Site 39Lm219 In The Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

Site 39LM219, an earth-lodge village located in the neck of the Big Bend of the Missouri River in Lyman County, South Dakota, is assigned to the Chouteau Aspect and is presumed to date at about A. D. 1700. Probably the site is part of the Crazy Bull Site previously described in this journal.     

The Meander Site (39Lm20L) In Fort Randall Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

The Meander Site (39LM20l) is located on the left bank of the White River in Lyman County, South Dakota, about eight miles above the junction of the White and Missouri rivers. Test excavations at the site were conducted in 1953 by Harold A. Hus cher of the Smithsonian Institution, River BasinSurveys. Though few in number, the artifacts recovered indicate the occupation belongs to the Chouteau Aspect. Ceramic analysis suggests the site was occupied at a time somewhat prior to the occupation of the Crazy Bull Site (Frantz 1962).     

Archaeology of the Mcclure Site (39Hu7) and the Protohistoric Period in the Big Bend Region of South Dakota

Abstract

The McClure site is an Arikara village in central South Dakota dating from the Protohistoric period at the end of the 17th Century. The settlement consisted of at least 35 earth lodges, was unfortified, and was located below the bluffs on the Missouri River bottoms a few feet above the floodplain. Excavations in two houses, one of them a specialized small lodge, produced artifacts typical of the Felicia phase of the Big Bend region, including ceramics largely assignable to the lona and Talking Crow ware categories, but with a small element of Stanley ware. Because of the location of McClure in the Bad River district around the decade A.D. 1690-1700 and other factors, it is thought to have played some role in the emerging Bad River Phase     

The Peterson Site (39Lm215) An Earth Lodge Village In The Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

One circular earth lodge and an interhouse test trench were excavated at the Peterson Site by the Smithsonian Institution, Missouri Basin Projec;t in 1958 prior to the flooding of the area by the Big Bend Reservoir. Surface features indicated that the site was an unfortified village of about 40 lodges. The artifact inventory suggests that the village, which has been tentatively assigned to the Fort Thompson Focus, was probably occupied during the mid-18th century.     

Blue Blanket Island (39WW9) an Historic Contact Site in the Oahe Reservoir Near Mobridge,South Dakota

Abstract

The Blue Blanket Island site (39WW9), a small, fortified, proto-historic Indian village on an island in the Missouri River, in Walworth County, South Dakota, was partially excavated by a River Basin Surveys crew in August 1961. One centrally located earthlodge, sections of the fortification, storage pits, and middens were excavated. Artifacts were scanty but architectural details were informative. The lodge was 18 sided with a short entry wayto the south (river side) and leaner posts of split cedar. The palisade was of split posts and the ditch was wide and shallow. The site appears to have been an Arikara village of short duration, probably occupied during the 1780’s and 1790’s. The abandoned remains of this village were noted by Lewis and Clark in 1804.     

A Magnetometer Survey of the Knife River Indian Villages

Abstract

There are several Indian village sites at the confluence of the Knife and Missouri rivers near the town of Stanton, North Dakota. Two of them were examined or tested by D. J. Lehmer in 1965. Four of the sites are now being incorporated into the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site. As part of the development of this Historic Site a proton magnetometer survey was carried out in 1976 on parts of Sakakawea Village and the Buchfink Site. In addition, a survey was conducted on part of the Amahami Village in Stanton. This article discusses the theory of magnetic surveying, the varying nature of the regions surveyed, and the extensive results abtained. These results include the identification of at least 12 earth lodge sites with associated features, the correlation of some features in the magnetic data with soil probe information, and a number of suggestive but unidentifed features on which the magnetic measurements focus.     

新疆乌伦古河流域蒙新河狸巢穴特征和巢址生境选择

2014年11—12月和2015年4月,采用样方法对新疆乌伦古河流域冷季和暖季早期蒙新河狸(Castor fiber birulai)巢穴特征和巢址生境选择进行了调查研究。确定冷季160个蒙新河狸巢穴和暖季早期158个蒙新河狸巢穴,其中61个地面巢平均长(2.54±1.69)m,宽(1.68±0.91)m,高(0.54±0.32)m。与冷季相比,暖季早期蒙新河狸利用的巢穴生境具有河宽、水域面积、水深和植物郁闭度较大,河岸坡度较小的特征,是由季节更替导致的温度等气候变化引起的,而在其他生态因子选择上无差异(P0.05)。以冷季为例,蒙新河狸巢址生境选择特征表现为:(1)地理分布因子:海拔1000m,临近水域河岸1.0m、坡度75°、水深1.0m、河面宽度和面积适中;(2)隐蔽因子:巢穴隐蔽级较高,附近的植物特征(郁闭度高,乔木密度大、灌木密度低以及高度低)也辅助实现了较好的隐蔽性;(3)干扰因子:巢穴位置选择最近公路或居民点的河流异侧;(4)食物因子:巢穴多选择在密度较高的柳树林中,且距离冬季食物堆较近。建议:寻找适合蒙新河狸生存的其他潜在生境;减少在蒙新河狸生活流域修建水坝,或者在其附近修建蒙新河狸迁徙通道;加强蒙新河狸分布区的保护管理。     

Sporadic sustained nonperiodic oscillations in the activities of organismic sets

In combining the author's theories of organismic sets (Rashevsky,Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969a) and Robert Rosen's theory of (M, R)-systems (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–265, 1958), a conclusion is reached that the number of either normal or pathological phenomena in organismic sets may occur. Those phenomena are characterized by occurring spontaneously once in a while but are not exactly periodic. Some epilepsies are an example of such pathological phenomena in the brain.     

Laboratory Hints from the Literature

Fry, H. J. A paraffin method for serially sectioning a minute object in a known plane. Anat. Rec., 34, 245-252. 1927.

Kisser, J. and Anderson, B. B. Method of preparing thin cross and longitudinal sections of cotton fibers and its importance in cell wall research. Am. J. Bot., 15, 437. 1928.

Sweany, H. C. System of sputum analysis for the presence of acid-fast bacilli. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 14, 547-557. 1929.

Terry, B. T. Improvement in technic and results made in examining microscopically by the razor section method 2000 malignant tissues. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 14, 519. 1929.

Belling, J. A method for the study of chromosomes in pollen-mother-cells. Univ. of Cal. Publs, in Bot., 14, 293-299. 1928.

Cartwright, K. St. G. A satisfactory method of staining fungal mycelium in wood sections. Ann. Bot., 43, 412. 1929.

Dolfini, G. Su un nuovo metodo di colorazione dei grassi. Bull. d'Histol. Appl., 6, 137. 1929.

Doubrow, S. Un procédé rapide de coloration des bacilles de Koch dans les coupes histologiques. Bull. d'Histol. Appl., 6, 142. 1929.

Hadjioloff, A. Coloration des graisses par quelques pigments naturels. Bull. d'Histol. Appl., 5, 183. 1929.

Joyet-Lavergne, Ph. La recherche qualitative du glutathion. Bull. d'Histol. Prac., 5, 331-349.

Levine, M. A method for staining connective tissue mast cells. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 14, 172. 1928.

Martens, P. Les structures nucléaires et chromosomiques dans la cellule vivante et dans la cellule fixée. Bull. d'Histol. Appl., 5, 229-252. 1928.

Parker, F. P. A technic for staining red blood cells for measurement of cell diameters by the projection method. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 14, 663. 1929.

Parker, F. P. and Lewis, G. T. Microscopic projections in the measurements of erythrocytes. J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 14, 664. 1929.

Pergola, M. Substrati al tellurito e colorasione ridotta nella ricerca e dimostrazione del bacillo difterico. Bull, dell' 1st. Sieroterapico Milanese, 7, 585-598. 1928.

Volkonsky, M. Sur une nouvelle modification de la technique d'Altman. Bull. d'Histol. Appl., 5, 220-222. 1928.

Webber, J. M. Smear method for the study of chromosomes. Univ. of Cal. Publs. in Bot., 14, 345-352. 1929.     

Contributions to relational biology

The principle of biotopological mapping (Rashevsky, 1954,Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 317–48) is given a generalized formulation, as the principle of relational epimorphism in biology. The connection between this principle and Robert Rosen’s representation of organisms by means of categories (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 317–41) is studied. Rosen’s theory of (M,R)-systems, (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–60) is generalized by dropping the assumption that only terminalM _i components are sending inputs into theR _i components. It is shown that, if the primordial organism is an (M,R)-system, then the higher organisms, obtained by a construction well discussed previously (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 71–93), are also (M,R)-systems. Several theorems about such derived (M,R)-systems are demonstrated. It is shown that Rosen’s concept of an organism as a set of mappings throws light on phenomena of synesthesia and also leads to the conclusion that Gestalt phenomena must occur not only in the fields of visual and auditory perception but in perceptions of any modality.     

Some considerations on relational equilibria

A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light of the theory.     

The Tipi as an Element in the Emergence of Historic Plains Indian Nomadism

Abstract

The general consensus of the tipi as a modification of the circumboreal conical lodge is narrowed down by a suggestion of the tipi’s origin in the northeastern boreal forest, which is supported by evidence of intermediary forms and the early use of the tipi northeast of the Plains.     

A NOTE ON THE REINTRODUCTION OF BARBUS TREURENSIS GROENEWALD 1958 (PISCES: CYPRINIDAE) INTO TIIE TREUR RIVER,MPUMALANGA, SOUTH AFRICA.

Summary

The Treur River Barb (Barbus treurensis) was reintroduced into the Treur River after being extinct in this river for about twenty years. During March 1995, 504 individuals were released at a carefully selected site. Recent surveys have shown that, within only five years, Barbus treurensis has successfully repopulated about seven kilometres of the Treur River.     

On multipole theory in electrocardiography

This paper continues a comparison of the Taylor series and spherical harmonic forms of multipole representations initiated by Yeh (Bull. Math. Biophysics,24, 197–207, 1962). It is shown that while transformations from Taylor series form into spherical harmonic form is always possible, the inverse cannot be accomplished as suggested by Yeh; corrected transformation equations are given. It is also shown that direct measurement of Taylor coefficients, as outlined in Yeh, Martinek, and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–216, 1958), is actually not possible. Accordingly, only the spherical harmonic coefficients can be determined by measurement of surface potentials, as in electrocardiography.     

Probability distributions associated with distinct hits on targets

Some probability distributions connected with distinct hits on targets, using two different firing schemes, are developed. It is assumed that any shot has a probabilityp, not necessarily unity, of hitting the target at which it was aimed. The development uses a well-known expression for the probability that exactlyt ofN possible events occur simultaneously. Some of the formulae developed here include as special cases the probabilities derived separately and by more complicated arguments in papers by N. Rashevsky. (Bull. Math. Biophysics,17, 45–50, 1955) and A. Rapoport (Bull. Math. Biophysics,13, 133–38, 1951).     

On relations between sets: III

The theory of relations between sets, proposed and outlined in previous publications (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961;28, 117–124, 1966;28, 309–313, 1966), is tentatively expanded and generalized with a view to biological applications.     

Extension of Watson's Model for the Elongation Cycle of Protein Biosynthesis

Abstract

The scheme for the elongation cycle of protein biosynthesis is proposed based on modern quantitative data on the interactions of mRNA and different functional forms of tRNA with 70S ribosomes and their 30S and 50S subunits. This scheme takes into account recently discovered third ribosomal (E) site with presumable exit function. The E site is introduced into 70S ribosome by its 50S subunit, the codon-anticodon interaction does not take place at the E site, and the affinity of tRNA for the E site is considerably lower than that for the P site. On the other hand, the P and A sites are located mainly on a 30S subunit, the codon-anticodon interactions being realized on both these sites. An mRNA molecule is placed exclusively on a 30S subunit where it makes U-turn. The proposed scheme does not contradict to any data but includes all main postulates of the initial Watson's model (J. D. Watson, Bull Soc. Chim. Biol. 46, 1399 (1964), and is considered as a natural extension of the later according to modern experimental data.     

Nonlinear diffusion in metabolic systems

Some general properties of the solution of the diffusion equation are deduced for the steady-state, spherically symmetric system. On the basis of these developments some results of N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,11, 15, 1949) are discussed and the results of a previous investigation (Hearon,Bull. Math. Biophysics,12, 135, 1950b) are extended to more general conditions. In particular these extensions apply to the flow of a soluteagainst its concentration gradient, the nonzero gradient of an inert metabolite, and theaccumulation or exclusion of an inert metabolite in a metabolic system. A portion of this work was performed while the author was a research participant, Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, assigned to the Mathematics Panel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.     

Homeostatic control of thyroxin concentration expressed by a set of linear differential equations

The purpose of this work is to express current concepts on the relationship between the rates of secretion of thyroxin and of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by a set of linear differential equations (two attempts have been made previously in this direction; cf. Roston,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 271–282, 1959; Danziger and Elmergreen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 15–21, 1954), and to show that the solutions to these equations fulfill two criteria: that they correctly express the previously observed behavior of thyroxin and TSH, and that they allow certain predictions to be made which are amenable to experimental verification or disproval by currently existing techniques. This mathematical model is necessarily only an approximation of reality.     

Relational forces and structures produced by them

After giving a brief review of the theory of organismic sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 139–152, 1967;31, 159–198, 1969), in which the concept of relational forces, introduced earlier (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966a) plays a fundamental role, the author discusses examples of possible different structures produced by relational forces. For biological organisms the different structures found theoretically are in general agreement with observation. For societies, which are also organismic sets as discussed in the above references, the structures can be described only in an abstract space, the nature of which is discussed. Different isomorphisms between anatomical structures, as described in ordinary Euclidean space, and the sociological structures described in an abstract space are noted, as should be expected from the theory of organismic sets.