pAkt在衰老细胞中的核转位

磷脂酰肌醇3 激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（PKB,又称为Akt）/叉头转录因子（FOXO）信号通路在从酵母菌到小鼠的寿命以及衰老的调节上都起着非常重要的作用．有研究发现,血清可以激活年轻细胞、衰老细胞胞浆内的Akt,并且年轻细胞核内磷酸化Akt(pAkt)增多,而衰老细胞核内pAkt没有增多．为了研究衰老细胞膜是否发生转位受损,即pAkt能否通过衰老细胞核膜进入核内,通过激光共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）、Western 印迹等实验方法,发现衰老细胞胞浆中pAkt可以进入核内,进入核内的pAkt很快被去磷酸化灭活．     

蛋白激酶C抑制剂Staurosporine对A类清道夫受体胞浆域结构去除后功能的影响

A类清道夫受体（scavenger receptor,SR-A）是一种主要位于巨噬细胞膜表面的同源三聚体糖蛋白,能够结合和摄取多种配基并介导内移.在清道夫受体胞浆域有几个潜在的磷酸化位点,有关这些磷酸化位点与受体功能之间的确切关系目前尚所知甚少.为深入探讨A类清道夫受体胞浆域与磷酸化之间的关系,以及受体胞浆域磷酸化对受体功能的影响,实验以含有SR-A cDNA质粒为模板,采用PCR方法扩增不含胞浆域序列的清道夫受体,同时扩增全长清道夫受体作为对照.PCR产物经纯化酶切后,进一步亚克隆到PcDNA3.1/HisB中,测序结果表明,重组产物能够编码正确的氨基酸序列.重组产物经脂质体Lipofectamine(LF2000)介导转化入CHO细胞中,在含G418选择性培养液中培养筛选14天后,分离阳性克隆, 继续培养.采用流式细胞计数仪（FACS）鉴定转化筛选后细胞能否表达具有功能的清道夫受体.结果发现,转化的CHO细胞可以稳定表达SR-A的蛋白质,但受体胞浆域去除后,摄取配基的能力明显弱于全长组（1∶1.337）.用荧光DiI标记乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(DiI-AcLDL),37℃孵育转化细胞5 h后,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到：全长受体转化组细胞荧光散在分布于细胞膜和细胞器,而去除胞浆域组荧光只局限于细胞膜,说明SR-A胞浆域可能起着介导受体内移的作用.进一步比较蛋白激酶C抑制剂星形孢菌素(staurosporine,STA）对两组细胞受体功能的影响,发现经STA处理后,全长组受体与配基的结合及摄取明显增高,而胞浆域去除后受体不受STA的调控.从而证明磷酸化药物可能是通过改变SR-A胞浆域磷酸化水平而发挥作用,受体胞浆域磷酸化可能决定着受体的内移,并参与调节受体的活性.     

6周大强度训练对大鼠肾功能的影响及其机制

目的：研究6周大强度训练对大鼠肾功能影响及运动性蛋白尿的机制。方法：6周龄SD雄性大鼠36只随机分为：安静对照组（C组,n=12）和大强度训练组（M组,n=24）。大鼠适应性饲养4 d后,C组不进行任何运动,M组采用6周递增负荷游泳训练。每周训练6 d,每天1次。第4周起开始负重（体重的1%）并逐渐递增（体重的6%）。各组大鼠末次训练结束后30 min取单次尿,24 h后腹主静脉取血,取双侧肾脏待测。HE染色观察肾脏肾小球结构,酶联免疫吸附法测定尿总蛋白、尿微量白蛋白、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白,碱性苦味酸法测试尿肌酐,比色法测定血清肌酐、尿素氮,蛋白质免疫印迹法检测肾组织Nephrin蛋白表达量,放射免疫法测试血清睾酮、皮质酮和肾组织及血液中肾素-血管紧张素系统相关指标变化。结果：与C组比较,M组血清睾酮/皮质酮显著降低（P<0.01）;尿液蛋白总量、微量白蛋白、微量白蛋白与肌酐比值、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、血清尿素氮、肌酐均显著升高（P<0.01）;肾小球结构明显改变,且Paller评分明显增高（P<0.01）;肾组织Nephrin蛋白表达量明显降低（P<0.01）;肾脏内部与循环血液中肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ显著增高（P<0.01）。结论：6周大强度训练对大鼠肾功能影响及运动性蛋白尿的机制可能为过度训练诱导肾脏内部及循环系统中肾素-血管紧张素系统持续兴奋,并下调Nephrin蛋白的表达,进而导致肾脏结构与功能异常,出现蛋白尿。     

阻断RAS对HSkMCs细胞株细胞凋亡及Mfn2 表达的影响

目的:观察氯沙坦对高糖培养人骨骼肌细胞(Human skeletal muscle cells,HSk MCs)中线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin2,Mfn2)的表达及其对细胞凋亡的影响。方法:1.使用不同浓度的葡萄糖养基(葡萄糖浓度分别为5.55 mmol/L,11.1 mmol/L,22.2 mmol/L)分别培养HSk MCs细胞株48小时,检测各组细胞中血管紧张素Ⅰ型受体(Angiotensin II type I receptor,AT1R)基因、基因Mfn2的表达,并用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。2.根据1中实验结果,选择对Mfn2影响最大的葡萄糖浓度(此组葡萄糖浓度为22.2mmol/L)作为后续实验的条件。加入血管紧张素受体Ⅱ拮抗剂(Angiotensin Receptor Blockers,ARB)氯沙坦(Losartan),处理人骨骼肌细胞(HSk MCs)48 h,以未加氯沙坦为对照组,观察其对线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2表达的影响,并行流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果:氯沙坦干预组HSk MCs细胞中Mfn2表达上调,细胞凋亡减少。结论:阻断肾素血管紧张素系统(Renin-angiotensin System,RAS)能上调HSk MCs细胞株中的Mfn2表达,并减少细胞凋亡。     

大黄素对肾小球系膜细胞PCNA的影响

本文应用体外肾小球系膜细胞培养和免疫组化染色技术,以增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)为标志抗原,观察了大黄素对肾小球系膜细胞周期调控的影响。发现大黄素能明显抑制系膜细胞从G_1期进入S期,同时对已进入S期细胞的进一步过渡也有影响。     

非基因型雌激素膜性受体GPR30在生后雌性大鼠海马内的发育学表达与亚细胞水平定位研究

为了研究非基因型雌激素膜性受体GPR30对海马的结构和功能的调节作用,应用硫酸镍铵增强显色的免疫组化技术以及酶标免疫电镜技术,观察了生后雌性大鼠海马内GPR30表达的变化及其免疫阳性产物在神经元亚细胞水平的定位情况．结果显示,GPR30免疫阳性产物主要位于海马CA区的锥体层神经元与齿状回颗粒层的神经元内,其表达水平随发育呈增加趋势．P0时在雌性大鼠海马未发现明显GPR30免疫阳性反应,P7后免疫阳性物质开始在CA2出现,P14时见于 CA1、CA2和齿状回,P30和P60主要见于CA1、CA2、CA3和齿状回．在光镜下,GPR30免疫阳性产物位于细胞核外的胞浆中,细胞核未见免疫阳性反应．在透射电镜下可见其位于神经元的胞浆内,可能主要是粗面内质网,也可见于线粒体和细胞膜．以上结果证实,GPR30是一种位于细胞核外的、非基因型作用的雌激素受体,可能参与了雌激素对海马锥体神经元突触可塑性和学习记忆等功能的调节,还可能参与了对齿状回成年神经干细胞某些活动的调节．     

糖尿病大鼠肾皮质ICAM-1在缬沙坦作用后表达的变化研究

目的：利用血管紧张素I（IAngII）受体拮抗剂缬沙坦（Valsartan）阻断肾素-血管紧张素（RAS）观察其对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的影响。方法：成年雄性SD大鼠45只,任取其中30只腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制成糖尿病大鼠模型。将糖尿病大鼠随机分为糖尿病缬沙坦治疗组（A组,15只,缬沙坦10mg.kg-1/d灌胃）;糖尿病对照组（B组,15只）;其余15只为正常对照组（C组）。分别于实验第4、6周末各组任取7或8只测定大鼠血糖、平均动脉压、血肌酐、尿肌酐、尿白蛋白排泄率,用图像分析仪测量各组大鼠平均肾小球面积、平均肾小球体积。并于第6周末取各组大鼠肾皮质提取RNA,用逆转录-PCR（RT-PCR）方法对肾皮质ICAM-1mRNA表达进行半定量分析。结果：在第4周及第6周末,A组血糖、肌酐清除率、尿白蛋白排泄率显著低于同时期的B组,B组则较C组均有不同程度的升高（P〈0.01）,A、C组尿白蛋白排泄率始终无统计学差异,同时期三组平均动脉压无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。在4、6周,A、B组的肾小球平均面积、平均体积均明显高于同期的C组（P〈0.01）,但A组又低于同期的B组。RT-PCR半定量结果分析显示,B组ICAM-1 mRNA表达较A、C组显著增高（P〈0.01）,A组表达较C组为高（P〈0.01）,但仍较B组为低（P〈0.01）。结论：血管紧张素I（IAngII）受体拮抗剂缬沙坦能够减少糖尿病大鼠的尿白蛋白排泄,下调肾皮质ICAM-1mRNA表达,减轻肾脏肥大及延缓肾小球硬化,具有保护肾脏的作用。     

黄芪对白介素1β诱导的大鼠系膜细胞增殖和细胞外基质产生的影响

目的:观察黄芪(Astragalus Membranaceus,AM)注射剂对5/6肾切除大鼠模型的疗效,及体外对系膜细胞(Mesangial cells,MCs)增殖和细胞外基质(Intracellular Matrix,ECM)产生的影响。方法:建立5/6肾切除大鼠模型后,将大鼠分为四组:对照组、未治疗组、低剂量/高剂量AM治疗组。观察比较16周后各组大鼠肾功能和尿蛋白排泄量情况。体外以白介素1β(IL-1β)作为刺激物,诱导MCs增殖,给予不同剂量AM干预。二苯基四氮唑溴盐(MTT)法检测MCs增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测细胞上清中纤连蛋白(fibronectin)含量,RT-PCR检测细胞p38 mRNA表达,Western免疫印迹法检测胶原Ⅳ、总p38MAPK、磷酸化p38MAPK、磷酸化MKK3/MKK6、磷酸化MKK4等蛋白水平。结果:在体外AM可显著抑制IL-1β诱导的MCs增殖和阻止细胞进入合成周期,显著降低fibronectin、胶原Ⅳ产生,磷酸化p38蛋白和磷酸化MKK3/MKK6的表达显著受抑;在体内AM治疗能显著改善5/6肾切除大鼠的肾功能情况,降低蛋白尿排泄量,延缓肾功能恶化。结论:AM治疗可通过抑制磷酸化MKK3/6和磷酸化p38 MAPK蛋白的表达,发挥抑制IL-1β诱导的MCs增殖作用,能抑制MCs的ECM积聚,有效的治疗进展性肾脏病,为慢性肾纤维化提供了有前景的治疗策略。     

G_(M1)介导的体外培养神经元对CT-HRP的内吞

本实验用霍乱毒素辣根过氧化物酶复合物(CT-HRP)与培养的新生大鼠小脑细胞直接结合的电镜细胞化学方法,表明神经节苷脂G_M1只分布在细胞膜的外侧面;神经细胞表面的G_M1含量比胶质细胞高。通过电镜还观察到神经细胞和少突胶质细胞对结合在膜上的CT-HRP的不同内吞过程。培养的细胞在4℃与CT-HRP孵育1小时后,CT-HRP仅结合在细胞膜的外表面,无内吞现象出现。如将标本再移入36.5℃中温育,15分钟内即出现神经细胞对结合在膜上的CT-HRP的内吞,称为受体介导的细胞内吞(RME)。RME不仅发生在神经细胞的胞体部位,在突起上也多见。神经细胞RME的特点是包含G_M1-CT-HRP的内吞小泡必先进入与膜的再循环有关的GERL区。当温育延长至3小时,细胞膜上的结合CT-HRP的数量与温育初期无明显差异,内吞小泡仍在GERL区,并可见胞体和树突内若干阳性小泡成串地沿微管排列,在细胞膜内侧的胞浆内也有较多的阳性小泡分布。少突胶质细胞在温育15分钟内吞入大部分结合在膜上的CT-HRP,形成大量内吞小泡,弥散地分布在细胞质内。随着温育时间的延长,内吞小泡彼此融合,最终与溶酶体融合。本文就这两种细胞对CT- ??HRP的不同内吞的可能原因及其生物学意义进行了讨论。     

LOX-1在D-葡萄糖诱导人肾小球系膜细胞表达TGF-β1中的作用

目的探讨血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体1（LOX-1）在D-葡萄糖诱导人肾小球系膜细胞表达转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）中的作用。方法在体外培养人肾小球系膜细胞,在不同时间加入不同浓度的D-葡萄及LOX-1特异性阻滞剂JTX92,用半定量RT-PCR法检测LOX-1和TGF-β1基因表达的相对含量,用Western blot法检测p38 MAPK蛋白质的相对含量,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测细胞培养液中TGF-β1浓度。结果D-葡萄糖以时间和浓度依赖的方式增加细胞内LOX-1和TGF-β1 mRNA表达和培养液中TGF-β1浓度,同时也以时间和浓度依赖的方式增加p38 MAPK的表达,JTX92可以明显抑制LOX-1、TGF-β1和p38 MAPK的表达。结论高浓度D-葡萄糖可能通过上调LOX-1的表达,激活细胞内的p38 MAPK信号传递途径,促使人肾小球系膜细胞合成并分泌大量TGF-β1,参与糖尿病肾病的发生发展。     

Enhanced intrarenal receptor-mediated prorenin activation in chronic progressive anti-thymocyte serum nephritis rats on high salt intake

Despite suppression of the circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS), high salt intake (HSI) aggravates kidney injury in chronic kidney disease. To elucidate the effect of HSI on intrarenal RAS, we investigated the levels of intrarenal prorenin, renin, (pro)renin receptor (PRR), receptor-mediated prorenin activation, and ANG II in chronic anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) nephritic rats on HSI. Kidney fibrosis grew more severe in the nephritic rats on HSI than normal salt intake. Despite suppression of plasma renin and ANG II, marked increases in tubular prorenin and renin proteins without concomitant rises in renin mRNA, non-proteolytically activated prorenin, and ANG II were noted in the nephritic rats on HSI. Redistribution of PRR from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane, along with elevated non-proteolytically activated prorenin and ANG II, was observed in the collecting ducts and connecting tubules in the nephritic rats on HSI. Olmesartan decreased cortical prorenin, non-proteolytically activated prorenin and ANG II, and apical membranous PRR in the collecting ducts and connecting tubules, and attenuated the renal lesions. Cell surface trafficking of PRR was enhanced by ANG II and was suppressed by olmesartan in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. These data suggest the involvement of the ANG II-dependent increase in apical membrane PRR in the augmentation of intrarenal binding of prorenin and renin, followed by nonproteolytic activation of prorenin, enhancement of renin catalytic activity, ANG II generation, and progression of kidney fibrosis in the nephritic rat kidneys on HSI. The origin of the increased tubular prorenin and renin remains to be clarified. Further studies measuring the urinary prorenin and renin are needed.     

Immunocytochemical localization of prorenin, renin, and cathepsins B, H, and L in juxtaglomerular cells of rat kidney

To examine the correlation of localization of prorenin, renin, and cathepsins B, H, and L, immunocytochemistry was applied to rat renal tissue, using a sequence-specific anti-body (anti-prorenin) that recognizes the COOH terminus of the rat renin prosegment. In serial semi-thin sections, immunodeposits for prorenin, renin, and cathepsins B, H, and L were localized in the same juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. Immunodeposits for renin were detected throughout the cytoplasm of the cells, whereas those for prorenin were detected in the perinuclear region. Immunoreactivity for cathepsin B was stronger than that for cathepsins H and L. By electron microscopy, prorenin was localized in small (immature) granules but not in large mature granules, whereas renin was localized mainly in mature granules. In serial thin sections, prorenin, renin, and cathepsin B were colocalized in the same immature granules containing heterogeneously dense material (intermediate granules). By double immunostaining, co-localization of renin with cathepsins B, H, or L was demonstrated in mature granules. The results suggest the possibility that processing of prorenin to renin occurs in immature granules of rat JG cells, and cathepsin B detected in JG cells may be a major candidate for the maturation of renin.     

Receptor-mediated nonproteolytic activation of prorenin and induction of TGF-β1 and PAI-1 expression in renal mesangial cells

While elevated plasma prorenin levels are commonly found in diabetic patients and correlate with diabetic nephropathy, the pathological role of prorenin, if any, remains unclear. Prorenin binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(p)RR] unmasks prorenin catalytic activity. We asked whether elevated prorenin could be activated at the site of renal mesangial cells (MCs) through receptor binding without being proteolytically converted to renin. Recombinant inactive rat prorenin and a mutant prorenin that is noncleavable, i.e., cannot be activated proteolytically, are produced in 293 cells. After MCs were incubated with 10(-7) M native or mutant prorenin for 6 h, cultured supernatant acquired the ability to generate angiotensin I (ANG I) from angiotensinogen, indicating both prorenins were activated. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the (p)RR blocked their activation. Furthermore, either native or mutant rat prorenin at 10(-7) M alone similarly and significantly induced transforming growth factor-β(1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fibronectin mRNA expression, and these effects were blocked by (p)RR siRNA, but not by the ANG II receptor antagonist, saralasin. When angiotensinogen was also added to cultured MCs with inactive native or mutant prorenin, PAI-1 and fibronectin were further increased significantly compared with prorenin or mutant prorenin alone. This effect was blocked partially by treatment with (p)RR siRNA or saralasin. We conclude that prorenin binds the (p)RR on renal MCs and is activated nonproteolytically. This activation leads to increased expression of PAI-1 and transforming growth factor-β(1) via ANG II-independent and ANG II-dependent mechanisms. These data provide a mechanism by which elevated prorenin levels in diabetes may play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy.     

Mast cells of lymph hearts during ontogenesis of frogs Rana temporaria

Electron microscopic observations of the lymph hearts of tadpoles and yearling frogs of Rana temporaria showed that mast cells (MCs) were present not only between muscle fibers (population of resident MCs), but in the cavities of lymph heart (population of circulating MCs), too. There were some differences in the ultrastructure of the resident MCs at each studied stage of larval development. The first recognizable MCs were revealed in the lymph hearts at premetamorphosis (stages 39-41). MCs presented as mononuclear relatively small and slightly elongated cells with a few immature secretory granules and numerous free ribosomes, polysomes and short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the cytoplasm. Chromatin of their nuclei was poorly condensed; the Golgi apparatus was moderately developed. At pro-metamorphosis (stages 44-45), we revealed MCs at different levels of their differentiation. Some MCs demonstrated an active process of granulogenesis in their cytoplasm. Among densely packed cytoplasmic organelles, immature secretory granules were closely associated with cisternae of RER and free ribosomes. Other MCs appeared as more differentiated cells. They were characterized by a predominantly heterochromatic nuclei and cytoplasm filled with polymorphic and heterogeneous granules. MCs also showed a reduction in the number of free ribosomes and cisternae of RER in the cytoplasm. On the contrary, the Golgi apparatus was well developed. Stacks of Golgi cisternae, detaching vacuoles, and progranules occupied the perinuclear region. The majority of the outlines above ultrastructural features of differentiated MCs were typical for MCs of yearling frogs. At metamorphic climax (stages 52-53), MCs often tightly contacted with macrophages. We did not reveal apoptotic MCs. However, some MCs exhibited morphological features typical for programmed necrosis-like death, which was characterized by mitochondria swelling, dilatation of cisternae of RER and nuclear envelope, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Electron microscopical immunocytochemistry revealed the localization of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), substance S (SP) and heat shock protein (Hsp70) in the secretory granules of the resident and circulating MCs at different stages of tadpole development and in yearling frogs.     

Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in developing rat tissues

Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight protein inducible by heavy metal ions and various endogenous factors. Using an indirect immunofluorescent technique, we studied the localization of MT in developing rat tissues (kidney, small intestine, and liver). In kidney of the neonate and fetus, MT was found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of renal tubular epithelia. Localization of MT changed with shift of zonation in the renal cortex during development. Metallothionein was found mainly in the inner zone of the cortex but not in tubules of the neogenic zone on Day 4. Until Day 18, tubular cells containing MT were observed in a part of the cortex adjacent to the medulla, followed by a significant decrease in immunostaining by Day 27. In small intestine of the neonate, MT was localized predominantly in Paneth and goblet cells which play secretory roles. The number of goblet cells with strong immunostaining for MT was maximal on Day 27. In liver of 20-day fetuses and of 4-day-old neonates, both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of hepatocytes exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of MT staining diminished with development, and by 18-27 days after birth no immunofluorescence was observed in the nucleus. We further studied a possible association of MT with development by localizing MT in livers obtained from partially hepatectomized and laparotomized rats. Hepatectomy led to the appearance of MT not only in the nucleus and cytoplasm of hepatocytes but also in sinusoids and bile canaliculi. After laparotomy, MT immunofluorescence was observed only in the cytoplasm. The present results suggest a possible involvement of MT in cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as in transport and secretion of this metal-binding protein.     

Comparative immunochemical and immunocytochemical study of 3 soluble granulocytic proteins in blood cells and serum

Using immunofluorescence, it has been shown that leukocyte thermostable alpha-glycoprotein (LTAG) and leukocyte beta-globulin (LBG) are, like lactoferrin, components of polynuclear leukocytes. These proteins were found in the perinuclear zone, cytoplasm membrane and extracellularly. Serum LTAG concentration increases in immune inflammatory diseases. In severe forms of diabetes and glomerulonephritis there is a rise in LBG concentration. The biological role of LTAG and LBG is unknown.     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the rat kidney.

Cryostat- and vibratome-cut rat kidney secretions were singly or doubly labeled to visualize immunoreactive calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRPI) and substance P (SPI). Rats were perfused with 2-4% paraformaldehyde + 0.15% picric acid then rinsed with buffer. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to visualize CGRP in vibratome sections, and combined HRP and fluorophore were used to visualize the two peptides simultaneously in cryostat sections. There is a complex, multilayered plexus of CGRP nerves on the renal pelvis and a less dense, single-layered plexus on the major branches of the renal artery and on interlobar arteries and veins. A few axons innervate finer branches of the arterial tree and other intrarenal structures. Results of double immunolabeling suggest that SPI axons comprise a subpopulation of the CGRP axon population in the rat kidney. There was no evidence for a separate population of SPI axons.     

Uptake of exogenous protein tracer in cells of the rat renal papilla

In order to study the phagocytic potential of different cell types of the rat renal papilla with special emphasis on interstitial cells, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (8 mg/100 g body weight) was injected intravenously into adult rats. The distribution of peroxidase was studied in animals perfusion-fixed 60 and 180 min after injection and was found to be similar after both time intervals. The epithelial cells of the collecting ducts took up the largest amounts of the tracer. HRP was mainly located in large lysosome-like bodies in the basal part of the cytoplasm, suggesting peritubular uptake from the interstitial space. However, small amounts of the tracer were also seen in apical vesicles close to the luminal plasma membrane. The interstitial cells of peroxidase-injected animals were ultrastructurally altered and had large irregular invaginations of the cell membrane. The cells had taken up only small amounts of the tracer which were located in small round lysosome-like bodies. Thus, the interstitial cells displays no macrophage characteristics, either in the native state or when challenged with an extracellular protein.     

Antigenic components of human glioblastoma multiforme and rat C6 glioma using monoclonal antibodies

With whole U87MG cells used as antigenic stimulant, two clones 1A5G6 and 1D3A3 secreted monoclonal antibodies which gave intense staining in monolayer cultures of the cells as ascertained by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibodies from clone 1A5G6 stained both the cytoplasm and the processes, and that from clone 1D3A3 stained only the cytoplasm and not the processes. 1A5G6 elicited no cross-reactivity towards human fetal and adult brain and lungs, liver, kidney or spleen, mouse neuroblastoma and melanoma, rat C₆ glioma, neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid and normal rat kidney cells. It gave 58–60% cross reactivity with the human neuroblastoma and T-cell leukemia cells. The antigenic comPonent has been identified to be a membrane protein of molecular weight 25–30 kilodaltons by immunoblotting. Using C₆ glioma cells as antigenic stimulant 19 clones which were positive for C₆ glioma cells, but negative for rat liver cells as inferred by indirect immunofluorescence were selected. Antibodies secreted by all these gave positive reaction towards normal rat kidney and fetal rat kidney cells in culture. Distinct identity of these clones were ascertained by discernible staining patterns in indirect immunofluorescence on C₆ glioma cells.     

Purification and characterization of human truncated prorenin.

Posttranslational processing of enzymatically inactive prorenin to an active form participates in the control of the activity of a key system involved in blood pressure regulation, growth, and other important functions. The issue is complicated because renin can be produced by a number of tissues throughout the body, in addition to the kidney, but the mechanism by which they process prorenin to renin is unknown and difficult to determine because of the small amounts of renin present. In the juxtaglomerular cell of the kidney, a 43 amino acid prosegment is cleaved from the amino terminus of prorenin to generate renin of molecular weight 44,000 [Do, Y. S., Shinagawa, T., Tam, H., Inagami, T., & Hsueh, W. A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1037-1043]. Using human uterine lining or a recombinant human prorenin system, we employed the same approach as that used in kidney, ammonium sulfate precipitation at pH 3.1 followed by pepstatin and H-77 affinity chromatography or gel filtration, to purify to homogeneity a 45,500-MW totally active renin. The specific activity of the active truncated prorenin was 850 Goldblatt units (GU)/mg of protein for chorion-decidua renin and 946 GU/mg of protein for recombinant renin, both similar to that reported for pure human renal renin. Both forms of renin cross-reacted with an antibody generated against 44,00-MW pure human renal renin and with an antibody generated against a peptide identical to the carboxy-terminal one-third of the prosegment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)