Effect of lanthanum ions (La3+) on the reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes in wheat leaves

Physiological effects of lanthanum ions on the activities of the enzymes in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were studied. Wheat leaves treated in Hogland solution with 0.1 mM LaCl₃ for 48 h showed increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate-specific peroxidase (AsA-POD), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). However, a minor effect was observed on the levels of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), which regulate the release of energy required by the ROS scavenging system. The whole system was linked up by H⁺ transmission. Our results indicated that the activities of the enzymes that function directly to remove ROS were elevated by La³⁺ treatment, which is consistent with the observations that La³⁺-treated plants had increased tolerance to environmental stresses. The remaining levels of MDAR and GR suggested that these two enzymes might be regulated differently from that of the other four enzymes studied.     

Effect of intracellular ATP on La(3+)-induced aggregation and fusion of human erythrocytes

The influence of intracellular ATP level on the aggregation and fusion of human erythrocytes, induced by La3+ in the concentration range 20-330 microM was studied. The aggregation of intact red blood cells differs from that of cells with increased and decreased contents of ATP. Incubation of erythrocyte aggregates at 37 degrees C did not lead to cell fusion. At the same time, incubation of erythrocyte aggregates with decreased and increased ATP contents in the presence of La3+ induced a pronounced cell fusion.     

La(3+) and Gd(3+) induce shape change of giant unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine

Lanthanides such as La(3+) and Gd(3+) are well known to have large effects on the function of membrane proteins such as mechanosensitive ionic channels and voltage-gated sodium channels, and also on the structure of phospholipid membranes. In this report, we have investigated effects of La(3+) and Gd(3+) on the shape of giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC-GUV) and GUV of DOPC/cholesterol by the phase-contrast microscopy. The addition of 10-100 microM La(3+) (or Gd(3+)) through a 10-microm diameter micropipette near the DOPC-GUV (or DOPC/cholesterol-GUV) triggered several kinds of shape changes. We have found that a very low concentration (10 microM) of La(3+) (or Gd(3+)) induced a shape change of GUV such as the discocyte via stomatocyte to inside budded shape transformation, the two-spheres connected by a neck to prolate transformation, and the pearl on a string to cylinder (or tube) transformation. To understand the effect of these lanthanides on the shape of the GUV, we have also investigated phase transitions of 30 microM dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-multilamellar vesicle (DPPC-MLV) by the ultra-sensitive differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The chain-melting phase transition temperature and the L(beta') to P(beta') phase transition temperature of DPPC-MLV increased with an increase in La(3+) concentration. This result indicates that the lateral compression pressure of the membrane increases with an increase in La(3+) concentration. Thereby, the interaction of La(3+) (or Gd(3+)) on the external monolayer membrane of the GUV induces a decrease in its area (A(ex)), whereas the area of the internal monolayer membrane (A(in)) keeps constant. Therefore, the shape changes of the GUV induced by these lanthanides can be explained reasonably by the decrease in the area difference between two monolayers (DeltaA=A(ex)-A(in)).     

NaHCO3胁迫下硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合机构的保护作用

研究了150 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、Mehler反应,以及叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明：低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)叶面喷施处理能显著减小NaHCO₃胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)的下降幅度和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i) 的上升幅度,有效缓解NaHCO₃胁迫对叶片PSⅡ光化学猝灭(q_P)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、依赖光合碳同化电子传递(ETR_p)和依赖Mehler反应电子传递(ETR_m) 的抑制,增强黑麦草叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,提高非光化学能量耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)和脱环氧化程度(A+Z)/(V+A+Z),从而减轻NaHCO₃胁迫对光合机构的伤害;但高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)对NaHCO₃胁迫伤害的缓解效果不明显.表明适宜浓度的硝酸镧能够缓解NaHCO₃胁迫下非气孔因素引起的黑麦草叶片光合速率下降以及对光化学效率的抑制,并通过促进Mehler反应直接耗散过剩激发能和激活依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散,保护NaHCO₃胁迫引起的过剩光能对光合机构造成的伤害,而Mehler反应加强所产生的活性氧可被抗氧化酶活性的提高所清除.     

Effect of diamide on deformability and La(3+)-induced aggregation and fusion of human erythrocytes

The effect of diamide on the deformability and La(3+)-induced aggregation and fusion of human erythrocytes was studied. It was shown that diamide decreased the deformability of erythrocytes and practically completely inhibited their fusion. It was found that diamide did not change the aggregation of erythrocytes.     

芦笋在PEG模拟干旱条件下的生理生化变化

用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)胁迫处理芦笋幼苗,检测了幼苗的渗透调解物质含量、生物膜透性、抗氧化特性等指标。结果表明:脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量随着处理时间的延长显著增加,且以20%的PEG浓度处理增加最明显;SOD、POD、CAT活性在PEG处理后明显增强;相对电导率随着处理浓度的增大和时间的延长而增大;MDA含量随着处理时间的延长明显增加,且以10%和20%浓度处理增加显著。由此表明,芦笋在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调解物质含量,降低水势来提高其抗旱能力;通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫伤害。     

Binding and Electrostatic Attraction of Lanthanum (La3+) and Aluminum (Al3+) to Wheat Root Plasma Membranes

A general model for the sorption of trivalent cations to wheat-root (Triticum aestivum L cv. Scout 66) plasma membranes (PM) has been developed and includes the first published coefficients for La³⁺ and Al³⁺ binding to a biological membrane. Both ions are rhizotoxic, and the latter ion is the principal contributor to the toxicity of acidic soils around the world. The model takes into account both the electrostatic attraction and the binding of cations to the negatively charged PM surface. Ion binding is modeled as the reaction P ⁻+I ^Z⇌PI ^{Z −1} in which P ⁻ represents a negatively charged PM ligand, located in an estimated area of 540 ?², and I ^Z represents an ion of charge Z. Binding constants for the reaction were assigned for K⁺ (1 m ⁻¹) and Ca²⁺ (30 m ⁻¹) and evaluated experimentally for La³⁺ (2200 m ⁻¹) and H⁺ (21,500 m ⁻¹). Al sorption is complicated by Al³⁺ hydrolysis that yields hydroxoaluminum species that are also sorbed. Binding constants of 30 and 1 m ⁻¹ were assigned for AlOH²⁺ and Al(OH)⁺ ₂, respectively, then a constant for Al³⁺ (20,000 m ⁻¹) was evaluated experimentally using the previously obtained values for K⁺, Ca²⁺ and H⁺ binding. Electrostatic attraction was modeled according to Gouy-Chapman theory. Evaluation of parameters was based upon the sorption of ions to PM vesicles suspended in solutions containing variable concentrations of H⁺, Ca²⁺ and La³⁺ or Al³⁺. Use of small volumes, and improved assay techniques, allowed the measurement of concentration depletions caused by sorption to vesicles. Some independent confirmation of our model is provided by substantial agreement between our computations and two published reports of La³⁺ effects upon zeta potentials of plant protoplasts. The single published report concerning the electrostatic effects of Al on cell membranes is in essential agreement with the model. Received: 6 January 1997/Revised: 6 June 1997     

Effect of lanthanum ions on the phase transitions of lecithin bilayers.

Interaction of lanthanum ions (La3+) with 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DPPC) causes an increase in Tc, the temperature of maximal excess heat capacity, and the width of the gel-to-liquid crystalline transition. At a mole ratio of La3+ to DPPC sufficient to remove the hydrocarbon chain tilt angle of DPPC, the changes in the thermodynamic parameters of the pretransition are minor, Tc and the width were unaltered and the enthalpy was reduced by only 10%. This suggests that the change in tilt angle is not a necessary concomitant of the pretransition.     

Effect of neuraminidase and proteolytic enzymes on electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes and their aggregation induced by La(3+)

The effect of neuraminidase, trypsin and pronase on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes and their aggregation induced by La3+ was studied in vitro. The aggregation of intact red cells differs from that of cells treated with neuraminidase and proteolytic enzymes. The above differences are observed in the range of La3+ suspension concentration from 20 to 330 microM. A possible mechanism of aggregation is discussed.     

La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过水培实验研究了La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜(Brassicanapus)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,当镉浓度≤10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种(0～50mg·L-1)能提高油菜种子的活力,促进油菜幼苗的生长,并提高脂肪酶的活性和幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数。其中以10mg·L-1La(NO3)3浸种处理效果最佳,与对照相比,种子活力指数及油菜幼苗各生长指标显著提高,脂肪酶活性增加40.41%～65.09%,幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数增加62.76%～77.02%。当镉浓度>10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫的缓解效用明显减弱,与对照相比,仅脂肪酶活性显著提高,其它指标无明显变化。     

Mobilizing store Ca(2+) in the presence of La(3+) evokes exocytosis in bovine chromaffin cells

The effect on exocytosis of La(3+), a known inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPases and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, was studied using cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. At high concentrations (0.3-3 mM), La(3+) substantially increased histamine-induced catecholamine secretion. This action was mimicked by other lanthanide ions (Nd(3+), Eu(3+), Gd(3+), and Tb(3+)), but not several divalent cations. In the presence of La(3+), the secretory response to histamine became independent of extracellular Ca(2+). La(3+) enhanced secretion evoked by other agents that mobilize intracellular Ca(2+) stores (angiotensin II, bradykinin, caffeine, and thapsigargin), but not that due to passive depolarization with 20 mM K(+). La(3+) still enhanced histamine-induced secretion in the presence of the nonselective inhibitors of Ca(2+)-permeant channels SKF96365 and Cd(2+), but the enhancement was abolished by prior depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin. La(3+) inhibited (45)Ca(2+) efflux from preloaded chromaffin cells in the presence or absence of Na(+). It also enhanced and prolonged the rise in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] measured with fura-2 during mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with histamine in Ca(2+)-free buffer. The results suggest that the efficacy of intracellular Ca(2+) stores in evoking exocytosis is enhanced dramatically by inhibiting Ca(2+) efflux from the cell.     

脱硫废弃物对碱胁迫下水稻叶片钙分布、Ca2+-ATPase活性及抗氧化特征的影响

为了探讨脱硫废弃物提高水稻抗盐碱的作用机制,采用盆栽法,研究脱硫废弃物对碱胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片总钙含量、Ca2+分布、细胞膜Ca2+-ATPase活性及活性氧含量等的变化.结果表明:对照处理的细胞中钙颗粒零星分布于细胞壁和叶绿体中,添加脱硫废弃物和CaSO4处理的细胞质膜、细胞间隙、细胞壁和液泡中有大量的钙颗粒分布;随着脱硫废弃物和CaSO4添加量的增加,叶片总钙含量增加,质膜和液泡膜Ca2+-ATPase活性呈上升趋势,质膜透性、MDA含量和活性氧O2-产生速率呈下降趋势,SOD、POD等保护酶活性升高.添加脱硫废弃物在一定程度上能够减缓碱胁迫对水稻造成的细胞伤害,起主要作用的物质可能是其主要成分CaSO4.     

干旱胁迫下La^3＋在小麦幼苗叶片受伤害中的作用研究

低浓度 L a3 +叶喷小麦整株幼苗后 ,随着干旱处理时间的延长 ,除对叶片相对含水量没有影响外 ,却对叶细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛产生量、O- ·2 和 H2 O2 的产生速率均有影响 ,其变化趋势与不加 La3 + 叶喷的正常和干旱处理的小麦整株叶片相比较 ,变化曲线上升部分却下降 ,下降部分却略有升高。表明 L a3 +可抑制干旱胁迫后引起的小麦幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性增加 ,降低干旱胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化产物 MDA含量 ,抑制 O- ·2 产生速率 ,减少叶片中 H2 O2积累 ,阻止 Fe2 + 的继续生成 ,限制了由 Fe2 + 催化的 Haber- Weiss和 Fenton反应中底物 O- ·2 和生成· OH的生成速率 ,使小麦叶片中· OH产生量相对减少 ,降低了叶细胞膜脂过氧化水平 ,减轻膜伤害 ,起到了保护、防止膜免受干旱胁迫引起的伤害     

A microcalorimetric method for studying the biological effects of La(3+) on Escherichia coli

A microcalorimetric technique based on the bacterial heat-output was explored to evaluate the stimulatory effect of La(3+) on Escherichia coli. The power-time curves of the growth metabolism of E. coli and the effect of La(3+) on it were studied using an LKB-2277 BioActivity Monitor, stopped-flow method, at 37 degrees C. For evaluation of the results, the maximum power (P(max)), the growth rate constants (k) and the heat effects (Q(LOG), Q(STAT)) for the log phase, the stationary phase and the total heat effect (Q(T)) for E. coli were determined. The microcalorimetric method agreed with the conventional methods, such as cell numbers and biomass. La(3+) in the concentration ranges of 0-400 microg/ml has stimulatory effects on E. coli, while La(3+) ion of higher concentrations (>400 microg/ml) can inhibit the growth. This phenomenon is very similar to those observed from the in vitro cells and tissues from animals, plants and some microorganisms by other methods.     

Responses of antioxidant systems to lanthanum nitrate treatments in tomato plants during drought stress

Abstract

Lanthanum is one of the most abundant elements in rare earths enriched fertilizers and is supposed to be one of the main responsible of the effects of such fertilizers on crops. In this work, the effect of lanthanum nitrate on H₂O₂ production, lipid peroxidation, ascorbate and glutathione content, and on the activity of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Marmande during drought stress was evaluated. The results confirmed that treatments of tomato plants with lanthanum nitrate affect the antioxidant cellular defences and that lanthanum toxicity is dependent on the way of treatment. The stimulation of antioxidant systems did not induce any improvement in drought stress responses in tomato but seemed to be only a consequence of the unbalance in cell metabolism due to the treatment with lanthanum nitrate.     

La(3+), Gd(3+) and Yb(3+) induced changes in mitochondrial structure,membrane permeability,cytochrome c release and intracellular ROS level

Lanthanides (Ln) were known to induce cell apoptosis, which might be the results of their effects on mitochondria (MT). This study was trying to clarify the role of MT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Ln-induced apoptosis. We found that micromolar or lower concentration of La(3+), Gd(3+) and Yb(3+) bound to MT and induced swelling of isolated MT; EGTA treatment can inhibit the process. In addition, La(3+), Gd(3+) and Yb(3+) increased the MT membrane fluidity and decreased the MT membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). All these were inferred to the results of MT permeability transition pore opening. Release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) from the MT upon incubation with Ln ions was monitored by immunocytochemistry, however, Cyt-c release was observed only in the cytosol of cells. In parallel with these events, there was a higher level of ROS found in the cells exposed to Ln. It was proposed that Ln-induced apoptosis via the MT pathways and it was highly possible that ROS were involved in the mechanism.     

ABA预处理对PEG胁迫下两种草坪草POD同工酶的影响

以假俭草和狗牙根幼苗为材料,分别用PEG(聚乙二醇)处理和ABA预处理24h后再用PEG处理模拟干旱胁迫,研究在0~4d内POD同工酶电泳酶谱的结构及特征。结果表明,随着20%PEG处理时间延长,假俭草POD同工酶Rf 0.12和Rf 0.45区域的主要谱带颜色加深,POD活性提高。ABA预处理24h的假俭草POD同工酶谱带颜色却不同,其POD活性降低;而ABA预处理对狗牙根POD活性影响不明显。PEG处理后假俭草图谱中Rf值为0.56的酶谱随着胁迫时间延长而逐渐消失,但在处理第4d出现了新的Rf 0.324谱带,而ABA预处理24h就出现该谱带并一直存在;在Rf 0.22区域也存在几条类似的谱带。     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

Effect of La(3+) on electrophoretic mobility and aggregation of intact human erythrocytes and those treated with low concentrations of glutaric aldehyde

It was shown that the treatment of erythrocytes with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.01-0.1%) for 30-120 min to a variable extent the aggregation induced by 40-330 microM La3+. The effect of glutaraldehyde on the aggregation increased with concentration and time of fixation. La3+ ions decreased to a similar extent the electrophoretic mobility of intact erythrocytes and erythrocytes treated with 0.1% glutaraldehyde. No relationship was found between the change in the negative charge on the erythrocytes and the degree of their aggregation. Neuraminidase and trypsin were shown to decrease the surface charge on the erythrocytes and the aggregation of fixed erythrocytes.