环境强光诱导玉簪叶片光抑制的机制

为进一步阐述光抑制的强光诱导和发生机制, 该文以喜阴植物玉簪(Hosta spp.)为材料研究其光抑制发生规律及其与环境光强的关系。结果表明, 全日照和遮阴条件下玉簪叶片发育分别形成适应强光和弱光的形态特征; 与遮阴处理相比, 强光下生长的玉簪光合速率和叶绿素含量较低, 但两种处理叶片最大光化学效率差异很小, 证明强光下植株可以正常生长且光合机构未发生严重的光抑制。将遮阴处生长的植株转移到全日照下, 光合速率和最大光化学效率急剧下降; 荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显改变, 而且光系统II供体侧和受体侧荧光产量的变化幅度分别达到24.3%和34.2%, 表明玉簪由弱光转入强光后光系统II发生不可逆失活, 且受体侧受到的伤害较供体侧更严重。因此, 作者认为环境光强骤然提高并超过玉簪生长光强时很容易诱导其光合机构发生严重的光抑制。该研究对于理解植物适应光环境的策略以及喜阴植物的优质栽培有重要意义。     

玉米-花生间作对作物产量和光合作用光响应的影响

研究了玉米-花生间作对玉米、花生经济产量及功能叶片光合作用光响应的影响.结果表明：间作体系总体表现出明显的产量优势,2004和2005年分别为2 896和2 894 kg·hm^-2,土地利用率提高了14%～17%;玉米-花生间作提高了玉米功能叶片的光饱和点、光补偿点和强光时的光合速率,降低了花生功能叶片的光补偿点和光饱和点,但提高了花生表观量子效率和弱光时的光合速率.表明间作提高了玉米对强光和花生对弱光的利用能力,从而使间作体系表现出明显的产量优势.     

越冬期广玉兰阳生叶和阴生叶PSⅡ功能及捕光色素分子内禀特性的比较研究

捕光色素分子的内禀特性不仅决定了光能的吸收与传递,也将影响到激发能向光化学反应、热耗散和叶绿素荧光的分配。本文采用叶绿素荧光技术和光合电子流对光响应机理模型,研究了越冬期广玉兰（Magnolia grandiflora）阳生叶和阴生叶两种不同光环境下叶片PSⅡ功能及其捕光色素分子内禀特性的差异,以探索广玉兰越冬的光保护策略。结果表明：越冬期低温导致叶片轻微光抑制的发生,全光照加剧了阳生叶光抑制程度,而弱光环境有利于阴生叶光抑制的恢复。阳生叶可通过降低叶绿素含量和捕光色素分子数量以减少对光能的吸收,并且具有较强的光化学和热耗散能力以保护光合机构免受低温强光伤害。而阴生叶虽然其光化学反应能力相对较弱,但具有较强的热耗散能力,可有效地保护其免受短时曝露在强光下的伤害。     

人参叶片光合的诱导特性（简报）

人参叶片达到稳态光合的光诱导时间为13～25分钟,消失至稳态20％的时间为26～45分钟。间断强光照下光合诱导的时间进程与连续强光照下基本一致。弱光下生长的叶片比强光下的光合诱导时间短,但消失的时间长。光合诱导过程中叶内CO_2浓度的变化表明光合的限制是非气孔性的。     

Ca~(2+)对高温强光胁迫下多花黄精抗逆生理和光合特性的影响

通过分析不同Ca~(2+)浓度对高温强光胁迫下多花黄精光合作用及抗逆生理指标的影响,探讨外源Ca~(2+)缓解多花黄精高温强光胁迫伤害的可行性。以遮阴处理的盆栽多花黄精为材料,用改良的Hoagland溶液进行培养,培养液Ca~(2+)浓度分别为5、10、15、20、25mmol·L-1,在高温强光天气来临之前撤掉遮阴棚进行胁迫处理,胁迫处理10 d后测定多花黄精光合及生理等指标,待多花黄精倒苗后,测定其根茎产量和活性成分含量。实验设置常温25℃遮阴和高温强光胁迫下浇Hoagland溶液2个对照。结果表明,适宜浓度的Ca~(2+)处理可显著增强多花黄精SOD、POD和CAT酶活性,减少细胞中O2-·和H_2O_2含量,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,有效减轻了多花黄精的高温胁迫伤害。同时,Ca~(2+)处理还提高了叶绿素含量、气孔导度、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,并加快了光合电子传递,降低了NPQ,提高了多花黄精PSII实际光化学效率、ETR和qP,使多花黄精能够在高温强光胁迫下维持较高的净光合速率。但随着Ca~(2+)浓度的增加,多花黄精的抗逆性会降低。就本试验而言,10mmol·L-1的Ca~(2+)处理能显著降低多花黄精的高温强光胁迫伤害,提高其根茎收获量及活性成分含量。     

生长期间的光强度对小麦光谱特性的影响

在强光(20 klx)下生长的小麦,其叶片和叶绿体的低温(77K)荧光发射强度明显高于在弱光(2 klx)下生长的小麦。同时,前者的PSⅡ的相对荧光产量与PSⅠ的相对荧光产量的比值也高,表明增加光强度有利于PSⅡ的发育。此外。在强光下生长的小麦具有更高的PSⅡ活性和原初光能转化效率。在等量叶绿素的情况下,生长在弱光下的小麦,其叶绿体在吸收光谱上的两个特异吸收带都有较高的吸收值,表明它们比在强光下生长的小麦叶绿体含有较多的光合膜,从而有更大截获光能的面积。     

光斑期间人参叶片的碳同化作用和光合效率（简报）

未诱导的人参叶片碳同化和光合效率在间断光斑下呈持续增加,并达到稳态光合状态。叶片光合碳同化随光斑持续时间的增加而增加,但光合效率下降。光斑持续时间越短,光量子密度越大,光合效率越高。与强光下叶片相比,弱光下生长的叶片在光斑期间的光合效率大些。     

应用玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇新技术

首次报道在北方高寒地区用玉米秸秆做主料,利用简易菇棚夏季栽培双孢蘑菇的高产栽培技术． 试验研究和推广结果表明：利用成本低廉、易于建造的简易菇棚用于玉米秸秆生产双孢蘑菇,生物效率达 到了 ４８％,每平方米的产量达到了 ９．６ｋｇ．     

光强对人参叶片显微和超微结构的影响

在５％、２０％和３５％３种透光率棚下,人参叶片的比叶重、叶厚度,单位叶面积的叶肉细胞数目,叶肉细胞表面积和细胞层数随着光强的增加而增加,５０％透光率棚下叶片开始减少,５％和２０％透光率棚下叶片叶肉细胞主要呈横向排列,胞间隙较大,３５％透光率棚下叶片叶肉细胞排列致密,胞间隙变小,靠近上一有皮形成一层呈纵向排列的栅栏状细胞;５０５透光率棚下叶片叶肉细胞为大而圆形,胞间隙变大,排列也不规则。５％透光率棚     

紫外线阻断膜防控茄子害虫效果及对植株生长和果实品质的影响

【目的】紫外线阻断膜可以吸收光线中波长在380 nm以下的紫外光,从而影响昆虫的视觉反应,因此有望用于害虫防控。本研究旨在明确该项措施的可行性。【方法】以日光温室茄子Solanum melongena为作物对象,对紫外线阻断棚和使用普通棚膜的对照棚中3种主要害虫(西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和桃蚜Myzus persicae)的发生情况进行了比较,分析了紫外线缺失对茄子植株生长和果实品质的影响。【结果】紫外线阻断棚中西花蓟马、烟粉虱和桃蚜的最大发生量均显著低于对照棚(P0.05),分别是对照棚中的44.3%,50.4%和37.5%;与对照棚相比,紫外线阻断棚中茄子株高偏高,但二者差异不显著(P0.05);紫外线阻断棚中茄子产量、果实重量和周长均降低,茄子果实颜色偏浅,果实中维生素C、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、粗脂肪和花青素含量下降(P0.05),Ca,K,Cu和Zn等矿物离子含量上升(P0.05)。【结论】本研究表明紫外线阻断技术可以显著抑制温室茄子上3种主要害虫的种群增长,但对茄子的生长和果实品质有一定影响。今后需要进一步研究该项技术在茄子品种和其他作物中的应用方式。     

Light-induced chloroplast rearrangements and their action spectra as measured by absorption spectrophotometry

Summary A new combination technique of using both dual-wavelength and opalglas methods for scanning translucent biological samples was applied to leaves of terrestrial plants in order to observe their absorption changes by irradiation and the action spectra for the absorption changes. The measurements of true absorption, free from various effects of scattering, by this technique showed an increase of absorption by weak blue light and a decrease of absorption by strong blue light for almost all of the leaves of 20 plant species examined. These weak- and strong-light responses in absorption were reversible. The fractional increase and decrease of absorbance at 678 nm by weak and strong light were highest, +20% and -31%, for leaves of Begonia semperflorens Link et Otto, and +12% and -13% for leaves of foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., the species examined in further experiments. The response to strong light proceeded to completion earlier than did that to weak light. The strong-light response could be observed separately from the weak-light response by using a leaf pre-irradiated with weak blue light. The responses were measured as a function of light intensity by scanning a single leaf irradiated locally at different intensities, and the action spectra for these responses were measured by scanning a leaf irradiated locally at different wavelengths but at identical intensities. The action spectra for these opposite responses were similar, and showed a band at 450 nm with shoulders but no band in the red region. Microscopic observations of chloroplasts in leaves during irradiation indicated that these changes in absorption are mostly due to rearrangements of chloroplasts in cells caused by irradiation.     

Polarized photoacoustic, absorption and fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts and thylakoids oriented in polyvinyl alcohol films

The polarized photoacoustic, absorption and fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts and thylakoids in unstretched and stretched polyvinyl alcohol films were measured. The intensity ratios of fluorescence bands at 674 nm, 700 nm, 730 nm and 750 nm, and the polarized fluorescence excitation spectra are strongly dependent on light polarization and film stretching. In stretched films, thylakoids exhibit predominantly 674 nm emission. The ratio of photoacoustic signal to absorption is different for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to film stretching. This difference is large in the region of chlorophyll a and carotenoids absorption in which the fluorescence excitation spectra are also strongly dependent on light polarization and film stretching. The observed spectral changes are explained by reorientation of pigment molecules influencing the yield of excitation transfer between different pigments.     

Effects of Different Light Qualities on Structure of Chloroplasts and Photosynthetic Physiological Properties in Panax ginseng

The ultrastructure of chloroplasts and the photosynthetic physiological properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. grown under different light qualities with same light transmission rate (25 % of sun light) were investigated. The results showed that the thylakoid membranes of Panax ginseng chloroplasts are well deve lopted, and the number of grana and granal lame llae under green and violet film are more than that under red and blue film. The content of chlorophyll in the same area of leaves and the absorption spectra area of chlorophylls and leaves under violet and green film are higher than those under other films. All the photosynthetic rates are very low, and their sequence from high to low are violet, green, red and blue . Green film is advantageous to the accumulation of chlorophylls and the development of thylakoid membranes and red film is advantageous to the accumulation of chlorophyll b. Blue film reduced granal thylakoid staking and decreased the photosynthetic rate. A superior trend of the photosynthetic physiologic properties as well as the structure of chloropiasts of Panasc ginseng leaves under violet film,being composed with red and blue film is significant.     

Interpretation of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of oriented purple membrane films.

The absorption and circular dichroic (CD) spectra of purple membrane films in which the plane of the membranes is oriented perpendicular to the incident beam are compared with the solution spectra. This enables one to relate structural features of the purple membrane to a coordinate system as defined by a normal to the membrane plane and two mutually perpendicular in-plane axes. The film and solution absorption spectra were similar except for a relative depression in the 200 - 225-nm region of the film spectrum. However, the CD spectra showed significant differences in the visible region, where the biphasic band in the solution spectrum was replaced by a single positive band at 555 nm in the film spectrum and in the far ultraviolet region, where the 208-nm band was deleted from the film spectra of the native and regenerated membranes. Moreover, a small shoulder occurred at 208 nm in the film spectrum of the bleached membrane. The near ultraviolet spectra also showed differences, whereas the 317-nm band remained essentially the same for both spectra. Based on excitonic interpretations of the visible and far ultraviolet spectra the following conclusions were reached: (a) a relatively strong in-plane monomeric interaction occurs between te retinyl chromophore and apoprotein; (b) the helical axes of the native and regenerated membrane proteins are oriented primarily normal to the membrane plane; and (c) the helical axes of the bleached membrane proteins are tilted more in-plane than the axes of the native or regenerated membrane. Additional conclusions were that an interaction occurs between an in-plane magnetic dipole moment of the retinyl chromophore and probably an in-plane electric dipole moment of a nearby aromatic amino acid(s), and that although the membrane is anisotropic with respect to coupling between electric and magnetic moments of the aromatic amino acids, the transition dipole moments of the aromatic amino acids are not preferentially oriented in either direction.     

Importance of the green color,absorption gradient,and spectral absorption of chloroplasts for the radiative energy balance of leaves

Terrestrial green plants absorb photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm) but do not absorb photons evenly across the PAR waveband. The spectral absorbance of photosystems and chloroplasts is lowest for green light, which occurs within the highest irradiance waveband of direct solar radiation. We demonstrate a close relationship between this phenomenon and the safe and efficient utilization of direct solar radiation in simple biophysiological models. The effects of spectral absorptance on the photon and irradiance absorption processes are evaluated using the spectra of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The radiation absorption of a leaf arises as a consequence of the absorption of chloroplasts. The photon absorption of chloroplasts is strongly dependent on the distribution of pigment concentrations and their absorbance spectra. While chloroplast movements in response to light are important mechanisms controlling PAR absorption, they are not effective for green light because chloroplasts have the lowest spectral absorptance in the waveband. With the development of palisade tissue, the incident photons per total palisade cell surface area and the absorbed photons per chloroplast decrease. The spectral absorbance of carotenoids is effective in eliminating shortwave PAR (<520 nm), which contains much of the surplus energy that is not used for photosynthesis and is dissipated as heat. The PAR absorptance of a whole leaf shows no substantial difference based on the spectra of direct or diffuse solar radiation. However, most of the near infrared radiation is unabsorbed and heat stress is greatly reduced. The incident solar radiation is too strong to be utilized for photosynthesis under the current CO₂ concentration in the terrestrial environment. Therefore, the photon absorption of a whole leaf is efficiently regulated by photosynthetic pigments with low spectral absorptance in the highest irradiance waveband and through a combination of pigment density distribution and leaf anatomical structures.     

On phytochrome absorption and the phytochrome photoequilibrium in a green leaf: environmental sensitivity and photoequilibrium time

The average, corrected attenuance spectra for both spectral forms of phytochrome in a mature leaf were calculated. Optical masking by chlorophyll together with the detour effect (optical path lengthening effect) due to multiple light scattering led to large changes in both the Qy band shape and wavelength position and the effective intensity of the weak vibrational bands increases. The Pfr/Pr oscillator-strength-ratio between 400-750 nm (0.93 in vitro), becomes 1.63 in a leaf. Thus the dominant absorption form is Pfr. These two values permit calculation of the phytochrome photoequilibrium under conditions of "daylight" illumination both in vitro and in folia. These values are 0.6 and 0.38 respectively. Previous literature estimates for the situation in vitro, based on the 660/730 nm absorption ratio, yielded values close to 0.6. It is demonstrated that this large decrease in the phytochrome photoequilibrium in a leaf has the effect of translating this parameter to a position on the dose (red/far-red light ratio)-response (Pfr/Ptot) plot towards greater sensitivity to changes in the environmental red/far-red ratio. The increased sensitivity factor is almost five-fold for the "daylight" environment and is even greater for the various "shade-light" environments. The approximate time taken to attain photoequilibrium (1/e lifetime) has also been calculated for phytochrome in a leaf in different light environments. For the "daylight" environment the photoequilibration time is approximately 5 s, which increases into the 20-80 s interval under different degrees of "shade light". Thus, despite the strong optical masking by chlorophyll in a mature leaf, the phytochrome photoequilibrium is attained quite rapidly on a physiological time scale.     

Ultra-thin Semiconductor/Metal Resonant Superabsorbers

The design of thin-film semiconductor absorbers is a long-sought-after goal of crucial importance for optoelectronic devices. We propose a new strategy that achieves multi-band optical absorption in an ultra-thin semiconductor-insulator-metal nanostructure. The whole thickness of the absorber is just 60 nm, which is less than λ/12. The ultra-thin semiconductor resonators are used as the photonic coupling elements. The plasmonic metal layer with the thickness about 15 nm simultaneously acts as the transmission cancel layer and the plasmon source for resonant coupling with the optical near-field energy. The combined semiconductor resonators and the thin metal film produce strong electromagnetic field coupling and confinement effects, which mainly contribute to the efficient light trapping for the multi-band strong light absorption. The semiconductors such as Si, GaAs, and Ge are confirmed with the capability to show high light absorption via this simple hybrid metal-semiconductor resonant system. These features pave new insight on ultra-thin semiconductor absorbers and hold potential applications for optoelectronics such as nonlinear optics, hot-electron excitation and extraction, and the related devices.

     

Discovery of signaling effect of UV-B/C light in the extended UV-A/blue-type action spectra for step-down and step-up photophobic responses in the unicellular flagellate algaEuglena gracilis

Summary Cultures of unicellular algal flagellateEuglena gracilis grown in different conditions were subjected to action spectroscopy for step-down and step-up photophobic responses, respectively. The spectral region was extended into the UV-B/C as well as in the UV-A and visible regions with the Okazaki Large Spectrograph as the monochromatic light source. The photophobic responses of the cells were measured with an individual-cell assay method with the aid of a computerized video motion analyzer. In the UV-A and visible regions, the shapes of the action spectra were the so-called UV-A/blue type. In the newly studied UV-B/C region, new action peaks were found at 270 nm for the step-down response and at 280 nm for the step-up one. The absorption spectrum of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) appeared to fit the action spectrum for the step-up response, whereas the shape of the step-down action spectrum, which has a UV-A peak (at 370 nm) higher than the blue peak (at 450 nm), appeared to be mimicked by the absorption spectrum of a mixed solution of 6-biopterin and FAD. These observations might also account for the fact that the UV-B/C peak wavelength at 270 nm of the action spectrum for the step-down response is shorter by 10 nm than the action spectrum for the step-up response at 280 nm.Abbreviations FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide - FWHM spectral full width at half maximum - NIBB National Institute for Basic Biology - OLS Okazaki Large Spectrograph - PFB paraflagellar body - UV-A ultraviolet light of spectral region between 320 and 400 nm - UV-B/C ultraviolet light of spectral region between 190 and 320 nm     

A structural study of bovine lens alpha-crystallin and its subunits by absorption and linear dichroism spectroscopy

The structure of the bovine alpha-crystallin aggregate and its reaggregated isolated subunits has been studied by measurement of their absorption and linear dichroism spectra over the range 250-350 nm. Also, changes in structure with respect to time have been monitored in this way. From the absorption spectra it appears that the aromatic residues in subunit aggregates are in the same chemical environment as those in native protein. The light scattering due to the size of the protein molecules increases when the proteins are kept in solution, this effect being much stronger for the subunits. The linear dichroism spectra point to strong structural ordering in alpha-crystallin, the absorption transition dipoles of the aromatic residues being preferentially aligned along the long axis of the molecules. Moreover, a considerable deviation from a spherical or tetrahedrally symmetric structure of alpha-crystallin is inferred. The subunit aggregates show less ordering and might be more spherical. When kept in solution, their structural order seems to be decreased. The linear dichroism spectra show absorption at 325 nm, which is not detectable in the normal absorption spectra.     

Functional relationship between chlorophyll content and leaf reflectance, and light-capturing efficiency of Japanese forest species

We examined the functional relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and light spectral absorption in 16 species of woody, vine and herbaceous plants in northern Japan. Leaves of each species from under forest shade and in more open sites were measured for chlorophyll, specific leaf area (SLA) and spectral absorption. In all species, SLA increased and the Chl a : b ratio declined in shade- vs open-grown leaves indicating an adaptive adjustment to forest shade in these leaf characters. However, the expected increase in the ratio of 680 to 700 nm absorption in shade leaves did not occur in all species. Light absorption at 680 relative to 700 nm was lower in the shade leaves of Acer japonicum. Kalopanax pictus, Panax japonicus and Petasites japonicus even with a reduced Chl a : b , a commonly accepted indicator of shade adaptation. Therefore, spectral measurements in these species failed to support Chl concentrations that were expected to confer an improvement in the absorption of red light (<680nm) deficient relative to far-red light (>700 nm) in the forest shade. Compared with other species, the absorption pattern of these four 'non-conforming' species is associated with a higher ratio of shade:open leaves in reflectance spectra in the 600–750 nm range. This suggests an increased reflectance in shade leaves caused by changes in leaf surface properties which are not immediately apparent. We conclude that adaptive spectral absorption cannot always be inferred from changes in specific leaf area and chlorophyll a and b concentrations.