如何提高初中生英语阅读水平(英文)

The purpose of English teaching is to cultivate students reading skills and the ability to use the language.New Curriculum reforms in education aims at improving students’reading competence.Therefore,to stimulate students’interest in reading,to improve their reading ability,and to improve the students’English level have a positive and practical significance.This paper believes that it should base on understanding of improving the reading speed,grasping some skills,effective access to the required information.     

Profile of Dr. Xiao-Fan Wang

正Dr.Xiao-Fan Wang entered Wuhan University in 1978 to receive his college education following the reform of the education system.In 1982,shortly after admitted to the graduate school of the Institute of Genetics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),he was sent as one of the first group of Chinese students under the CUSBEA (ChinaUnited States Biochemistry Examination and Application)     

Exploration and Practice of Biological Engineering Experiment Reform

Reform of experimental teaching should be the integration of relevant experimental courses,rational use of laboratory equipment to share resources and improve equipment utilization.Experimental results showed that the teaching reform significantly improved the utilization of laboratories and equipment,and significantly enhanced the practical ability of students.     

遗传学教学中的学习策略和教学策略探讨

本文从“学会生存”——终身教育和学习社会化的观念出发,站在学生学习的立场上,对遗传学教学中的注意、归纳、组织、精加工、解题等学习策略和学习任务分析、程序性教学策略进行了探讨,旨在引导学生学会学习,使学习策略融于教学策略之中,从而提高教学效率与质量。 Discussion of Learning and Instructional Strategies on Genetics Teaching ZHANG Jian-long,PAN Wei-huai Biology Depantment,Shaoxing College of Arts and Science,Zhejiang Shaoxing 312000,China Abstract:This paper attempts to explore learning and teaching strategies,such as,attention,classification,organization,provoke-thinking,problem-solving,and learning-based task analysis and programmed teaching strategies in genetics teaching on the basis of the concept of lifelong education and struggle for existence.It aims at teaching students how to study and at the same time improve teaching efficiency. Key words：genetics teaching; learning strategies; instructional strategies     

黑腹果蝇杂交实验的教学改革

本文介绍关于黑腹果蝇杂交实验的一次教学改革尝试。讨论遗传学实验教学中,如何由常规的“验证性”教学改变为启发式的“发现式”教学,在本实验教学中,学生处于主导地位,自己选择实验组合,提出实验设计方案,独立完成实验内容;教师只是协助学生完成其实验内容。这种教学方法,充分发挥学生学习的主动性,培养学生独立思考和实际操作能力,激发学生的学习兴趣。 Abstract:The paper is concerned about a teaching and learning reform of hybridization experiment of Drosophila melanogaster.In the teaching of genetic experiment,we have adopted a new teaching and learning method which was a discovering way instead of tranditional method .In this way,students themselves selected the combination subject,put forward and carried out the whole experiment scheme.By the reform,we couldd find out that it was helpful not only to improve students' thinking and operating abilities but also to encourage their interests in genetics.     

Hidden Markov models incorporating fuzzy measures and integrals for protein sequence identification and alignment

Profile hidden Markov models （HMMs） based on classical HMMs have been widely applied for protein sequence identification. The formulation of the forward and backward variables in profile HMMs is made under statistical independence assumption of the probability theory. We propose a fuzzy profile HMM to overcome the limitations of that assumption and to achieve an improved alignment for protein sequences belonging to a given family. The proposed model fuzzifies the forward and backward variables by incorporating Sugeno fuzzy measures and Choquet integrals, thus further extends the generalized HMM. Based on the fuzzified forward and backward variables, we propose a fuzzy Baum-Welch parameter estimation algorithm for profiles. The strong correlations and the sequence preference involved in the protein structures make this fuzzy architecture based model as a suitable candidate for building profiles of a given family, since the fuzzy set can handle uncertainties better than classical methods.     

Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.     

遗传学的发展与遗传学教学改革诌议

本文概述了遗传学的最近发展及其对遗传学教学提出的新问题。针对面临的问题,从遗传学教学的目标、要求及几大分支的内容处理等方面的改革提出了作者的观点,根据教学与市场的关系提出教学改革的初步意见。 Abstract：New questions are now put forward to genetics teaching by the advance of genetics recently,and summarized in this discussion. According to relation between market requirement and education,the author suggested tentative proposal of reforming genetics teaching and improving contents of main parts in genetics.     

Tier-1 assays for assessing the toxicity of insecticidal proteins produced by genetically engineered plants to non-target arthropods

In assessing an insect-resistant genetically engineered （IRGE） crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so-called ＂Tier-1 assays＂ as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non-target organisms. In these tests, the insecticidal proteins （IPs） produced by the IRGEs are added to the diets of test organisms in the laboratory. Test organisms in such assays can be directly exposed to much higher concentrations of the test IPs than they would encounter in the field. The results of Tier-1 assays are thus more conservative than those generated in studies in which the organisms are exposed to the IPs by feeding on IRGE plant tissue or in the case of predators or parasites, by feeding on invertebrate prey or hosts that have fed on IRGE plant tissue. In this report, we consider three important factors that must be considered in Tier-1 assays： （i） methods for delivery of the IP to the test organisms; （ii） the need for and selection of compounds used as positive controls; and （iii） methods for monitoring the concentration, stability and bioactivity of the IP during the assay. We also analyze the existing data from Tier-1 assays regarding the toxicity of Bt Cry proteins to non-target arthropod species. The data indicate that the widely used Bt proteins have no direct toxicity to non-target organisms     

The CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Revolution

正Genomes encode the genetic information that controls the development and physiological functions of all living organisms on our planet,and are therefore of central interest in all aspects of biomedical research.To understand the blueprint of life,scientists have long aimed to read and manipulate the genome using a rapidly expanding toolbox.To read the genome,novel state-of-the-art sequencing technologies have made it possible to sequence any single genome rapidly and cheaply.However,methods for introducing targeted modifications of the genome have lagged behind,and though     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism