12种中国葱属植物的核型分析

采用细胞压片法,对采自中国西部的12种葱属植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,其巾天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)、梭沙韭(Aforrestii)、昌都韭(A.changduense)、西川非(A.xichuanense)、野黄韭(A.rude)、野葱(A.chrysanthum)和真籽韭(A.eusperma)等7种植物的核型为首次报道.供试类群中,峨眉韭(A.omeiense)和多星韭(A.wallichii)的染色体基数分别为11和7,其余类群的染色体基数均为8.观察发现,随体杂合和多侪性现象在供试类群中很普遍.分析推测:(1)随体和倍性的变异在葱属某些类群的进化中可能起重要作用,随体的类型在葱属具有重要的分类意义;(2)多倍化和地下走茎的无性繁殖方式可能是天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)的进化策略;(3)西川韭(A.xichuanense)、野黄非(A.rude)和野葱(A.chrysanthum)有密切的亲缘关系;(4)真籽韭(A.eusperma)与多籽组在核型上有密切的亲缘关系.     

中国葱属根茎组植物15种25居群的核型研究

采用常规压片法,对15种25居群葱属根茎组植物进行核型研究,首次报道荒漠韭Allium tekesicola、蓝花韭A.beesianum的染色体数目和核型,并增补了一些根茎组植物的细胞学资料。结果表明：供试类群为二倍体或四倍体,核型类型为1A、2A或2B;高山韭A.sikkimense壤塘居群和荒漠韭具短臂随体,宽苞韭A.platyspathum的和布克赛尔居群、奇台居群具居间随体;野黄韭A.rude雅江居群和荒漠韭中各存在1条B染色体。结合前人研究结果,我们讨论了中国根茎组植物的染色体基数、随体染色体的多型性、B染色体的进化意义和该组植物的进化方式,探讨了天蓝韭A.cyaneum、齿丝山韭A.nutans的地理分布成因,得到了如下推论：（1）中国根茎组植物的染色体基数x=8;（2）中国根茎组植物的核型进化趋势为：1A→2A→2B→2C;（3）中国根茎组植物的随体染色体具多型性;（4）多倍化和结构变异是中国根茎组植物进化的两种重要方式;（5）天蓝韭和齿丝山韭以多倍化和无性生殖来克服扩大新的生存空间遇到的困难。     

葱属Anguinum亚属4种19居群的核型研究

石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱亚科(Allioideae)葱族(Allieae)葱属(Allium)的Anguinum亚属在中国分布有6种2变种,该亚属植物具有重要的药用价值。该研究在扩大样本量和覆盖范围的基础上,采用常规压片法对葱属Anguinum亚属4种植物19居群的染色体核型进行了研究,首次报道了心叶韭(Allium ovalifolium var.cordifolium)的核型。结果表明:供试类群中茖葱都为四倍体,对叶韭和心叶韭都为二倍体,太白韭具有二倍体和四倍体,染色体基数均为x=8,核型类型都为2A型,每个居群都具有随体染色体,随体染色体多为st染色体,随体均位于短臂末端,并且对叶韭眉县居群和太白韭聂拉木居群存在B染色体。结合前人研究结果讨论了Anguinum亚属植物的染色体特征、随体染色体的多态性和该亚属植物的进化方式,探讨了茖葱(Allium victorialis)和对叶韭(A.listera)的细胞地理学问题。得到如下推论:(1)染色体加倍和结构变异是Anguinum亚属进化的两种重要机制,环境异质性使得Anguinum亚属植物随体染色体具较高的多态性;(2)茖葱通过多倍化和无性繁殖并存来扩大居群;(3)染色体形态变异是对叶韭适应环境变异的重要方式。     

13种21居群葱属植物的细胞分类学研究

采用常规压片法,对13种（含1变种）21居群葱属（Allium L.）植物进行了细胞分类学研究。结果表明：所研究类群的染色体基数为7、8和11,核型的类型为2A、2B和3A型,并且存在2倍体、3倍体和4倍体。主要讨论了葱属根茎组（Sect.Rhizirdium G.Don）部分类群的核型分化和进化机制,高山韭（A.sikkimense Baker）和多星韭（A.wallichii Kunth）的细胞地理学,以及B染色体的多态性及其在生境上的适应意义。最后在本研究的基础上,结合前人的细胞分类学研究结果,对葱属植物的核型进化形成了如下认识：（1）该属植物的原始染色体基数为8,其他基数的类群是由基数为8的类群进化而来的;（2）葱属植物在核型类型的进化上存在两条路线：基数为7的类群核型进化趋势为2A→2B→2C,而基数为8的类群的核型进化趋势为1A→2A→2B→2C;（3）多倍化是葱属植物进化的重要机制之一。     

中国葱属单生组4种植物的核型研究

对葱属单生组Allium sect.Haplostemon Boiss.的4种8个地方居群的核型进行了研究,其中3个种的核型属首次报道。研究结果表明：除在棱叶韭内同时具二倍体、三倍体和四倍体居群外,所研究的其余种的居群均为二倍体。以本研究为基础,结合国内外对该组已有的细胞学研究,得出以下结论：（1）单生组的染色体基数为8,在组内存在1A和2A两种核型类型;（2）组内随体染体类型丰富,在该组物种的生存适应方面可能起重要作用;（3）有些种（如薤白A.macrostemohn,棱叶韭A.caeruleum等）表明出现明显的种内核型分化,有的种甚至在外部形态上也有分化;（4）高度不育的三倍体（棱杏韭）和和五倍体（薤白）居群靠小鳞茎和珠芽进行无性繁殖,以此保持群的稳定和扩大。另外,从生境、繁育制度、多倍化以及这三者之间的关系等方面分析,认为 在单生组中不同的生境有利于诱发染色体的结构作数目变异。多倍化和兼性无融合生殖繁殖制度并存,则有利于克服染色色体变异所带来的育性降低这一繁育障碍,同时使居群中所发生的染色体变异得以保存,因此,多倍化和普性无融合生殖繁育制度并存是该组中多倍体类群进化的重要机制之一。     

六种葱属植物核型研究

葱属粗根组和根茎组6种11个居群的染色体数目和核型的研究结果如下:A．cyathophorum: 2n=2x=16=12m+4sm(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum:西藏察雅和四川理县居群分别为2n=4x=32 =28m+4st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)。A． polyrhizum :2n=2x=20m+8sm+ 4t(2SAT)。A．mongolicum:2n=2x=16=14m+2st(2SAT)。A.senescens:朝鲜郁陵岛和中国内蒙古 科尔沁左翼后旗居群分别为2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=24m+4sm+4st (2SAT)。A．tuberosum:所研究的四个居群中,山西永济居群为二倍体,2n=2x=16=14m=2st (2SAT),另三个分别来自四川的理县、汶川玉龙和成都三瓦窑的居群均为四倍体,2n=4x=32=28m +4st(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum,A．polyrhizum and A. mongolicum的核型为首次报道;并首次 在中国发现了A．tuberosum的野生二倍体居群。此外,还讨论了栽培韭的起源以及A．cyathophorum,A．przewalskianum和A. senescens种内居群间的核型分化问题。     

四川葱属一新种及其核型

本文分析了该新种的核型,其核型公式为K(2n)＝2x＝16=14m+2st(2SAT),具一对居间随体,有时该居间随体不明显。核型的不对称性为2A型。     

葱属根茎组8种21居群植物的核型研究

对葱属根茎组Allium sect.Rhiziridium的8种21个地方居群的核型进行研究,以期为解决该组的种间亲缘关系和物种进化机制提供依据。贺兰韭A.eduardii和阿拉善韭A．flavovirens2个种的核型以及辉韭A．strictum的六倍体核型均属首次报道。研究结果表明：贺兰韭A.eduardii、阿拉善韭A.tlavovirens、北韭A.lineare、蒙古韭A.mongolicum和滩地韭A．oreoprasum的各居群均为二倍体,核型类型为Stebbins的2A型;韭A．tuberosum和野韭A.ramosum的各个居群均为四倍体,核型类型为2A型：辉韭A．Jtrictum的4个居群均为六倍体,核型类型为2B型。通过研究可以得出如下推论：（1）该组植物中存在着大量的多倍体或多倍体系列,染色体数目变化与物种进化具有密切相关性,多倍化可能是根茎组植物核型进化的重要机制之一;（2）随体染色体多为st或t染色体,均位于短臂末端;（3）可以认为辉韭是以增加倍性来克服该物种扩大新的生存空间所带来的困难;（4）现今栽培的韭可能是由野生的二倍体韭和四倍体韭经过长期人工驯化而来的,现今栽培的三倍体韭可能是二倍体韭和四倍体韭杂交而来,并且以无性繁殖方式保存三倍体类群的存在。     

葱属薤白的核型分化

对薤白Allium macrostemon Bunge的13个地方居群进行了核型研究,结果表明,12个国内居群 都为四倍体,2n=4x=32;一个日本居群为五倍体,2n=5x=40。13个居群的核型类型均属Stebbins的 2A型。薤白种内存在着核型多态性。种内的核型分化与染色体的结构变异有关。主要表现为臂间倒 位、罗伯逊易位和或不等相互易位。染色体的结构变异结果导至薤白种内发生明显的核型分化。在13 个居群中,四倍体居群的核型明显可分为两类。第一类的核型公式为2n=4x=32=26m(2SAT)+6sm (2SAT),属于该类的有华山居群、商南居群和长春居群。都江堰居群也属该类,但它的一对m随体染 色体为一对st随体染色体所代替。另一类的核型公式为2n=4x=32=24m(2SAT)+8sm(2SAT),沣峪 口居群、大飞水居群、汶川居群、武汉居群和红河居群属于该类。此外,宝兴居群、杭州居群、香山居群也 属该类,但它们各有一对染色体发生了结构变异。五倍体日本居群的核型属于第一类型,但有两条m 染色体为sm染色体所代替。最后,对薤白种内核型多态性产生的原因从环境因素,繁育制度和多倍性 3个方面进行了分析和讨论。认为不同的生境有利于诱发染色体的结构变异,兼性无融合生殖和多倍 性则有利于克服育性降低的障碍和保存在居群中所发生的染色体结构变异。通过对薤白现代分布格局的分析,认为日本应为它的分化中心。     

Karyotypes of 25 Populations of 15 Species in Allium Section Rhiziridium from China

Karyotypes of 25 populations of 15 species in Allium section Rhiziridium from China were analyzed to discuss the evolutionary mechanisms of Allium section Rhiziridium and cytogeography of some species. Root tips for the study of mitotic chromosomes were obtained from potted plants and pretreated with paradichlorobenzene at room temperature for 9 hours. After 12-24 hours fixation in 1∶3 acetic alcohol, the root tips were macerated in 1mol·L-1 HC1 for 9 minutes at 60℃ and then stained and squashed in carbol fuchsin. Karyotype asymmetry was assessed by As.K%. Results showed that taxa investigated were diploid or tetraploid. Furthermore, the karyotype types were 1A, 2A or 2B according to Stebbins’ karyotype classification. Karyotypes of A.tekesicola, A.tianschanicum, A.beesianum and A.spirale were reported for the first time. Combined with previous karyotype studies, we suggested that: (1) The basic chromosome number of Allium section Rhiziridium from China is x=8. (2) The karyotype types evolutionary trend of Allium section Rhiziridium from China is 1A→2A→2B→2C . (3) Satellite chromosomes of Allium section Rhiziridium from China are varied in numbers and shapes. (4) Polyploidy and chromosome structural rearrangement are two important evolution patterns in Allium section Rhiziridium from China. (5) A.cyaneum and A.nu tans have exploited new niches through polyploidy and asexual reproduction.     

A New Species of Allium L. from Sichuan and Its Karyotype

The new species of Allium L. , A. maowenense J. M. Xu, from Sichuan Province is described in this paper. It is similar to A. eusperma Airy-Shaw, but differs from the latter by white flowers and filaments about 2 times longer than tepals. The present paper also reports the karyotype of the new species. The karyotypic formula was K (2n) = 2x = 16 = 14m +2st (2SAT) with one pair of intercalary satellites, which sometimes were not found clear-ly. The karyotypic asymmetry belongs to Stebbins’ 2A type.     

青海青甘韭9个居群的核型

本文研究了青海葱属青甘韭 9个居群的染色体数目和核型。其中分布于湟源、西宁和共和海拔相对较低的地区的居群为 2倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =2x =16 =14m 2st (2SAT) (湟源居群和西宁居群 ) ,2n =2x =16 =12m 2sm 2st (2SAT) (共和居群 ) ;分布于玛沁、玉树、囊谦等高海拔地区的居群为 4倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =4x =32 =2 8m 4st (2SAT) (玉树居群 1和囊谦居群 1) ,2n =4x =32 =2 4m 4sm 4st (玛沁居群和玉树居群 3)和 2n =4x =32 =2 6m 2sm 4st (玉树居群 2 ) ;囊谦一个生长在林下的居群为 8倍体 ,2n =8x =6 4 =54m 2sm 8st。讨论了居群间的核型分化和倍性与分布的关系。     

中国西南地区鹿药属4种15居群核型研究

对产于中国西南部的鹿药属（Maianthemum）4种植物进行了细胞学研究,包括染色体数目,多倍化,非整倍性和随体染色体,以及核型不对称性和核型进化。结果表明：1）除了在云南丽江采集的Maianthemum tatsienensis染色体数目为2n=72之外,其余的居群全为2n=36;2）核型在居群间存在变异,特别是在具中部染色体和近中部染色体的数目以及随体染色体的数目和位置上。此外,M．nanchuanense和M．szechuanicum的核型是首次报道,B染色体也是首次在该属中发现。我们推测鹿药属的进化方式包括频繁的染色体畸变以及不同水平上的多倍化,而中国西南部是该属的分化中心。     

醉鱼草属四个种的核型分析

报道了醉鱼草属（Btuldleja）4个种的染色体核型。云南醉鱼草（B.yunnanensis）的核型公式为2n=2x=38=22m＋16sm,皱叶醉鱼草（B．crispa）为2n=2x=38=26m＋10sm＋2st,密蒙花（B．officinalis）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st,口本醉鱼草（B．japonica）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st。日本醉鱼草的核型为2B型,其它3个种的核型为2A型。根据核型分析结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了醉鱼草组（Sect．Neemda）两个系（Series）可能的演化关系。     

A Chromosomal Study of Eight Species in Allium Sect. Rhiziridium G. Don in China

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of eight species of Sect. Rhiziridium in Allium (Liaceae). The materials were all collected from their natural populations in east Inner Mongolia, China. The karyotype analysis is made on the basis of Li et al. (1985).The results are as follows (for chromosomes parameters, voucher specimens and localities, see Table 1 and Plate 1--2 the idiograms of the eight species in Fig. 1): (1) Auium leucocephalum Turcz. The somatic chromosome number and karyotype of this species is 2n=16=12m=2sm+2st (2SAT), in Stebbinsl(1971) kayotype classification, which belongs to 2A (Plate 1: 1; Fig. 1: 1). The range of chromosome relative length varies between 8.90--15.55%. Two small satellites are attached to the short arms of the 8th pair of chromosomes. (2) A. strictum Schrader has 2n (4x) =32=16m+4sm+12st, belonging to 2B (Plate 1: 2 & Fig. 1: 2). Satellites were not observed., and the range of chromosome relative length is between 3. 67-11.00%. (3) A. ramosum L. 2n=16=14m+ 2st (2SAT), belonging to 2A (Plate 1: 3 & Fig. 1: 3), Two small satellies are attached to the short arms of the 8th pair of chromosomes. The range of chromosome relative length is between 9.17-16.39%. The chromosome number and karyotype of this species are in accordancewith those reported by Li et al. (1982) with the material from Jinshan, Beijing. (4) A. bidentatum Fisch. ex Prokh. 2n (4x) =32=24m+4sm+4T, belonging to 2B (Plate 1: 4 & Fig. 1: 4). Satellites were not observed. A small median B-chromosome was found in root-tip cells of the population growing in sandy soil, and it is the first discovery (Plate 2: 9). The species has terminal chromosomes, which are seldom seen in Sect. Rhiziridium. The range of chromosome relative length is between 3.32—9.06%. (5) A. tenuissimu L. 2n=16= 10m+4sm+2st(2SAT), belonging to 2B(Plate 1:5 & Fig. 1:5). Two large satellites are attached to the short arms of the 8th pair of chromosome. The range of chromosome relative length is between 8.27--17.56%. (6)A. anisopodium Ledeb. 2n = 16 = l2m +2sm + 2st (2SAT), belonging to 2A (Plate 2:7 & Fig. 1: 7). Two large satellites are attached to the short arms of the 8th pair of chromosomes. In somatic cells of some plants of this species, a small submedian B-chromosome was found (Plate 2: 10, 11). The range of chromosome relative length is between 8.05-17.08 %. (7) A. anisopodium Ledeb. var. zimmermannianum (Gilg) Wang et Tang 2n (4x)=32=24m+4sm+4st( 4SAT), belonging to 2A (Plate 1: 6 & Fig. 1: 6). Four large satellites are attached to the short arms of the 15 and 16th pairs of chromosomes. The range of chromosome relative length is between 4.45--8.35%. This variety is similar to A. anisopodium Ledeb. in morphological characters, and their karyotype formulas are also very similar. The present authors consider that the variety is an allotetraploid derived from A. anisopodium Ledeb. (8) A. condensatum Turcz. 2n=16=14m+2st (2SAT), belonging to 2B (Plate 2:8 & Fig. 1:8). Two. small satellites are attached to the short arms of the 6th pair of chromosomes. In a few individuals of this species median (M) B-chromosome was discovered, and the number is stable (Plate 2: 12). The range of chromosome relative length is between 7.64--17.07%. In short, the chromosome numbers of the species studied in the present work are found to be 2n=16 or 32, and the karyotypes belong to 2A or 2B, highly symmetrical. The karyotypes of Chinese materials of these species are mostly reported for the first time. Threespecies have B-chromosomes.