A Preliminary Shoreline Survey of Lima Reservoir: Archaeology in the Centennial Valley of Southwestern Montana

Abstract

During the summer of 1974 an archaeological reconnaissance of the Centennial Valley, located in Southwestern Montana, resulted in the location of 35 archaeological sites. These sites include occupation sites, tipi rings, and three obsidian quarries—the first verified obsidian sources in Montana. Numerous artifacts were recovered from these sites. Projectile points of the Cody Complex, McKean Complex and numerous corner-notched varieties indicate a long period of occupation of the Centennial Valley. Preliminary analysis of the obsidian, recovered as artifacts or debitage from sites in the valley, indicates extensive use of the Centennial quarries as well as a heavy reliance on sources outside the valley.     

Comments on the Significance of Stone Circle Excavations in Alberta

Abstract

A number of recently excavated stone circle sites “tipi rings” in Alberta are used to document the continuing necessity for detailed investigations into this site type. The excavations revealed quantities of cultural material, significant information and considerable time depth which are contrary to many previous assumptions.     

Lithic Analysis of a Controlled Surface Collection from a Site in Western Montana

Abstract

In 1970, a controlled surface collection was carried out at site 24 PW 320 in the Avon Valley of Montana. Lithic samples were obtained from two areas within the site. Analysis of the chipped stone debris, as well as the finished tools, has provided information on aboriginal activities at these two loci during the late prehistoric era.     

Effect Of Boulderflow On Soil Transformation Under Tipi Rings

Abstract

To examine the effect of boulderflow on soil transformation under tipi rings on the prairies, two sites were located with rings of at least two different diameters. Boulderflow, defined as water flowing over a boulder, decreased the pHCaCl2 C and N contents, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca, and increased extractable C of the soil under the ring boulders. Depth to effervescence with dilute HCI proved to be an excellent and simple relative dating technique to. c?r:npare relative time of being in situ for boulders of t1p1 nngs of various diameters.     

The Fort Smith Medicine Wheel,Montana

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present information on a stone configuration in southeastern Montana, the Fort Smith Medicine Wheel (Site 24BH220), and to briefly review information on other known medicine wheels in an attempt to discover the function for which it was constructed.     

The Tipi as an Element in the Emergence of Historic Plains Indian Nomadism

Abstract

The general consensus of the tipi as a modification of the circumboreal conical lodge is narrowed down by a suggestion of the tipi’s origin in the northeastern boreal forest, which is supported by evidence of intermediary forms and the early use of the tipi northeast of the Plains.     

Fort Union Porcellanite And Fused Glass: Distinctive Lithic Materials Of Coal Burn Origin On The Northern Plains

Abstract

Among the most common surface indicators of archaeological sites in south central Montana and northern Wyoming are the grey and red porcellanite flakes resulting from tool making activities. Although one of the major lithic materials used by prehistoric inhabitants of the northern plains region, porcellanite’s identity has remained relatively unknown. Amateur and professional archaeologist alike have loosely referred to this material as “metamorphosed siltstone”, “baked shale”, “Powder River chert”, “grey chert”, “fired brick”, “jasper”, etc. Similarly, fused glass is often misrepresented as obsidian. Because of its unique origin, definablearea of occurrence (the western coal region, the European coal fields, and perhaps other coalbearing areas), and its extensive utilization by the prehistoric populations of the region, porcellanite and fused glass deserve additional attention from archaeologists.     

A Preliminary Report on Two Sites at Piney Creek,Wyoming 48J03Ll and 48J031

Abstract

During the summer of 1964, the University of Wyoming and the Wyoming Archaeological Society conducted exploratory excavations in two sites near Buffalo, Wyoming. Site 48J03ll consists of a number of stone circles and is apparently a camp site and site 48J0312 is a bison kill and butchering site. Artifact assemblages suggest an affiliation with late prehistoric and early historic sites in the Yellowstone River drainage.     

Resprouting of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinacea angustifolia</Emphasis> Augments Sustainability of Wild Medicinal Plant Populations

Resprouting of Echinacea angustifolia Augments Sustainability of Wild Medicinal Plant Populations. Overharvest of wild Echinacea species root has been a significant concern to the herbal industry. Harvesters of wild Echinacea angustifolia showed us that even after harvesting the top 15 to 20 cm of root, some plants resprout. We marked locations of harvested plants at sites in Kansas and Montana and reexamined them two years later to see if they resprouted from remaining root reserves. Approximately 50% of the roots resprouted at both Kansas and Montana sampling sites, despite droughty weather conditions in Montana. The length of root harvested significantly affected the ability of the plant to resprout. Those plants that were more shallowly harvested and had less root length removed were more likely to resprout. These data indicate that echinacea stands can recover over time from intensive harvest if periods of nonharvest occur. Our echinacea harvest study emphasizes that the entire biology of medicinal plants must be considered when evaluating their conservation status.     

An Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Investigation of Selected Areas in Kootenai National Forest,Northwestern Montana

Abstract

During a preliminary archaeological survey of selected areas in Kootenai National Forest, located in northwestern Montana, ten archaeological sites were recorded. The majority of these sites were located on the terraces of the Kootenai River. These sites vary from surface and buried occupations, to numerous buried firehearth sites, a rockpile site and a vision quest site. Data from this survey were utilized in conjunction with ethnohistorical data to determine significant aboriginal use of river bank areas in extreme northwestern Montana.     

Effect of Ethylene on Stomatal Opening in Tomato and Carnation Leaves

Exposure to ethylene at a concentration range of 60 to 70 ppmbrought about an increased stomatal closure within twelve hoursin two species of plants among the four studied. Both tomatoand carnation showed a response to ethylene treatment but couldcompletely recover within 96 hours after treatment. Pinto beanand Sedum pachyphyllum stomata showed little or no responseto ethylene. ¹Present address: Department of Biology, Montana State University,Bozeman, Montana 59715, U.S.A. (Received November 30, 1981; Accepted January 10, 1983)     

Contributo all'embriologia delle Asteraceae: VI

Riassunto

Il gametofito fetaminile di Anthemis arvensis L. mostra uno sviluppo quanto mai interessante, perchè insieme al tipo « Crucianella » con oangio emisporiale (ca. 75%) si trova pure un altro tipo di sviluppo, il già noto tipo « Pyrethrum parthenifolium » con oangio monosporiale (25% ca.). Il gametofito 16-nucleato tipico tuttavia non è mai stato riscontrato; invece l'Autore ba osservato la presenza del sottotipo 10-nucleato, che è stato recentemente scoperto e che ha preso il nome di sottotipo « Ulmus ». I due tipi sopraddetti sono collegati dalla possibilità di uno sviluppo secondo il tipo « Vittadinia » con oangio monosporiale, che si deve considerare come un tipo intermedio fra i due.

Nella presenza di questi tipi di sviluppo in una stessa specie l'Autore trova una conferma della assoluta dipendenza del tipo « Crucianella » dai tipi tetramegasporiali facenti capo al tipo « Pyrethrum parthenifolium ».     

Caratteri ed Affinitá Della Flora Briologica Nell'africa Mediterranea

Riassunto

L'A. esamina i componenti fondamentali della flora briologica dell'Africa settentrionale mediterranea, in relazione con i tipi climatici. Distingue un Elemento mediterranco (coi gruppi: stenomediterraneo, euri-mediterraneo, mediterraneo-montano, mediterraneo-atlantico, mediterraneo-steppico, saharo-sindico), atlantico, circumboreale, orofilo-boreale, ipsofilo-boreale, aralo-caspico, cosmopolita ed endemico.     

Il tipo delle Dicotiledoni e il tipo delle Monocotiledoni nella formazione del vero periplasmodio nella famiglia delle Lauraceae

Raissunto

Nella famiglia delle Lauraceae è stata fino ad oggi riconosciuta la formazione di un vero periplasmodio nei due generi Sassafras e Cinnamomum. Il periodo e le modalità di sviluppo fanno riferire il primo al tipo che si osserva nelle Monocotiledoni, il secondo a quello delle Dicotiledoni. Nei due tipi alcune particolarità morfologiche permettono induzioni sul significato fisiologico del periplasmodio.     

Sources of Steatite and Methods of Prehistoric Procurement and use in Wyoming

Abstract

Carved steatite vessels are common to the mountCJins and intermontane basins of northwestern Wyoming and immediately adjacent areas of Idaho and Montana. Steatite occurs in Precambrian rock throughout several mountain ranges of Wyoming. Surface material was used and much was quarried from buried deposits. Finished vessels are flatbottomed and occur in a variety of sizes and shapes.     

Saggi Sul Comportamento Della Cellula Vegetale di Fronte al Reattivo di Schiff

Riassunto

Sono state fatte diverse prove per la reazione di Schiff, di Feulgen e di Bauer su tessuti vegetali. Diversi tipi di membrane, fra cui quelle lignificate, sono risultati Schiff positivi. I nuclei sono risultati Feulgen positivi, con l'eccezione dei nuclei del gametofito maturo di Crinum sp., i quali sono tutti Feulgen negativi, meno quelli antipodali. L'amido e tutte le membrane sono risultati Bauer positivi.     

Early Occupations in Bighorn Canyon,Montana

Abstract

Excavation of the Mangus Site (24CB22l) in Bighorn Canyon, Montana revealed a stratum containing artifacts of the Agate Basin Complex. This occupation was dated by radiocarbon at 6740 B. C. and 6650 B. C. The Sorenson Site (24CB202) contained two early cultural levels, one of unknown cultural affiliation datedat 5850 B. C. and 5610 B. C. overlying a second unidentified occupation. Future investigations in Bighorn Canyon may produce artifacts allowing identification of these two occupations.     

Lithic landscape models and hydraulic imaginaries in the Colca Valley,Peru

Dating to the pre-Hispanic era, carved stone sculptures of terraced landforms – maquetas – found in the south-central Andes evoke topographic models. The purpose of these maquetas has eluded archaeologists as the lithic landscapes do not correspond precisely to the terrain and could not have served as maps. By centring irrigation as a fundamental concern among communities of the semi-arid western cordillera of the south-central Andes, we draw from science and technology studies (STS) to analyse the maquetas as sociotechnical representations that enacted flowing water as a capricious but ultimately ‘teachable’ entity. We argue that the maquetas helped to ground hydraulic knowledge through proprioception, aiding construction of intricate canal systems.     

The Secret Notebook for the Practicing Archaeologist: With Preliminary Notestoward an Ethno-Science of Archaeology

Abstract

An analysis of the activities of mid-career archaeologists, their social organization, and annual cycle reveals that this group can provide a working model for other counter-cultures     

An Unusual Method of Flint Chipping

Abstract

Three ethnographic examples, two from the Plains and one from Australia, of the process of sharpening chipped stone tools with the teeth are noted.