes with reasonable to excellent selectivities for the conversion of prochiral 2-benzylglyceroldiacetate 1c into optically active monoacetate 2c could be identified in a screening of microbial esterases and lipases. For the synthesis of the S-enantiomer of 2c by hydrolysis, two enzymes (from Aspergillus fumigatus and from Mucor javanicus) were identified which give the product with an e.e.-value of 75%. The R-enantiomer can be obtained with a purified lipase/esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens in 96% e.e. The optical purity of the product was determined without derivatisation by chromatography on a chiral HPLC-column.     

Chiral ionic liquids: a compendium of syntheses and applications (2005-2012)

In recent years, the field of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) has undergone exponential growth. As the technology has advanced, new ways of synthesizing stable and structurally diverse ionic liquids have been established. This has led to heretofore unknown applications of CILs as well as in improving efficiency of previously identified applications. In this review article we have compiled a comprehensive database containing structures and physical properties of notable CILs that have been synthesized during the last 6 years. Their applications in the fields of asymmetric organic synthesis, spectroscopy, and chromatography are also illustrated. This is an expansion of our previous review, which covered the literature before 2005.     

Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral O,N,O‐tridentate Phenol Ligands Derived From Camphor

Chiral O,N,O‐tridentate phenol ligands bearing a camphor backbone were found to be effective chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes, resulting in high enantioselectivities (80–95% ee) at room temperature. Chirality 28:65–71, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fundamentals of chirality,resolution, and enantiopure molecule synthesis methods

The chirality of molecules is a concept that explains the interactions in nature. We may observe the same formula but different organizations revolving around the chiral center. Since Pasteur's meticulous observation of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals' structure, scientists have discovered many features of chiral molecules. The number of newly approved single enantiomeric drugs increases every year and takes place in the market. Thus, separation or resolution methods of racemic mixtures are of continued importance in the efficacy of drugs, installation of affordable production processes, and convenient synthetic chemistry practice. This article presents the asymmetric synthesis approaches and the classification of direct resolution methods of chiral molecules.     

Chiral porphyrin imine manganese complex as catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of styrene derivatives

New chiral porphyrin imine was synthesized from (S)‐3‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐4‐phenylbutanal according to dipyrromethane method using trifluoroacetic acid, BF₃ etherate, and p‐chloranil. Manganese complex of this chiral porphyrin imine ligand was used as catalyst in the asymmetric epoxidation of styrene derivatives possessing different substituents. Styrene derivatives possessing electron withdrawing groups gave the corresponding chiral epoxides in high yield up to 98% and ee up to 99%. The mechanism for the catalytic asymmetric epoxidation was also discussed based on transfer of oxygen.     

复合微生态菌剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究黄瓜移苗时施入复合微生态菌剂对黄瓜不同生育时期根际土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活动态变化的影响,结果显示复合微生态菌剂施入前期可提高土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,随生育时期的延长效果变弱,于生育后期可有效降低真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量;复合微生态菌剂处理可提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,但随生育时期的延长,对中性磷酸酶和脲酶的效果减弱。可见复合土壤微生态菌剂的施入应该于适宜时期补施,才能保证其积极的功效。