杀菌/通透性增加蛋白(BPI)研究进展

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白（BPI）是人中性粒细胞中存在的一种碱性蛋白,它能与革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖（LPS）结合,具有中和内毒素和杀灭细菌作用。在革兰氏阴性菌感染的治疗方面有良好的发展前景,本文主要就BPI的生理功能,作用机理及临床研究方面的进展作一综述。     

杀菌/渗透性增强蛋白功能及应用前景

杀菌/通透性增强蛋白(BPI)是存在于中性粒细胞中的阳离子蛋白,约为55 kD.BPI能与革兰氏阴性菌外膜上的脂多糖结合,增加外膜对抗菌药的通透性,具有特异性杀灭革兰氏阴性菌及结合/中和内毒素的生物学功能,在革兰氏阴性菌感染的治疗方面有良好的发展前景.近年来,国内外对BPI研究颇多,并逐渐发现BPI还具有调理 作用、抗真菌、抗原虫和抑制血管生成等许多功能,被学者称为未来的“超级抗生素 ”.本文主要就BPI的结构、分布、生理功能、作用机理及临床研究方面的研究进展作一综述.     

抗脂多糖人丙种球蛋白的特异性和保护力

<正>人们愈来愈认识到革兰氏阴性菌败血症和非败血症休克导致死亡和发病的主要原因是革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁释放出的脂多糖(LPS、内毒素)或者由革兰氏阴性菌侵入它们存在的胃肠道。这种病用普通抗菌素治疗,死亡率大约是30—50％。一部份原因是LPS遗留的毒素,甚至还有已死的细菌产生的毒素。在动物和人中,给予特异的抗内毒素抗体治疗,可有效地降低死亡率和发病率。     

斑点叉尾鮰BPI抗菌肽的cDNA克隆及原核表达载体的构建

杀菌/渗透增强蛋白(bactericidal/permeability increasing protein,BPI)是生物机体细胞中表达的一种能够特异性杀灭革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌类蛋白,该蛋白包括氨基端和羧基端两个结构域,其中氨基端结构域主要承担杀菌和中和内毒素的功能.参考已经报道的对人类BPI进行重组DNA表达的研究结果,首先通过RT-PCR和巢式PCR从斑点叉尾鲴(Ictalurus punctatus)鳃中克隆了编码BPI氨基端活性结构域的cDNA片段“BPINtd”,该片段由175个氨基酸残基组成,其中63个氨基酸残基在空间上形成一个非极性的脂质结合袋,与革兰氏阴性菌外膜上脂多糖(LPS)结合,从而改变细菌膜的通透性,达到杀菌的效果.根据斑点叉尾鲴与其他生物之间BPI氨基酸序列的比对结果,发现氨基端存在40个保守的氨基酸残基,其中9个高度保守的残基位于脂多糖结合区域内.为了进一步建立原核表达系统,根据pET-32a(+)和pET-28a(+)两种质粒的不同特点,选择其作为原核表达质粒,将“BPINtd”片段分别插入两种质粒,通过菌落PCR、EcoR Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ双酶切反应以及DNA测序等方法,证明了重组表达质粒“pET-32a-BPINtd”和“pET-28a-BPINtd”已被成功构建.     

我刊编委徐国恒教授对革兰氏阳性细菌内毒素调节脂肪分解作用的研究取得进展

我刊编委、北京大学医学部生理与病理生理学系徐国恒教授的实验室,最近对革兰氏阴性细菌内毒素调节脂肪分解作用的研究取得进展,阐明了内毒素直接刺激脂肪分解和升高血浆游离脂肪酸的细胞机制。徐国恒教授与他的博士研究生俎鲁霞的这一研究成果已在国际著名期刊《生物化学杂志》（Journal of Biology Chemistry）网络版发表。内毒素是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁上的脂多糖成分,是细菌感染引发机体免疫炎症反应的活性物质。长期以来．临床上发现细菌感染伴随着血浆游离脂肪酸升高和体温升高。徐国恒教授等通过整体动物和离体细胞研究发现,     

此“壁酸”非彼“壁酸”—关于“细胞生物学”教材中细菌细胞壁特征描述的商榷

目前,相当数量的"细胞生物学"教材中关于革兰氏阳性菌(G+)与革兰氏阴性菌(G–)细胞壁特征差异的描述不够准确,尤其是有关"壁酸"的论述,存在一些不妥与混乱。这给学生的学习带来了较大困惑。该文根据最新文献查证,讨论了细菌细胞壁壁酸的确切含义,并对革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌之间细胞壁差异提出了更准确的表述。     

内源性一氧化氮在内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤中的介导作用

内源性一氧化氮在内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤中的介导作用申捷１曾因明（１徐州市第一人民医院ＩＣＵ科，徐州医学院麻醉医学研究所，山东２２１００２）革兰氏阴性菌所衍生的内毒素在肺损伤中起重要作用，但其病理机制却迄今尚未明了。近年来的研究发现一氧化氮（Ｎｉ－ｔｒ...     

氢氧化铝结合的S和R型志贺氏Ⅰ型菌内毒素及其亚单位用于免疫接种制剂的新趋势

<正>引言 革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁成分中的内毒素具有多种生物活性,脂类A一般被认为是引起病理反应的成分。对高等生物来说,内毒素可能有致死性或致热原性,但对于人类,内毒素可通过提高非特异性抗感染免疫或激发抗体生成等作用而使其得益。 本文主要研究了用不同方法提取的S型及R型志贺氏I型菌的脂多糖和脂类A,其目的是对这些物质的体外抗原特性和体内保护效果等生物学活性     

部分革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖运输蛋白LptD的结构及功能研究进展

在革兰氏阴性菌中,脂多糖是外膜的重要组成部分,并参与构成细菌的固有免疫。而在大多数革兰氏阴性菌中,Lpt系统都是运输脂多糖的唯一途径,在该系统中LptD作为一个跨膜的外膜蛋白,也是脂多糖输出的最后一步,因此被许多学者称作脂多糖运输的"命门"。LptD参与多种重要的生物学功能,包括有机溶剂耐受性、疏水性抗生素耐受性、膜通透性等。但近来的研究表明,LptD最重要的功能是参与了脂多糖的运输,也因为其参与脂多糖运输而具有了多种功能。本文重点介绍部分革兰氏阴性菌LptD的蛋白结构及其功能研究进程,以期为进一步研究其它革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖运输通路(Lpt通路)及该通路上各蛋白间的相互作用机制提供参考。     

牛杀菌/通透性增加蛋白对脂多糖介导的炎性细胞因子表达的影响

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白(Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein,BPI)能结合并特异地中和来自革兰氏阴性菌外膜的脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)。为了研究牛源BPI蛋白及其N端结构域在LPS介导的免疫应答中的作用,本文将BPI全长1 449 bp编码区序列(BPI)和其N端714 bp的编码区序列(BPI714)分别导入m HEK293细胞,分析了稳定表达的BPI或BPI714对LPS介导的炎性细胞因子表达的影响。首先将构建的p LEX-BPI/p LEX-BPI714载体分别转染m HEK293细胞,获得稳定表达牛源BPI或BPI714的m HEK293细胞;然后用LPS刺激上述细胞,分别收集刺激前、刺激后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、36 h和48 h的细胞,并同时收集未表达BPI或BPI714的m HEK293细胞在各时间点的样品作为对照;采用定量RT-PCR检测上述细胞中炎性细胞因子IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-1、NF-κB-2的相对表达水平,比较LPS刺激前后表达BPI/BPI714和对照细胞中上述基因转录水平的变化规律。研究表明,LPS刺激后,对照细胞中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-2表达水平在不同时间点均显著提高(P0.05),并呈现规律性变化;而稳定表达BPI/BPI714的细胞在同样刺激条件下,IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-2基因的转录水平均未发生显著变化(P0.05)。根据我们的实验结果,在m HKE293细胞模型中BPI或BPI714均能显著降低LPS介导的炎性细胞因子表达,抑制LPS介导的免疫应答。这不仅为进一步研究BPI抑菌机制和利用其抑菌功能提供了可靠的实验依据,也为分析抗菌蛋白的抗菌效果提供了一种可靠的实验方法。     

Inclusion of proteins into polyelectrolyte microparticles by alternative adsorption of polyelectrolytes on protein aggregates

A new method of protein immobilization into polyelectrolyte microparticles by alternative adsorption of the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the aggregates obtained by salting out of protein is proposed. The model protein -chymotrypsin (ChT) was included in the polyelectrolyte microparticles obtained by various number of polyelectrolyte adsorption steps (from 1 to 11). The main parameters of ChT inclusion into microparticles were calculated. Scanning electron and optical microscopy were used for characterization of morphology and determination of particle size which was from 1 to 10 m in most cases. It was shown that the size and shape of protein-containing particles and protein aggregates used as a matrix were similar. Change in ChT enzymatic activity during entrapment into polyelectrolyte particles and activity of released protein were studied. The effect of pH on release of incorporated proteins was investigated; it was shown that change in pH and the number of polyelectrolyte adsorption steps allows protein release to be manipulated.     

High-level expression of human BSF-2/IL-6 cDNA in Escherichia coli using a new type of expression-preparation system

BSF-2 (B cell stimulatory factor-2/IL-6) is a member of the lymphokine family and responsible for B cell differentiation. Expression plasmids of human BSF-2 cDNA were constructed using a trp promotor/operator and a trpA terminator. In an extract of Escherichia coli HB101 holding "direct" expression plasmid pBSF-2D, activity of BSF-2 was detected, but overproduction was not observed. A "fused" expression system was therefore developed to prepare the recombinant protein. In this system, cDNA was expressed as a fused protein with human IL-2 N-terminal peptide. In the case of the fused BSF-2 expression plasmid, pBSF-2F, inclusion bodies were observed and overproduction of the protein occurred. As this fused protein had a Phe-Arg-Ala sequence at the junction of hIL-2 and BSF-2, it was possible to process mature BSF-2 from the fused BSF-2 by treatment with kallikrein and aminopeptidase P. From 1 liter of E. coli culture, 45 mg of mature BSF-2 was purified; it had a relative biological activity equal to that of natural BSF-2 purified from T cells.     

Beta-adrenergic- and muscarinic receptor-induced changes in cAMP activity in adult cardiac myocytes detected with FRET-based biosensor

-Adrenergic receptor activation regulates cardiac myocyte function through the stimulation of cAMP production and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Furthermore, muscarinic receptor activation inhibits as well as facilitates these cAMP-dependent effects. However, it has not always been possible to correlate the muscarinic responses with the direct measurement of changes in cellular cAMP activity. Genetically encoded biosensors have recently been developed, making it possible to monitor real-time changes in cAMP and PKA activity at the single cell level. One such biosensor consists of the regulatory and catalytic subunits of PKA labeled with cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins, respectively. Changes in cAMP activity affecting the association of these labeled PKA subunits can be detected as changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer. In the present study, an adenovirus-based approach was developed to express this recombinant protein complex in adult cardiac myocytes and use it to monitor changes in cAMP activity produced by -adrenergic and muscarinic receptor activation. The biosensor expressed with the use of this system is able to detect changes in cAMP activity produced by physiologically relevant levels of -adrenergic receptor activation without disrupting normal functional responses. It was also possible to directly demonstrate the complex temporal pattern of inhibitory and stimulatory changes in cAMP activity produced by muscarinic receptor activation in these cells. The adenovirus-based approach we have developed should facilitate the use of this biosensor in studying cAMP and PKA-dependent signaling mechanisms in a wide variety of cell types. adenovirus; protein kinase A; phosphodiesterase; L-type Ca²⁺ channel     

A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.) that exerts anti-metabolic effect on podborer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis>) larvae

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds contain Bowman–Birk proteinase inhibitors, which are ineffective against the digestive proteinases of larvae of the insect pest Helicoverpa armigera. We have identified and purified a low expressing proteinase inhibitor (PI), distinct from the Bowman–Birk Inhibitors and active against H. armigera gut proteinases (HGP), from chickpea seeds. N-terminal sequencing of this HGP inhibitor revealed a sequence similar to reported pea (Pisum sativum) and chickpea -l-fucosidases and also homologous to legume Kunitz inhibitors. The identity was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight analysis of tryptic peptides and isolation of DNA sequence coding for the mature protein. Available sequence data showed that this protein forms a distinct phylogenetic cluster with Kunitz inhibitors from Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, P. sativum and Canavalia lineata. The isolated coding sequence was cloned into a yeast expression vector and produced as a recombinant protein in Pichia pastoris. -l-fucosidase activity was not detectable in purified or recombinant protein, by solution assays. The recombinant protein did not inhibit chymotrypsin or subtilisin activity but did exhibit stoichiometric inhibition of trypsin, comparable to soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. The recombinant protein exhibited higher inhibition of total HGP activity as compared to soybean kunitz inhibitor, even though it preferentially inhibited HGP-trypsins. H. armigera larvae fed on inhibitor-incorporated artificial diet showed significant reduction in average larval weight after 18 days of feeding demonstrating potent antimetabolic activity. The over-expression of this gene in chickpea could act as an endogenous source of resistance to H. armigera.     

Subcellular Trafficking and Activity of Hyal‐1 and Its Processed Forms in Murine Macrophages

The hyaluronidase Hyal‐1 is an acid hydrolase that degrades hyaluronic acid (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix. It is often designated as a lysosomal protein. Yet few data are available on its intracellular localization and trafficking. We demonstrate here that in RAW264.7 murine macrophages, Hyal‐1 is synthesized as a glycosylated precursor that is only weakly mannose 6‐phosphorylated. Nevertheless, this precursor traffics to endosomes, via a mannose 6‐phosphate‐independent secretion/recapture mechanism that involves the mannose receptor. Once in endosomes, it is processed into a lower molecular mass form that is transported to lysosomes, where its activity could be detected using native gel zymography. Indeed, this activity co‐distributed with lysosomal hydrolases in the densest fraction of a self‐forming Percoll^TM density gradient. Moreover, it shifted toward the lower density region, in parallel with those hydrolases, when a decrease of lysosomal density was induced by the endocytosis of sucrose. Interestingly, the activity of the processed form of Hyal‐1 was largely underestimated when assayed by zymography after SDS‐PAGE and subsequent renaturation of the proteins, by contrast to the full‐length protein that could efficiently degrade HA in those conditions. These results suggest that noncovalent associations support the lysosomal activity of Hyal‐1.      

Carnitine medium/long chain acyltransferase of microsomes seems to be the previously cloned ∼54 kDa protein of unknown function

A microsomal protein having N-terminal amino acid sequence SDVLELTDEN, was initially described as a phosphatidyl inositol-specific phospholipase C when its cDNA was cloned (Bennettet al., Nature, 334, 268, 1988). Later, this protein, with an estimated molecular mass of 54 to 60 kDa, was shown to lack the phospholipase activity and instead a protein disulfide oxidoreductase and a thiol protease activities were ascribed to it. Following evidences indicated that the protein in question is the carnitine medium/long chain acyltransferase (CPT) of microsomes that was recently purified as a 54 kDa protein (Murthy and Bieber, Protein Exp. Purif. 3, 75, 1992). First, the N-terminal amino acids of the microsomal CPT showed 100% homology to the sequence described above. Second, during purification of this CPT, the oxidoreductase and the thiol protease activities of the microsomes became separated from the CPT and these other activities were not found in the 900 fold enriched CPT preparations. Third, an antibody to this protein did not immunoprecipitate oxidoreductase of the solubilized microsomal extract but precipitated the CPT. This same protein has been studied by others as the ERp61 (endoplasmic reticulum protein), GRP58 (glucose regulated protein), and HIP-70 (hormone induced protein) but its function was not identified.     

Isolation and characterization of an obligate methanol-utilizing bacteriumMethylomonas M-15

Summary A new obligate methylotrophic bacterium capable of rapid growth on methanol as its sole carbon and energy source was isolated. The organism grows only on methanol and not on methane or methylamine. It is a gram-negative, motile rod (0.5×1.5 m) with a single polar flagellum and was therefore classified as a species ofMethylomonas.The doubling time was about 2 hr at pH 7.0, at a temperature of 30 to 36°C and at a methanol concentration of 1% (v/v).Cell suspensions were able to oxidize methanol, formaldehyde, and formate; therefore it seems that methanol-, formaldehyde-, and formate-oxidizing enzymes are present in the bacterium. While no hydroxy pyruvate reductase activity was found, the cell extract contained high hexulose phosphate-synthetase activity, indicating the assimilation of methanol via the ribulose phosphate-pathway.The protein content of the bacterium is 60% and the amino acid pattern indicates that this strain could serve as a good source of single cell protein.     

Characterization of a delayed rectifier K+ channel in NG108-15 neuroblastomaX glioma cells: Gating kinetics and the effects of enrichment of membrane phospholipids with arachidonic acid

Summary The calcium sensitivity of exocytosis from electroper-meabilized chromaffin cells is increased by activators of protein kinase C, such as TPA and certain phorbol esters, diacylglycerols, and mezerein. A range of putative inhibitors of protein kinase C block both the phorbol ester-sensitive component of secretion and also the underlying insensitive component. These inhibitors are also shown to inhibit medulla protein kinase C activity in vitro. The extent of secretion is reduced when electropermeabilized cells are exposed to Ca²⁺ levels much in excess of 50 m. The onset of inhibition is faster than the relatively slow rate of Ca-dependent exocytosis and is insensitive to inhibitors of proteolysis. Adrenal medulla protein kinase C activity is also irreversibly inhibited by high Ca²⁺ concentrations. Both the secretory response and the protein kinase C activity in vitro have similar nucleotide and cation specificities. Although these data do not definitely establish an involvement of protein kinase C in exocytosis, none argue against it.Deceased     

Role of cadmium in activating nuclear protein kinase C and the enzyme binding to nuclear protein.

Specific effects of cadmium on nuclear protein kinase C activity were found with 3T3/10T1/2 mouse fibroblast and rat liver nuclei. Treatment of the mouse fibroblasts in culture with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate resulted in the stimulation of nuclear protein kinase C activity in a "fixed" pool which is defined by its resistance to chelator extraction, whereas the chelator extractable enzyme activity, defined as the "labile" pool was unaffected. Cadmium was found to potentiate the effect of the phorbol ester, directed specifically to nuclei, since the particulate protein kinase C activity was not changed under similar treatment. In a reconstituted system consisting of rat liver nuclei and rat brain protein kinase C, cadmium stimulated the binding of the enzyme to a 105-kDa nuclear protein. The binding of a 105-kDa protein to protein kinase C is attributed strictly due to the cadmium effect, whereas a 50-kDa protein binding to protein kinase C was only enhanced by cadmium. We propose a mechanistic model, where cadmium substitutes zinc in the regulatory domain of protein kinase C rendering the putative protein-protein binding site exposed.