Performance differences among ex situ native-provenance collections of Pinus radiata D. Don. 1: potential for infusion into breeding populations in Australia and New Zealand

Growth and form traits from a series of three provenance trials of Pinus radiata D. Don planted in New Zealand and Australia were analysed at age 9 years from planting. The trials included selections from three mainland California natural populations—A?o Nuevo, Monterey and Cambria. Monterey and Cambria performed better than A?o Nuevo at two New Zealand sites, but Monterey and A?o Nuevo were almost identical in growth, whereas Cambria grew less vigorously at the Australian site. We detected significant provenance differences for diameter at breast height (DBH) growth and stem straightness across countries (p < 0.001). Estimated heritability for DBH ranged from 0.19 to 0.26 within sites, while heritability estimates for stem straightness and branching frequency ranged from 0.10 to 0.24. Estimated type B genetic correlations for DBH were always higher between the two trials in New Zealand trials than between pairs of trials in New Zealand and the Australian site. The genetic coefficient of variation (CV_A) for DBH was around 8–10% compared to ca. 5% for the current breeding population. These results suggested that there is appreciable genetic variation in the native populations, and infusion of these materials would increase the genetic variation in current breeding populations. Ten unrelated parents ranked above control seedlots from the older open-pollinated seed orchard stock for DBH growth and would be potential candidates for infusion. The promising performance of the Cambria material is an important result because the genetic base of the present Australian and New Zealand plantations is principally derived from A?o Nuevo and Monterey.     

Salix kaptarae sp. nov. (Salicaceae) from Crete

A new species of willow from Crete, named Salix kaptarae Cambria, C. Brullo & Brullo, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it shows close relationships with species belonging to the S. apennina group, mainly with respect to the leaf shape, and the hairy ovary, capsule and base of stamina filaments. Considerations on its ecology, leaf micro‐morphology and conservation status are also provided.     

Thaumatotibia leucotreta and the Navel orange: ovipositional preferences and host susceptibility

False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), presents a significant threat to the South African citrus industry. To limit income loss due to direct larval damage or from fruit rejection due to the phytosanitary status of this pest, additional pre‐harvest control techniques are required for Navel oranges, which are known to be susceptible to T. leucotreta damage. A number of Navel orange cultivars have been developed, and differences in female T. leucotreta ovipositional preference and susceptibility of cultivars to larval penetration are known to exist. Navel orange cultivars were grouped according to time of maturity (early, mid‐ and late season). Female T. leucotreta were subjected to choice and no‐choice tests with these cultivars, measured by oviposition. Host susceptibility was tested by allowing neonate T. leucotreta larvae to penetrate the different Navel cultivars. In the early maturing group, Fischer Navels were least preferred for oviposition and the least susceptible to larval penetration. The mid‐ and late season maturing groupings showed limited differences in oviposition preference, although host susceptibility did appear to be an important factor in assessing the vulnerability of fruit to T. leucotreta. Despite being widely planted in South Africa, the mid‐season Palmer Navels were highly susceptible to larval penetration, while for the late season cultivars, Cambria and Glen Ora Late were the least susceptible to T. leucotreta. As a result of these laboratory trials, it is recommended that farmers increase cultivation of Fischer Navels as the principal early season cultivar, avoid Palmer Navels in favour of other mid‐season maturing cultivars and give preference to the late maturing Cambria and Glen Ora Late cultivars, to limit T. leucotreta damage.     

An Analysis Of Ceramics from the Gettysburg Site, 39PO209, Potter County,South Dakota

Abstract

Ceramics recovered from the Gettysburg Site during the summers of 1964, 1965, and 1966 are described and analyzed. A comparison is made with ceramic collections from 19 other sites in the Middle Missouri Valley. Concluding comments demonstrate the relationship of the Gettysburg Site to sites of the Extended Coalescent Horizon.     

The Great Bend Aspect: A Multivariate Investigation Of Its Origins And Southern Plains Relationships

Abstract

The origins of the Great Bend aspect as well as its relations with a series of southern Plains sites are analyzed using ceramic attributes and multivariate statistics. Although the data is inadequate in certain areas the results suggest that in-situ development from earlier cultural groups is a more likely explanation than is a migration of peoples from the southern Plains.     

Ceramic Classification in Middle Missouri Prehistory

Abstract

Consideration is given the procedures, utility, and problems of ceramic classification used in Middle Missouri prehistory. A review of the development of the ware-type concepts and theoretical approaches to ceramic typologies are provided. Special attention is given the problems inherent in most of the ware and type definitions in the literature. An evaluation is made of the extant reports which use ceramics in unique or different ways, and suggestions are provided concerning potential productive analytical procedures.     

An Automated Computer Technique for Vessel Form Analysis

Abstract

A computerized method for machine assisted ceramic measurement from two-dimensional reproductions is given and its applicability in canonical correlation analysis is tested.     

Helb: a Preliminary Statement

Abstract

Preliminary inspection of surface features and ceramic remains led one author to assign the Helb site, in north-central South Dakota, to the Term ina I Variant of the Middle Missouri Tradition. New data from limited investigations at Helb are used to evaluate this assignment. The program objectives and design are outlined, and preliminary discussion of structural remains, ceramic and lithic samples and recently obtained radiocarbon determinations are provided. These evidences suggest that the site should be reassigned to the Extended Variant of the same tradition     

Decorative Motifs On Great Oasis Pottery

Abstract

Decorative design motifs on Great Oasis Incised rim sherds from the Great Oasis site in Minnesota are illustrated and described. The usefulness of using decorative modes in ceramic comparisons with pottery of the Over focus is suggested.     

Genetic parameters and provenance variation of Pinus radiata D. Don. ‘Eldridge collection’ in Australia 1: growth and form traits

Growth and form traits data were obtained from eight provenance trials of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) planted across the radiata pine plantation estate in southeast Australia. The genetic pool included 466 open-pollinated families collected from A?o Nuevo, Monterey and Cambria provenances on the Californian mainland coast in the USA and from Guadalupe and Cedros islands off the coast of Baja California in Mexico. Early survival of all provenances was around 90%, except for Cedros (<60%). Monterey and A?o Nuevo were the best performers at almost all sites. However, good growth performance of Cambria and good stem straightness of Guadalupe on some sites are important results, because the genetic base of the present Australian plantations evidently originated from only Monterey and A?o Nuevo. The average estimated single-site heritability for diameter at breast height was 0.22 and 0.32 at juvenile and mature ages, respectively. Heritability estimates for stem straightness and branching ranged from 0.23 to 0.55. Genetic correlation estimates between diameter at breast height (DBH) at juvenile and rotation ages were all >0.80. Estimates of between-site genetic and provenance correlations for DBH were often low, indicating high genotype by environment interaction across trials, consistent with previous Australian studies. However, there was minimal G × E among trials on high-altitude high-rainfall sites and among trials on low-altitude, low-rainfall sites.     

Factor Analysis as a Technique for Exploring Patterned Variability in Archaeological Remains

Abstract

The utility of factor analysis for exploring underlying patterns of variation in a data-set was assessed by means of a factor analytic arrangement of provenience units from the Medicine Crow Site (39BF2), South Dakota, based on similarities in the formal qualities of the ceramic vessels contamed within each provenience. Results indicate that two patterns, interpreted as relating to temporal and spatial variation at Medicine Crow, may be Isolated.     

The Early Cambrian acritarch Skiagia and its significance for global correlation

Global records of Early Cambrian acritarchs from the Skiagia plexus reveal that they are stratigraphically significant and can be used as biostratigraphic markers. Skiagia ornata and Skiagia ciliosa have a cosmopolitan distribution and the levels of their first appearance datums are proposed to serve as biostratigraphic horizons for interregional correlation. These levels are close to the lower boundary of the undefined Cambrian Stage 3, and within the Stage 3, respectively. The acritarch assemblage diagnostic of the Heliosphaeridium dissimilare-S. ciliosa Zone of Baltica is recorded worldwide and some species are traced on four of the Cambrian continents that include South Australia, South China and Laurentia. This supports the intercontinental correlation of certain Lower Cambrian strata and establishes the time equivalence between the regional trilobite zones to which these strata are attributed. The regional zonation is briefly reviewed for the purpose of comparing and evaluating the acritarch ranges. The biostratigraphic correlation of the Lower Cambrian strata, belonging to different faunal provinces, is based for the first time on the same fossil species, which have a cosmopolitan distribution and well-defined first appearance datums, and on the entire diagnostic acritarch assemblages.     

An Analysis of Waste Flakes from Sites in the Upper Knife-Heart Region,North Dakota

Abstract

An analysis of lithic debitage from seven archaeological sites was undertaken with the assumption that itcould provide insights into the technological and behavioral background of the craftsman. The analysis describes lithic debitage in terms of six categories. The sites are grouped into two phases: the Heart River phase (about A.D. 1675-1780) and the Knife River phase (about A.D. 1780-1845). The use of Chi-Square and Difference of Means statistics indicates that the present categorization of archaeological units (phases), based on ceramic analysis, is substantiated by an analysis of lithic debitage. Differences between the phases are related to the increasing loss of native material culture after White contact.     

A Study of Custer-Washita River Foci Relationships

Abstract

A review of Custer and Washita River foci relationships and origins as seen by earlier workers is presented. Data nowavailable is then considered in an attempt to illustrate the nature of the relationship between these foci. A consideration of changes in ceramic styles, frequencies of certain bone tools, and of radiocarbon dates suggests a continuum of development between the Custer and Washita River foci. This continuum, based on a Plains Woodland complex, sees the early horticulturalists of the Custer focus giving rise to the later Washita River focus peoples. The continuum hypothesis is presented with the need for further documentation in mind.     

不同修复方式对儿童乳牙牙体缺损的疗效和安全性比较

目的:探讨不同修复方式对儿童乳牙牙体缺损修复的治疗效果和安全性。方法:选择2011年1月至2015年1月在我院因牙体缺损严重无法填充修复的乳牙牙体缺损患儿67例。将所有患者随机分为三组,记为A组(22例)、B组(22例)和C组(23例)。A组患儿进行金属预成冠修复,B组患儿进行铸瓷嵌体修复,C组患儿进行银汞合金充填修复。随访18个月,比较3组患儿的治疗效果和不良反应的发生情况。结果:C组患儿随访期间发生牙痛6例,食物嵌塞、修复体和牙体之间出现裂缝的患儿各5例,牙龈充血3例,继发龋2例;B组患儿发生牙痛3例,食物嵌塞、牙龈充血、修复体和牙体之间出现裂缝以及继发龋等各1例;A组患儿发生疼痛和食物嵌塞各2例,牙龈充血1例。A组和B组患儿以上不良事件的发生率明显低于C组(P0.05),A组发生不良事件的发生率低于B组,但是差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用金属预成冠修复和铸瓷嵌体修复儿童乳牙牙体缺损较银汞合金充填修复具有更好的临床效果,且安全性更高。     

Quantification of diatoms in biofilms: Standardisation of methods

Abstract

Benthic diatoms, which often dominate marine biofilms are mostly pennate along with a few centric species that have an attached mode of life. Even though the range of diatoms in biofilms is diverse, their ecology is poorly understood because of the difficulty in sampling and enumeration. Scraping or brushing are the traditional methods used for removal of diatoms from biofilms developed on solid substrata. The method of removal is the most critical step in enumerating the biofilm diatom community structure. In this study, a nylon brush and ceramic scraper were used as tools for the removal of diatoms from 1 – 4-day-old biofilms developed on fibreglass coupons and glass microscope slides. Standardisation of methods showed that the sample volume used in the analyses had the least influence on the quantification, whereas the method of removal was critical. The nylon brush was more efficient at recovering diatoms compared to a ceramic scraper. Direct microscopic enumeration of the community in the case of glass slides indicated that scraping resulted in between 30–50% underestimation. Heterogeneity in diatom community structure between replicate samples is one possible reason for such underestimation.     

氧化锆强化硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷与Lava UItimate优韧瓷嵌体修复根管治疗后大面积缺损牙的咀嚼能力和外观的比较研究

摘要 目的：探究氧化锆强化硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷与Lava UItimate优韧瓷嵌体修复根管治疗后大面积缺损牙的咀嚼能力和外观的效果。方法：选择298例牙缺损患者随机分为观察组和对照组2组,其中观察组患者给与Lava UItimate优韧瓷嵌体修复治疗,对照组给与氧化锆强化硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷嵌体修复治疗。对比分析两组患者修复效果、咀嚼能力、外观变化、牙龈指数和菌斑指数、修复满意度以及并发症发生率。结果：观察组患者修复的完整度为99.33 %,颜色匹配度为97.32 %,边缘适合性为98.66 %,均显著高于对照组的77.18 %、65.77 %和67.11 %（P<0.05）。修复后,观察组患者的咀嚼能力、外观变化显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,PLI和GI显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。并且,观察组患者对修复的总满意度为99.33 %,显著高于对照组的82.55 %（P<0.05）,并发症发生率为2.01 %,显著低于对照组的29.53 %（P<0.05）。结论：Lava UItimate优韧瓷嵌体修复根管治疗后大面积缺损牙的咀嚼能力和外观的效果较氧化锆强化硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷好,可显著降低并发症发生率,提高患者满意度,值得临床推广使用。     

The Dune Buggy Site, 24RV1, and Northwestern Plains Ceramics

Abstract

The study of ceramics in the northwestern Plains has lagged since Wissler included “the lack of pottery” as one of the core Plains traits. In recent years, however, the poor development in ceramic studies is due to the lack of reported sites rather than a real void. The first part of this paper describes the Dune Buggy site and its large ceramic collection. In the second part, the pottery is identified as belonging to a non-Middle Missouri tradition and related to sites in northeastern Montana, southeastern Saskatchewan southwestern Manitoba and northwestern North Dakota. The combinations of profile, designs, and decoration appear to be heterogeneous, and an analogy is drawn to the historic period for the area to suggest an explanation for the apparent mixing. Specific problems include the lack of absolute dates and stratigraphic relationships, unpublished data, and potentially mixed components.