Sources of Steatite and Methods of Prehistoric Procurement and use in Wyoming

Abstract

Carved steatite vessels are common to the mountCJins and intermontane basins of northwestern Wyoming and immediately adjacent areas of Idaho and Montana. Steatite occurs in Precambrian rock throughout several mountain ranges of Wyoming. Surface material was used and much was quarried from buried deposits. Finished vessels are flatbottomed and occur in a variety of sizes and shapes.     

A Preliminary Report on Two Sites at Piney Creek,Wyoming 48J03Ll and 48J031

Abstract

During the summer of 1964, the University of Wyoming and the Wyoming Archaeological Society conducted exploratory excavations in two sites near Buffalo, Wyoming. Site 48J03ll consists of a number of stone circles and is apparently a camp site and site 48J0312 is a bison kill and butchering site. Artifact assemblages suggest an affiliation with late prehistoric and early historic sites in the Yellowstone River drainage.     

A Late Prehistoric Bundle Burial From Southern Wyomingc

Abstract

A Late Prehistoric bundle burial from the Stone Fence Site in south-central Wyoming produced partial skeletal remains of a middle-aged male of Shoshonean biological affinities.A total of 19 bone beads were found in the grave. Both osteological and cultural interpretations were possible from the previously undisturbed grave and its contents.     

A digital land cover map of Wyoming,USA: a tool for vegetation analysis

Abstract. A Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) based digital land cover map has been created for the state of Wyoming, USA, at moderate spatial (l-km² minimum mapping unit) and high typal (41 land cover types) resolution as part of the Wyoming Gap Analysis Program (WGAP). This map presents opportunities for regional characterization of land cover, especially vegetation, and for examination of ecological phenomena that manifest themselves over large areas. Using the digital land cover data, we describe Wyoming vegetation and examine positions of three prominent physiognomic transitions in Wyoming: the elevation of upper and lower treeline, and the position of the biogeographic boundary between shruband grass-dominated vegetation. By area, the three leading land cover types in Wyoming are Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sagebrush (33.4 %), mixed grass prairie (17.5 %) and Pinus contorta forest (6.5 %). Average upper-treeline elevation in Wyoming is 2947 m, and decreases with increasing latitude at an average rate of about 0.5 m/km, less than the rate of about 0.9 m/km reported by Peet (1978) for a gradient from Mexico to Canada. Lower-treeline occurs at an average elevation of 2241 m, and decreases with increasing latitude and with southerly aspect. In Wyoming, shrub-dominated communities are more likely to occur than grass-dominated communities as summer precipitation decreases below 282 mm. All of these relationships are subtle, and it appears that for particular areas, local factors are more important than regional climatic trends in explaining the position of phytogeographic boundaries.     

Three Human Skeletons From The Pk Burial Sheridan County,Wyoming

Abstract

Fragmentary skeletal material from a burial found near the Big Horn Mountains of north-central Wyoming was determined to constitute the remains of three individuals. The few artifacts in association provide little basis for an assessment of cultural affiliation, however, cranial characteristics suggest a close relationship to previously studied Siouan populations.

In February, 1962 Mr. Donald C. Grey of Sheridan, Wyoming submitted skeletal material recovered from the PK Burial Site in Sheridan County, Wyoming to Dr. William M. Bass for identification. Assistance in the analysis of the material was given by Mr. Donald C. Lacy, a graduate studentinphysicalanthropology. According to Mr. Grey (personal communication February 14, 1962), the PK Burial Site was discovered during the summer of 19 59 by a University of Illinois geology student, a member of a summer field crew based at Sheridan College, Sheridan, Wyoming. He discovered a human skull (See Fig. 1: a, b, and c) exposed in the side of a small hilltop overlooking a rodeo corral on a ranch west of Sheridan. The site is located in the foothills of the Big Horn Mountains.     

The Shoshonean Migration Problem

Abstract

The Shoshone were resident in northwestern Wyoming at the time of historic contact, the early mneteenth century. Two hypptheses to explain their presence and time depth there have been proposed. The migration hypothesis brings them from the southern Sierra Nevadas across the Great Basin beginning no earlier than A.D. 1000. The in situ hypothesis argues for a residency of 5000 to 7000 year. The hypotheses are tested by drawing predictions from them. Using ceramics, rock art, strat1graph1c sequences, and adaptive data the in situ hypothesis may be falsified. The migration hypothesis then best explains the archaeological evidence. It is thus suggested that Shoshonean speakers did not reach southern Wyoming until the fifteenth century A.D. at the earliest. It is also suggested that the higher mountainous areas of Jackson Hole and Yellowstone Park were not occupied by the Shoshonean speakers until after they were driven from the northwestern Plains around A.D. 1800. Finally, it 1s proposed, but not tested, that Athapaskan speakers may have occupied the region of western Wyoming from the Altithermal until the time of the Shoshonean and Crow migrations of the fifteenth century. At this time Apacheans were displaced southward and eastward.     

Quantifying spatiotemporal changes in a sagebrush ecosystem in relation to energy development

Energy development has been occurring in the intermountain western United States for over a century, yet few studies have attempted to spatially quantify the impacts of this disturbance on native ecosystems. We used temporal remotely sensed data for the Pinedale Anticline Project Area (PAPA) in western Wyoming, a region that has experienced increased natural gas development within the past 10 yr, to quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata, natural gas development, and other landcover types. Our analyses included 5 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of the PAPA over a 22‐yr period (1985–2006). We determined whether Wyoming big sagebrush spatiotemporal patterns were associated with natural gas development or other landcover types. We also developed a footprint model to determine the direct and indirect impacts of natural gas development on the distribution of Wyoming big sagebrush habitats. Over the 22‐yr period, we observed an inverse relationship between the amount of Wyoming big sagebrush habitat and natural gas development. During this time, Wyoming big sagebrush habitat declined linearly at a rate of 0.2% yr^?1 (4.5% total net loss), whereas natural gas development increased exponentially at a rate of 20% yr^?1 (4800% total net increase). Our evaluation indicated that, by 2006, natural gas development directly impacted 2.7% (1750 ha) of original Wyoming big sagebrush habitat. Indirect impacts, quantified to account for degraded habitat quality, affected as much as 58.5% (assuming 1000‐m buffers) of the original Wyoming big sagebrush habitat. Integrating assessments of the direct and indirect impacts will yield a better elucidation of the overall effects of disturbances on ecosystem function and quality.     

The Glendo Skeleton And Its Meaning In Light Of Post-Contact Racial Dynamics In The Great Plains

Abstract

A protohistoric burial from the Glendo Site in eastern Wyoming produced a nearly complete human skeleton of a young adult female. Osteological analysis of the specimen reveals predominantly Caucasoid physical characteristics. A skeleton exhibiting such an anatomical pattern, and coming from a grave clearly exhibiting Plains.lndian cultural affinities, raises interesting but somewhat difficult questions for interpretation.     

The Glenrock Buffalo Jump, 48C0304: Late Prehistoric Period Buffalo Procurement and Butchering

Abstract

The Glenrock Buffalo Jump, 48C0304 is part of a Late Prehistoric period buffalo procurement complex in central Wyoming along the south side of the North Platte River. Operation of the jump required controlled movements of buffalo herds for as far as one to three miles before they were finally stampeded over a bluff 40 feet high. The effective width of the bluff was small and as a result the herd had to be under control during the final stampede as well as the initial drive.

Good bone preservation in much of the site allowed recovery of large samples for analysis and in addition large numbers of simple but functional tools were found in context. Marks that reflected a number of butchering operations appeared repeatedly suggesting stylized methods, and from this a model of Late Prehistoric butchering is postulated which needs further testing in other mass butchering contexts.     

Early Period Marginal Cultural Groups in Northern Wyoming

Abstract

The Big Horn Mountains and immediately adjacent areas of northern Wyoming yield considerable evidence of cultural groups different from but contemporaneous with many late Plano groups. The hypothesis presented here is that this may have been an area where these marginal cultures developed due to a combination of geographical location and diverse environment.     

Resting State-fMRI with ReHo Analysis as a Non-Invasive Modality for the Prognosis of Cirrhotic Patients with Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy

BackgroundTo investigate the relationships among regional activity abnormalities, clinical disease severity, and prognosis in cirrhotic patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).MethodsRegional homogeneity (ReHo) values of 12 cirrhotic patients with OHE and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were calculated from rs-fMRI. Two-sample t-test was performed on individual ReHo maps between the two groups. The relationships between ReHo variation, disease severity, and prognosis were analyzed.ResultsCirrhotic patients with OHE had significantly low ReHo values in the left middle cingulum, bilateral superior temporal, left inferior orbito-frontal, right calcarine, left inferior frontal gyrus, left post-central, left inferior temporal, and left lingual areas, and high ReHo in the right superior frontal, right inferior temporal, right caudate, and cerebellum. There was significant group difference in the right superior temporal lobe (p=0.016) and crus1 of the left cerebellum (p=0.015) between survivors and non-survivors in the OHE group. Worse Glasgow Coma Scale was associated with increased local connectivity in the left cerebellar crus I (r= -0.868, p=0.001).ConclusionsInformation on the functional activity of cirrhotic patients with OHE suggests the use of rs-fMRI with ReHo analysis as a non-invasive prognosticating modality.     

Non-Bison Remains from the Vore Bison Jump,Crook County,Wyoming

Abstract

The Vore. Bison Jump is a multi-component Late-Preh1stonc B1son kill site in the Black Hills of Crook County, Wyoming. Examination of the non Bison revealed a large number of carnivores, mainly wolves. Analysis of these wolf remains showed a need for more careful identification of canid remains from archaeological sites in light of incipient domestication of wolves at this site.     

The Bentzen-Kaufmann Cave Site 48 SH 301

Abstract

A small cave in northeastern Wyoming yielded a number of bone fragments and artifacts representing an intermittent cultural deposition since the Early Period. A radiocarbon age of 6975 ± 275 years was obtained for one of the oldest components in the site.     

Two Mummies From The Pitchfork Rock Shelter In Northwestern Wyoming

Abstract

A protohistoric rock shelter burial from the Pitchfork Site in northwestern Wyoming produced two partially mummified skeletons of young adult male American Indians. Preserved clothing, buffalorobes, trade goods and additional cultural items were present. Equally well preserved is the twisted and braided scalp hair of one mummy, andother bodily tissues sufficiently preserved to reveal forms of cultural modification and ornamentation. Osteological analysis of the specimens reveals patterns of physical characteristics typical of Late Prehistoric and protohistoric populations of the northwestern Plains.     

西北印度洋卡尔斯伯格脊卧蚕热液羽流影响区细菌群落结构特征及其演化

【目的】热液羽流影响区包括热液羽流流经区域和羽流中性浮力层下方受热液颗粒物影响的区域。随着热液羽流的演化,热液羽流影响区内微生物群落的结构组成也会发生相应的变化,但是,由于观测和取样困难等原因,迄今热液羽流影响区不同空间位置微生物的群落结构特征及其在月际尺度上的演化尚不清楚。【方法】中国大洋49航次在卧蚕1号热液喷口东南侧300 m处投放了沉积物捕获器锚系,在不同离底高度开展了为期18个月的观测和时序采水。本文采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对水样中的微生物类群进行测序分析,结合现场实时探测的浊度异常资料,研究卧蚕热液区附近中性浮力羽流和热液颗粒沉降区细菌群落结构的特征和演化及其影响因素。【结果】结果表明,样品中细菌群落以γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、弯曲菌纲(Camplylobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)、梭菌纲(Clostridia)和脱硫叶菌纲(Desulfobulbia)为主。在时间上,优势类群的相对丰度随浊度起伏发生变化,当浊度异常值升高时,弯曲菌纲相对丰度...     

Daugherty Cave,Wyoming

Abstract

Daugherty Cave is a double component site in the Big Horn Basin of northern Wyoming. The earlier level is representative of a widespread Late Middle Prehistoric Period occupation. The surface material is believed to represent the Late Prehistoric Period, Crow Indian occupation of the area. The site produced considerable amounts of perishable material.     

High Country Adaptations

Abstract

A general model of high country adaptations by hunters and gatherers is proposed. It is derived from a consi eration of the specific nature of high country resources and the social structure that seems to exploit them most efficiently. The general model is then illustrated by two test cases, one from northwestern Wyoming and one from southwestern Asia. The paper concludes with a comparative perspective. and discusses the problem of why Native Amen cans 1n the central Rockies failed to domesticate wild sheep while hunters and gatherers in southwestern Asia did.     

黑龙江马铃薯Y病毒P1基因的特点北大核心CSCD

【目的】本研究通过对不同PVY分离物基因的测序及分析,从而了解PVY株系的多样性,进而对PVY病毒的分子检测及防治提供重要的资料和参考。【方法】本研究针对黑龙江15个马铃薯Y病毒样品的P1基因进行克隆测序和进化树分析。【结果】经比对分析,样品被分成两组,有10个样品的基因类型高度同源,且相对保守,是本地区的优势群组,无论是与国内其它地区样品比较还是与国外样品比较,其亲缘关系都有一定距离;而另一组中的5个样品的P1基因与本地优势组群有较大差异,且这5个样品间也有一定的差异,并与国内其它地区和国外一些样品的P1基因序列比较接近。通过比对Gen Bank中已上传的序列提供的PVY株系的信息,得知本次试验的P1基因与PVY^(NTN-NW)株系是相似的,且这15个样品与国内其他样品一样都是由PVY^N株系演变而来。【结论】由P1基因分析表明,PVY受环境影响较大,黑龙江10个样品的PVY在长期的进化中产生了具有地方特点的变化,而后来的5个样品说明中国大部分PVY有可能是跟随国外品种资源的引进进入,同时PVY也随国内不同区域间资源交流和种薯调运而传播。     

A new species of Cymopterus (Apiaceae) from the Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A.

Cymopterus constancei is described as new from mostly western portions of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico and from eastern Utah and Arizona. It has been confused withC. bulbosus A. Nelson but differs in several features of its bractlets, phenology, and habitat. The novelty is among the earliest of the native flora to bloom and is quite uniform morphologically. The number of collections encountered exceeds 200, a fourfold increase, in the past 22 years.