Indian Boarding Schools And Ethnic Identity: An Example From The Southern Plains Tribes Of Oklahoma

Abstract

In the late 1800s, boarding schools sponsored by the United States government were created for the education and socialization of American Indian youth. These institutions gradually and purposefully pursued a policy of total assimilation of American Indians into the mainstream of society. The boarding schools failed in their ultimate goal to assimilate Indians. Surprisingly, however, they did attain limited acceptance among many Oklahoma Indians. The segregationist policies of the boarding schools are interpreted as having inadvertently perpetuated the formation of an Indian identity. Frequent visiting by family, segregation of Indian from non-Indian students, and symbolic association of the boarding schools with federal government obligations are identified as factors which contributed to the maintenance of this identity.     

“The Skunk and the Smallpox:” Mythology and Historical Reality

Abstract

Rare is the myth which provides an understanding of the historic circumstances which brought about its creation, but a narrative collected among the Wyandot Indians of Oklahoma does lend itself to historical analysis. The myth is both etiological and medicinal in its relation of the cause and cure for smallpox. Unique features of the myth’s content relative to cause and cure can be logically and historically related to the Wyandot situation in the second decade of the 19thcentury-in’ close proximity to the white settlement at Sandusky, Ohio. Sandusky Wyandots not only observed white treatment of smallpox, but heard tales told of white exploits in the Great Northwest Trading Company. It is contended here that the Wyandots selected as the etiology of smallpox the explanation offered by whites as a result of experiences of traders on the Columbia river; and that they selected as a cure for smallpox a form based on observation of white treatment at Sandusky. The myth, therefore, had its origin about 1815, when the Wyandot were at Sandusky, Ohio.     

The Identification of the Fall or Rapid Indians

Abstract

An identification of the “Fall” or “Rapid” Indians of southcentral Saskatchewan as Hidatsa is shown to be unlikely; rather, the Fall Indians of the contact period were Algonkianspeaking bison hunters identified as Atsina.     

The Kickapoo Whistle System: A Speech Surrogate

Abstract

The Mexican and Oklahoma whistle and flute languages are presented as dual surrogates which have been maintained and utilized as communications systems for over 100 years.     

Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian,Pakistani, Bangladeshi,and European origin populations: cross sectional study

ObjectiveTo compare coronary risk factors and disease prevalence among Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, and in all South Asians (these three groups together) with Europeans.DesignCross sectional survey.SettingNewcastle upon Tyne.Participants259 Indian, 305 Pakistani, 120 Bangladeshi, and 825 European men and women aged 25-74 years.ResultsThere were differences in social and economic circumstances, lifestyles, anthropometric measures and disease both between Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis and between all South Asians and Europeans. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis were the poorest groups. For most risk factors, the Bangladeshis (particularly men) fared the worst: smoking was most common (57%) in that group, and Bangladeshis had the highest concentrations of triglycerides (2.04 mmol/l) and fasting blood glucose (6.6 mmol/l) and the lowest concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.97 mmol/l). Blood pressure, however, was lowest in Bangladeshis. Bangladeshis were the shortest (men 164 cm tall v 170 cm for Indians and 174 cm for Europeans). A higher proportion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi men had diabetes (22.4% and 26.6% respectively) than Indians (15.2%). Comparisons of all South Asians with Europeans hid some important differences, but South Asians were still disadvantaged in a wide range of risk factors. Findings in women were similar.ConclusionRisk of coronary heart disease is not uniform among South Asians, and there are important differences between Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis for many coronary risk factors. The belief that, except for insulin resistance, South Asians have lower levels of coronary risk factors than Europeans is incorrect, and may have arisen from combining ethnic subgroups and examining a narrow range of factors.

Key messages

• South Asians have more coronary heart disease than Europeans despite apparently lower levels of risk factors
• This study shows that Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis differ in a wide range of coronary risk factors and combining their data is misleading
• Among South Asians, Indians were least and Bangladeshis most disadvantaged in a range of coronary risk factors. South Asians were disadvantaged in comparison with Europeans
• Future research and prevention strategies for coronary heart disease in South Asians should acknowledge a broad range of risk factors, the heterogeneity of these populations, linguistic and cultural needs, and environmental factors

     

Reappraisal of Oklahomaichnus,a supposed amphibian trackway from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma,USA

Oklahomaichnus millsii Sarjeant, from the Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Nellie Bly Formation of Oklahoma, is not the trackway of a lepospondyl amphibian, as originally proposed. Instead, it is the undertrack of an arthropod.     

A Copper Spearhead from Western Oklahoma

Abstract

Metallurgical analysis of a copper spearhead from Custer County, Oklahoma, indicates prehistoric workmanship and distant trade contacts.     

The Jared Site: A Comanche Burial at Fort Sill,Oklahoma

Abstract

A late-19th century ravine burial from Southwest Oklahoma is described. The site is compared with historic and anthropological records to document a nineteenth century Comanche burial practice.     

The Seminole Indians of Oklahoma: Morphology and serology

Two hundred and sixty-three Indians aged six and above were studied in Oklahoma for blood types, hemoglobin types, and physical traits; 53% were Seminoles and the remainder were admixed with Creek or other populations. The results indicate that they resemble the Florida Seminoles in most of their serologic traits. In physical traits they are comparable to the group studied by Krogman two decades ago. Compared with the Florida Seminoles, the Oklahoma sample are slightly taller and heavier, significantly lighter in skin color, and have a lower incidence of sickle cell gene. By both serology and morphology the Oklahoma group are most similar to Florida Seminoles, slightly less similar to other Indian groups, and still less to White and Negro populations. The Oklahoma sample of women showed a non-significantly greater fertility than those of Florida. Some indication of positive assortative mating for skin color was found in both groups.     

Cultural Persistence and Cultural Change As Reflected in Oklahoma Seneca-Cayuga Ceremonialism1

Abstract

The Seneca-Cayuga group of Oklahoma are descendants of a band which detached itself from the Iroquois proper in 1750 and was joined by elements of the 6 Iroquois nations in 1800. Later, the combined group exchanged Ohio land for holdings in Oklahoma.

The focus of modern tribal life is the annual Greencorn Festival consisting of 4 major rites: the Personal Chant, the Turtle Shell Dance, the Thanksgiving Dance and the Peach Seed Game. Various women’s dances, social and exotic dances of non-Iroquian origin are also staged.

It is concluded that major ceremonial elements are shared with the Iroquois proper. Borrowed elements are several versions of Plains dances and others derived from Shawnee and Delaware neighbors in Ohio and Oklahoma. Additionally Pan-Indian dances may be substitutes for vanishing tribal lore. There is a rejection of non-Iroquian ceremonial custom by the Seneca-Cayuga group similar to that found among another Iroquian group, the Wisconsin Oneida. The author attributes this to the toughness of Iroquois culture.     

Plain Facts

Abstract

The identification of an early lithic horizon in Oklahoma is made and theories concerning its cultural affiliation, site locations, distribution, and artifact typology are described.

The common characteristics of 20 sites in central Oklahoma are listed; site location - on high ground and on tributaries rather than streams; lithic debris found mostly in eroded gullies, quartzite material and core tools predominant on most sites, finished tools found in a minority of sites; Plainview points found at 2 sites and points being generally very rare; and no pottery on any sites.

The culture is equated at the technological 11level11 of the Cochise culture of southern Arizona and New Mexico.     

酸性旱地红壤无机氮同化菌株筛选及其全基因组分析

微生物执行的无机氮同化作用可固定施入土壤后未被作物直接吸收的化学氮肥,有效减少化学氮肥损失、降低环境氮素污染风险。土壤无机氮同化作用不是由大量冗余微生物共同执行的,而是由一小部分功能微生物优先执行。【目的】对酸性旱地红壤中的优势无机氮同化细菌进行富集、菌株分离鉴定及全基因组测序,并明确菌株在土壤中的氮同化能力,为酸性土壤化学氮肥应用及其转化过程研究提供菌株资源和理论依据。【方法】在酸性旱地红壤中添加KNO3或(NH4)2SO4作为无机氮源,以葡萄糖作为碳源,在好氧条件下进行富集预培养,采用稀释分离法筛选出优势无机氮同化细菌菌株;将菌株回接至土壤中从而验证其无机氮同化能力,并通过全基因组测序分析菌株的氮素代谢途径及相关功能基因。【结果】酸性旱地红壤经富集预培养一周后,优势无机氮同化微生物的16SrRNA基因相对丰度从0.20%–0.94%增长至20.2%–30.2%;分离筛选后得到的3株优势无机氮同化细菌菌株,鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.) M6-3、索状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus funiculus) M2-4和节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.) M7...     

Blood types of the native Americans of Oklahoma

Large numbers of Indians from Oklahoma were screened for a variety of red cell antigens. Sufficient numbers of Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws were studied to calculate gene frequencies. These tribes originated in the Southeastern United States and were forcibly moved to Oklahoma. The Creeks and Choctaws have not been studied previously. A small number of Cherokees remained in North Carolina, and their blood types have been reported. The blood types of the Oklahoma Cherokees are quite similar to those observed there but one important difference was discovered. The data previously reported concerning the Eastern Cherokees revealed the absence of the Dia antigen. The present study found that the Oklahoma Cherokees do have the Dia antigen, although in a lower percentage than the other southeastern tribes. The Creeks and Choctaws share a linguistic heritage as well as having similar red cell phenotypes.     

Plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as a potential predictive biomarker for non-haematological adverse events of docetaxel in breast cancer patients

Context: Rash and oral mucositis are major non-haematological adverse events (AEs) of docetaxel, in addition to fatigue, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, which restrict the use of the drug in cancer therapy. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is an acute phase reactant glycoprotein and is a primary carrier of docetaxel in the blood. Docetaxel has extensive binding (>98%) to plasma proteins such as AAG, lipoproteins and albumin.

Objective: To study the association between plasma AAG level and non-haematological AEs of docetaxel in Malaysian breast cancer patients of three major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians).

Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty Malaysian breast cancer patients receiving docetaxel as single agent chemotherapy were investigated for AAG plasma level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Toxicity assessment was determined using Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events v4.0. The association between AAG and toxicity were then established.

Results: There was interethnic variation of plasma AAG level; it was 182?±?85?mg/dl in Chinese, 237?±?94?mg/dl in Malays and 240?±?83?mg/dl in Indians. It was found that low plasma levels of AAG were significantly associated with oral mucositis and rash.

Conclusions: This study proposes plasma AAG as a potential predictive biomarker of docetaxel non-haematological AEs namely oral mucositis and rash.     

Joe Blackbear’S Story of the Origin Of the Peyote Religion*

Abstract

A folk explanation of certain aspects of peyote ritual and paraphanalia is offered in terms of an origin myth.

There is a story from long ago about the origin of peyote. It goes back to the time the Indians were fighting each other. On the other side of New Mexico, a group of Indians were camped and they were attacked by other bands. The mountains therewereveryhigh. The tribe that was attacked got scattered, There was just one woman and her boy left.     

Edwards II: Report of An Excavation In Western Oklahoma

Abstract

Edwards II is located on the North Fork of the Red River in western Oklahoma. It is one of two sites excavated in 1968 by the University of Oklahoma Field School in Archaeology. The major excavation area consisted of 19 contiguous five foot squares. Two test pits were also dug to determine the limits of the site. Nine features were uncovered; all were pits which exhibited a variety of shapes. Ceramic materials and projectile points are similar to Custer and Washita River foci manifestations, but the low proportion of bison bone, and the presence of a few corner notched and stemmed points suggest placement early in the time span represented by these foci.     

Perry Ranch:A Plainview Bison Kill On the Southern Plains

Abstract

Salvage excavations at the Perry Ranch site in southwestern Oklahoma uncovered the association of Plainview projectile points with an extinct subspecies of bison. A radiocarbon date of 7030 ± 190 B.P. has been obtained from bison bone at the site. However, stratigraphic disturbances limit inferences about the cultural activities at the site.     

An Alternative Hypothesis For The Origin of the Name Blackfoot

Abstract

Recent ethnographic work with Cree informants supports the hypothesis that the original Cree. term for “Blackfoot” Indians referred to animal (perhaps horse’s) hooves rather than to artificially blackened feet or moccasins.     

Two ecologically distinct subspecies ofHypochaeris radicata L.

Summary Uptake and assimilation of nitrate by two subspecies ofHypochaeris radicata L. were investigated under laboratory conditions as well as in the field.H. radicata ssp.radicata grows on relatively nitrogen-richer soils thanH. radicata ssp.ericetorum. Attempts were made to relate nitrate uptake and nitrate assimilation in the two subspecies to their different distribution in the field.No differences between the two subspecies with respect to nitrate uptake and nitrate assimilation were observed under laboratory conditions. In plants from the field intact tissue nitrate reductase was higher in ssp.radicata than in ssp.ericetorum. The nitrate reductase activity of both subspecies responded positively to nitrate addition.The significance of nitrate uptake capacity and the level of nitrate reductase for the distribution of plants in the field is here discussed.Grassland species research group, publ. no.15.