利用高代回交导入群体定位大豆品质性状QTL

通过对大豆品质性状的QTL定位,可以为大豆分子育种提供理论依据.本研究以中黄13(轮回亲本)×东山69(供体亲本)的142个家系的高代回交导入系群体BC2F7,利用具有多态性的113对SSR引物构建了一张涵盖除B2之外的19个大豆连锁群、总长度为1630.95 cM、平均遗传距离为14.43 cM的遗传连锁图谱.利用近...     

水稻QTL分析的研究进展

水稻许多重要的性状是由多基因控制的数量性状,经典的数量遗传学只能把数量性状作为一个整体进行研究。近年来．高密度分子标记连锁图的构建和有效的生物统计学方法的发展使人们对数量性状遗传基础的研究出现了革命性的变化。通过对不同群体内的个体或品系的分子标记基因型和表型数据的共分离分析,能对QTL进行检测和定位。本文对QTL定位的原理和方法进行了介绍,从QTL的数目和效应、上位性效应、QTL基因型与环境的互作、相关性状的QTL以及个体发育不同阶段的QTL等方面对水稻QTL分析的研究进展进行了综述。水稻基因组测序计划已经完成,本文还对基因组时代水稻QTL精细定位和克隆的方法进行了探讨,对QTL分析在水稻育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

水稻非生物胁迫相关QTL研究进展

培育优质高产水稻品种是水稻育种工作者的首要目标。近年来,不断恶化的环境条件使水稻生长面,临更多的逆境胁迫。其中,非生物胁迫严重影响水稻产量提高和品质改善。从QTL角度研究水稻对非生物胁迫的适应机理,对于提高水稻产量、品质和抗逆性等方面具有重要的意义。本文综述了近年来水稻非生物胁迫相关QTL的研究进展,以及通过分子辅助育种手段创制多目标性状聚合的优良水稻品种的主要策略,为实现水稻优质高产和广适性的综合改良提供思路。     

水稻F2不育和抽穗期QTL分析

对台中65（粳稻）/Bhadua（籼稻）杂交F2代群体构建了RFLP连锁图谱,含94个分布较为均匀的标记。对F2小穗不育性状进行单点分析和区间分析的结果基本一致：有两个F2小穗不育QTL座位分别位于染色体1的XNpb113～XNpb346之间和染色体8的G187～XNpb397之间,而且该两个QTL均为新检测出的座位;检测出5个抽穗期TQL,其中3个座位在单点分析和区间分析中的结果一致,分别位于染色体1的XNpb113～XNpb346,染色体4的C891～C335,染色体的8的C166～C1121,另外,染色体6的XNpb27为单点分析结果,染色体10的R716～C405为区间分析结果。由于染色体1上的F2不育QTL和抽穗期QTL重叠,该QTL座位是由于遗传效应所至还是由于环境因素（迟抽穗）所至有待构建近等基因系进一步研究。;位于染色体1和10上的抽穗期QTL座位为新检测的座位。对新检测的F2不育和抽穗期QTL座位正在建立相应的近等基因系以精确定位和克隆上述基因。     

不同发育阶段水稻苗高的QTL分析

分析了不同发育阶段控制水稻苗高的QTL, 用5个阶段和4个净增长量的数据共检测到9个QTL,分别位于染色体1,4,6,7,8,11,和12号上。SH-4 是主基因,它在各个阶段都表达,对苗高的贡献率在20%以上。结果表明, 数量性状的发育或形态建成是由数量性状位点基因选择性表达的结果。Abstract:QTLs conferring rice seedling height at different developmental stages were analyzed in this paper using a DH population with 122 lines deriving from a cross between indica variety Zai-Ye-Qing 8 and japonica variety Jing-Xi 17. A total of nine QTLs were identified with the data of five stages and four sets of net increase data between two successive stages. Of all the QTLs, Sh-4was a major gene, it expressed at all stages and accounted for more than 20% of the variance. The results revealed that the development of the quantitative trait was controlled by the selective expression of the genes at quantitative trait loci.     

植物QTL定位方法的研究进展

本文系统地介绍了QTL定位的单一标记分析法、区间作图法以及复合区间作图法、混合显性模型的分析方法,概述了一些主要定位方法的分析原理、存在的主要优缺点。单一标记分析法可以采用方差分析、回归分析或似然比检验的方法分析。区间作图法和复合区间作图法是基于两个相邻标记的QTL定位方法,可采用回归分析或最大似然法分析。复合区间作图法在模型中包括了与其他QTL连锁的标记,可以提高作图的精度和效率。混合线性模型的QTL定位方法可以包括复杂的遗传效应及QTL与环境的互作效应,具有更广阔的应用前景。Abstract:QTL mapping methods are reviewed for single-marker mapping,interval mapping,composite interval mapping,and mixed-model based method.Statistical approaches along with their properties are discussed for the mapping methods.ANOVA,regression method and likelihood ratio test can be applied in single-marker mapping.Interval mapping and composite interval mapping can be conducted,based on two interval markers,by regression method and maximum likelihood method.Since markers linked with other QTLs are include in the model,composite interval mapping is more precision and powerful.Mapping QTL by mixed-model approaches is more applicable when complicated QTL effects as well as QTL by environment interaction are analyzed.     

Bt水稻杂交育种中转基因的遗传分析

利用PCR、GUS染色和Western印迹杂交技术检测了Bt水稻杂交后代群体,发现在394株GUS阳性株中,共有392株表达Bt蛋白,协同表达株率达99.49%。由此表明,在杂交后代中报告基因Gus和目的基因crylAb紧密连锁遗传与表达。本试验还发现,在BC1、BC1F2和粳粳交F2群体中转基因呈单基因显性遗传,而在籼粳交F2群体中偏离3:1分离。Abstract:Improved histochemical staining for GUS activity,PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the population of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.A total of 392 plants expressing Bt toxin protein were found in 394 GUS positive plants.The result demonstrated that cry1Ab gene closely inherited and expressed with reporter gene gus.Therefore,it is possible to develop GUS-assisted-selection to preliminarily identify the Bt gene and study the inheritance of transgenes in (back)cross breeding.Mendelian segragation of reporter gene Gus was observed in F2,BC1 and BC1F2 progenies.Thus indicated that transgenes inherited as a single dominant gene in the progenies of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.     

水稻纹枯病抗性QTL分析

对灿稻窄叶青8号（ZYQ8）和粳稻京系17（JX17）以及由它们构建的加倍单倍体（DH）群体,分别在杭州和海南岛,采用注射器接种法进行纹枯病抗性鉴定,并使用该群体的分子链锁图谱进行数量性状座位（QTL）分析。共检测到4个抗纹枯病的QTL（qSBR-2、qSBR-3、qSBR-7和qSBR-11）,分别位于第2、第3、第7和第11染色体。其中qSBR-2、qSBR-3、qSBR-7的抗性基因由抗病亲本ZYQ8贡献,而qSBR-11的抗性基因来自感病亲本JX17。qSBR-2、qSBR-3、qSBR-7在杭州和海南岛都能检测到,而qSBR-11只在杭州检测到。在杭州的实验中,纹枯病病级与秆长和抽穗期呈显著负相关;在控制秆长和抽穗期的QTL中,控制秆长的qCL-3与qSBR-3位于同一染色体区域,其余QTL与抗纹枯病的QTL之间无连锁关系。     

杂交水稻中超显性效应的分析

本文提出亚群体分析法,在二个衍生于杂交稻推广组合的F2群体中,挑选均匀分布于连锁图谱的DNA标记作为固定因子,分别根据每个固定因子的基因型将F2群体分成三类亚群体：母本型（I型）、父本型（II型）和杂合型（III型）。在大量III型亚群体中,杂合度与产量和穗数呈显著正相关。在表现这种相关性的III型亚群体内分析产量QTL和穗数QTL,发现超显性作用是研究组合杂种优势的主要遗传基础。Abstract:Two F2 populations were each derived from a commercial hybrid and used for identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis of rice.DNA markers distributing evenly in the linkage maps were selected as fixing factors.The F2 populations were divided into three types of sub-populations based on the genotypes of each fixing factor:maternal type (Type I),paternal type (Type II) and heterozygous type (Type III).In a large number of Type III sub-populations,significant correlations were observed between heterozygosity and grain yield,and between heterozygosity and number of panicle.QTL analysis in Type III sub-populations showing such correlations indicated that over-dominance was the major genetic basis of heterosis in the two crosses.     

非参数连锁分析

非参数连锁分析是进行复杂疾病连锁分析的有效手段,本文通过拟合的数据资料,对目前广泛使用的非参数型连锁分析方法进行了探讨,为今后有针对性的选择连锁分析方法提供依据。Abstract:We present here four non- parametric statistics for linkage analysis (APM,SIBPAL,MAPMAKER-SIB and GENEHUNTER-NPL).Using the simulated pedigrees,we introduced the usage of these methods.     

AB-QTL法定位广东高州野生稻谷粒外观性状和粒重基因

以广东高州野生稻为供体亲本,在栽培稻粤香占的遗传背景下构建了一套高代回交BC3F1群体,共计245个株系.选择117对在双亲间有多态性的SSR引物,对BC3F1株系进行了基因型分析.利用AB-QTL分析法对谷粒外观性状和粒重进行QTL分析,结果表明粒长、粒宽、粒长宽比以及粒重4个性状共检测到23个QTL,分布于水稻第1、2、3、4、5、6、8和11染色体上,单个QTL的贡献率范围为3.77%～28.67%.其中有6个QTL的贡献率超过20%,分别是控制粒宽的qGW-11-1,控制长宽比的qLWR-2和qLWR-11,控制粒重的qGWt-5-1、qGWt-5-2和qGWt-11-1.与现有的以普通野生稻为供体的相关研究比较,本研究所定位的基因数目较多,表明高州野生稻亟需研究利用.     

QTL Analysis in Recombinant Chromosome Substitution Lines and Doubled Haploid Lines Derived from a Cross between Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare and Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Recombinant chromosome substitution lines (RCSLs) were developed in BC₃ generation to introduce segments of a wild barley strain ‘H602’ (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) into a barley cultivar ‘Haruna Nijo’ (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) genetic background. One hundred thirty four RCSLs were genotyped by 25 SSR and 60 EST markers, which were localized on a linkage map of doubled haploid lines (DHLs) derived from the same cross combination. Graphical genotyping revealed that the observed average substitution ratio of H602 segment (12.9%) agreed with the expected substitution ratio (12.5%), and a minimum set of 19 RCSLs represented the entire H602 genome. Phenotypes of five qualitative and nine quantitative traits were scored in both the RCSLs and DHLs. Five qualitative traits were localized as morphological markers on the linkage map of the DHLs, and these molecular markers were aligned on the respective chromosomal regions in the RCSLs. Simple and composite interval mapping procedures detected a total of 18 and 24 QTLs for nine qualitative traits on the RCSLs and DHLs, respectively. Several QTLs were localized at coincident or very close regions on both linkage maps. In spite of general inferior agronomic performances in wild barley, several H602 QTL alleles showed agronomically positive effects. These RCSLs should contribute to substitution of favorable alleles from wild barley into cultivated barley. These RCSLs are also available as sources of near isogenic lines, with which we can apply advanced genetic analysis methods such as isolation of QTLs and detection of epistatic interactions among QTLs.     

Plastid genome characterisation in Brassica and Brassicaceae using a new set of nine SSRs

The objective of the present study was to identify favourable exotic Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) alleles for the improvement of agronomic traits in the BC₂DH population S42 derived from a cross between the spring barley cultivar Scarlett and the wild barley accession ISR42-8 (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). QTLs were detected as a marker main effect and/or a marker × environment interaction effect (M × E) in a three-factorial ANOVA. Using field data of up to eight environments and genotype data of 98 SSR loci, we detected 86 QTLs for nine agronomic traits. At 60 QTLs the marker main effect, at five QTLs the M × E interaction effect, and at 21 QTLs both the effects were significant. The majority of the M × E interaction effects were due to changes in magnitude and are, therefore, still valuable for marker assisted selection across environments. The exotic alleles improved performance in 31 (36.0%) of 86 QTLs detected for agronomic traits. The exotic alleles had favourable effects on all analysed quantitative traits. These favourable exotic alleles were detected, in particular on the short arm of chromosome 2H and the long arm of chromosome 4H. The exotic allele on 4HL, for example, improved yield by 7.1%. Furthermore, the presence of the exotic allele on 2HS increased the yield component traits ears per m² and thousand grain weight by 16.4% and 3.2%, respectively. The present study, hence, demonstrated that wild barley does harbour valuable alleles, which can enrich the genetic basis of cultivated barley and improve quantitative agronomic traits.     

AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. I. Detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley

The objective of this study was to map new resistance genes against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei L.), leaf rust (Puccinia hordei L.) and scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis] in the advanced backcross doubled haploid (BC₂DH) population S42 derived from a cross between the spring barley cultivar Scarlett and the wild barley accession ISR42-8 (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Using field data of disease severity recorded in eight environments under natural infestation and genotype data of 98 SSR loci, we detected nine QTL for powdery mildew, six QTL for leaf rust resistance and three QTL for scald resistance. The presence of the exotic QTL alleles reduced disease symptoms by a maximum of 51.5, 37.6 and 16.5% for powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald, respectively. Some of the detected QTL may correspond to previously identified qualitative (i.e. Mla) and to quantitative resistance genes. Others may be newly identified resistance genes. For the majority of resistance QTL (61.0%) the wild barley contributed the favourable allele demonstrating the usefulness of wild barley in the quest for resistant cultivars.     

Identification of agronomically favorable quantitative trait loci alleles from a dent corn inbred Dan232 using advanced backcross QTL analysis and comparison with the F<Subscript>2:3</Subscript> population in popcorn

Specific traits are an important consideration in plant breeding. In popcorn, inferior agronomic traits could be improved using dent or flint corn backcrossed with popcorn. In this study, we used advanced backcross quantitative trait locus (AB-QTL) analysis to identify trait-improving QTL alleles from a dent maize inbred Dan232, and compared the detection of QTL in the BC₂S₁ population with QTL results using F_2:3 families of the same population. Two hundred and twenty BC₂S₁ families developed from a cross between Dan232 and an elite popcorn inbred N04 were evaluated for nine plant traits in replicated field trials under two environments. Using composite interval mapping (CIM), a total of 28 significant QTL were detected, and of these, 23 (82.14%) had favorable alleles contributed by the dent corn parent Dan232. Nine QTL (32.14%) detected in the BC₂S₁ population were also located in or near the same chromosome intervals in the F_2:3 population. All of the favorable QTL alleles from Dan232 could be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to improve the respective plant traits in popcorn breeding. In addition, their near isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) could be obtained through selfing or another 1–2 backcross with N04. Also, N04 improved for the studied plant traits could be developed from the BC₂S₁ families used in this study. This study demonstrated that the AB-QTL method can be applied to identify favorable QTL from dent corn inbred in popcorn breeding and, once identified, the alleles could be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the respective plant traits.