The Oglala (Teton Dakota) Sun Dance: Vissicitudes of its Structures and Functions

Abstract

The structure and function of the traditional Oglala Dakota Sun Dance is compared with modern versions of the dance performed at Pine Ridge, South Dakota.     

A Report on the Investigations of the No Heart Creek Site, 39AR2, Dewey County,South Dakota, 1960

Abstract

The report describes in detail the final results of a field project at the No Heart Creek site, 39AR2, Dewey County, South Dakota, co-sponsored in 1960 by the University of South Dakota and the National Park Service. The site consists of a double settlement pattern, a fortified village surrounded by scattered earth lodges, probably occupied during the period A.D. 1550-1575. On the basis of content the cultural complex is assigned to the Le Compte focus (or Le Compte phase, depending upon taxononomic system utilized).     

The Fox Island Site (39DW230), Dewey County,South Dakota

Abstract

An examination of this site on the west bank of the Missouri River in north-central South Dakota has revealed an unfortified settlement of approximately 30 earthlodges. The settlement pattern and artifact inventory indicate that the Fox Island site is an Extended Coalescent village that appears to be a descendant of the complex defined at Mols, tad Village.     

An Analysis Of Four Survey Collections From Armstrong County,South Dakota 39Ar2 (No Heart Creek Site), 39Ar4, 39Ar5 And 39Ar 7

Abstract

The materials collected from four sites on the Little Bend of the Missouri River are described and analyzed. In the conclusion, these manifestations, referred to as the No Heart Creek complex, are compared to seven other sites along the river in north.-central South Dakota. The sites are related to the Le Compte Focus and are characterized by a distinetive settlement pattern.     

Theories Of Culture Change Relevant to the Study Of the Dakota Indians

Abstract

In the literature various theories of culture change have been developed relevant to the Dakota Indians. These theories of change can be grouped under the headings of psychological, social, and cultural change.

Psychologically the changes in Dakota personality are seen as developing from the child-rearing process. Social change has been regarded as reflecting the changing values within the family circle due to pressure from white culture. Culture change has been hypothesized as due to indoctrination in the Dakota value system during childhood. It is this persistence of Dakota values which is the main deterrent to the acceptance of many non-Indian skills.     

Cranial Variation and Microevolution in Arikara Skeletal Populations

Abstract

Crania from six archaeological sites in South Dakota are analyzed. Chronologically the sites fall into two groups, an early group and a late group, with A.D. 1750 as the approximate boundary between them. It is shown that the late group is morphologically diverse, while the early group is relatively homogeneous. The morphological pattern is related to the increasing intensity of evolutionary processes as the contact period progressed.     

Effects of insecticides on acetylene reduction by Azotobacter vinelandii and soybean nodules

Summary Nine organophosphate and carbamate insecticides were tested for effects on ability of Azotobacter vinelandii to reduce acetylene. Only Gardona^R, at higher concentrations, was significantly inhibitory. The same pesticides were tested with soybeans (Glycine max L.). Some minor phytotoxic effects were noted, but there was no inhibition of the ability of the excised nodules of the plants to reduce acetylene.Published with the approval of the Director of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Article No. 726. Portion of a thesis presented by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in bacteriology at North Dakota State University.Published with the approval of the Director of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Article No. 726. Portion of a thesis presented by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in bacteriology at North Dakota State University.     

Additional Annotated References:

Abstract

This addendum contains 23 entrees dating between 1859 and 1927 relative to sites in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, and the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The first section of this bibliography was published in Volume 7, Number 15, of Plains Anthropologist, 1962, and contained 302 references.     

The Boundary Mound Group (32SI-1): An Eastern Woodland Complex in North Dakota

Abstract

This site represents the first systematic investigation of a mound on the Missouri River in North Dakota. The mound group consists of 3 mounds on the North Dakota - South Dakota state line several miles southeast of Ft. Yates, South Dakota. The mounds are from 1-3 feet high and about 80’ in diameter. The reports covers the investigation of one of the mounds which had been partially removed by a railroad cut. Three excavations were carried out (1) along the edge of the railroad cut, (2) thru the center of the mound, and (3) an exploratory test pit east of the north end of center cut.

In the center of the mound was found the remains of a log covered tomb 10 x 12 feet containing 5 burials and a number of artifacts.

The Boundary Mound group suggests the presence of a Woodland group extending from eastern North Dakota to the Missouri River. This complex tenatively cross-dated at about 1000 A.D. is present but rare along the Missouri in South Dakota.     

A Global Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Management Practices on Net Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensity from Cropland Soils

Little is known about management practices that can simultaneously improve soil and environmental quality and sustain crop yields. The effects of novel and traditional management practices that included a combination of tillage, crop rotation, and N fertilization on soil C and N, global warming potential (GWP), greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), and malt barley (Hordeum vulgarie L.) yield and quality were examined under non-irrigated and irrigated cropping systems from 2008 to 2011 in eastern Montana and western North Dakota, USA. In loamy soil under non-irrigated condition in eastern Montana, novel and traditional management practices were no-till malt barley-pea (Pisum sativum L.) with 80 kg N ha^-1 and conventional till malt barley-fallow with 80 kg N ha^-1, respectively. In sandy loam soil under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in western North Dakota, novel and traditional management practices included no-till malt barley-pea with 67 (non-irrigated) to 134 kg N ha^-1 (irrigated) and conventional till malt barley with 67 (non-irrigated) to 134 kg N ha^-1 (irrigated), respectively. Compared with the traditional management practice, soil organic C (SOC) and total N (STN) at 0–120 cm were 5% greater with the novel management practice under non-irrigated condition in eastern Montana and under irrigated condition in western North Dakota, but were not different under non-irrigated condition in western North Dakota. In both places under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, total applied N rate, residual soil NO₃-N content at 0–120 cm, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) were 15 to 70% lower with the novel than the traditional management practice. Malt barley yield and quality were not different between the two practices in both places. Novel management practices, such as no-till malt barley-pea with reduced N rate_, can simultaneously enhance soil and environmental quality, reduce N input, and sustain crop yield compared with traditional practices in the northern Great Plains, USA.     

Cancer mortality in a population-based cohort of American Indians – The strong heart study

BackgroundCancer mortality among American Indian (AI) people varies widely, but factors associated with cancer mortality are infrequently assessed.MethodsCancer deaths were identified from death certificate data for 3516 participants of the Strong Heart Study, a population-based cohort study of AI adults ages 45–74 years in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota. Cancer mortality was calculated by age, sex and region. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess independent associations between baseline factors in 1989 and cancer death by 2010.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 15.3 years, the cancer death rate per 1000 person-years was 6.33 (95 % CI 5.67–7.04). Cancer mortality was highest among men in North/South Dakota (8.18; 95 % CI 6.46–10.23) and lowest among women in Arizona (4.57; 95 % CI 2.87–6.92). Factors independently associated with increased cancer mortality included age, current or former smoking, waist circumference, albuminuria, urinary cadmium, and prior cancer history. Factors associated with decreased cancer mortality included Oklahoma compared to Dakota residence, higher body mass index and total cholesterol. Sex was not associated with cancer mortality. Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer mortality overall (1.56/1000 person-years), but no lung cancer deaths occurred among Arizona participants. Mortality from unspecified cancer was relatively high (0.48/100 person-years; 95 % CI 0.32−0.71).ConclusionsRegional variation in AI cancer mortality persisted despite adjustment for individual risk factors. Mortality from unspecified cancer was high. Better understanding of regional differences in cancer mortality, and better classification of cancer deaths, will help healthcare programs address cancer in AI communities.     

Western Dakota Winter Counts:

Abstract

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries witnessed the movement of the Western Dakota across the Missouri River and onto the High Plains. Concomitant with this movement were increasing White trade, contact with Whites and other Indian groups, and the impact of disease. The existence of several Western Dakota winter counts provides unique documentation of these groups’ own records of this critical period of change. This paper examines the form and content of Western Dakota winter counts. References to environmental phenomena, locations, inter-group contact, ceremony, disease, and death are examined for changes through the primary migration and early contact period.     

The Seven Pipes of the Dakota Sioux*

Abstract

Ceremonial uses of the seven major pipes of the Dakota Sioux are described.     

A Fortified Earthlodge Village Near Fort Thompson,South Dakota as it Appeared in 1866

Abstract

The accounts of an observant army surgeon of a hundred years ago.

During the summer of 1863, several thousand Santee Sioux and Winnebago Indians were exiled from their traditional homes in Minnesota to the vicinity of Crow Creek on the Missouri River in the present state of South Dakota. An agency for these Indians was established, buildings erected and enclosed by a stockade, and troops stationed there to protect the agency employees and maintain order. The agency and military establishment was named Fort Thompson after Clark W. Thompson, Minnesota Superintendent of Indian Affairs, who had general supervision of the Santee removal.     

The Wind-Roan Bear Winter Count

Abstract

The Wind-Roan Bear winter count represents a calendrical history of segments and/or factions of the Dakota nation pefore, during, and after the massive westward movement of the American populace during the nineteenth century. This record was received by Harold Shunk (Mato Ska), in December, 1948, from Roan Bear, a Minneconjou residing on the Cheyenne Agency Reservation. It is supposedly the efforts of Zephier Rencontre (Wind), a Frenchman who, by marriage and profession, was closely associated with the Dakota. The Wind count covers the period 1796 to 1885. The Roan Bear count, originally the work of Buffalo (Bull) Head continues recording this historical transformation, covering the period 1886 to 1948. Both counts were of the modern variety, being short, written phrases in the Dakota language, reminding the reader of the indicated event (non-pictographic); Shunk recorded only the English translation.

The purpose of this paper is basically threefold: (1) To present the text of the Wind-Roan Bear count as obtained by Mr. Shunk; (2) In presenting the text, to clarify the obscure and/or unknown passages in the count as gathered by James H. Howard in 1953; and (3) To show the good agreement between the two counts in almost all of the clearly translated sections. In addition the writer has critically compared each year's event, or events, with corresponding events as recorded in various other Dakota winter counts. The author has attempted to place each year's event, or events, with corresponciing events as recorded in various other Dakota winter counts. Finally, the author has attempted to place each year's event, or events, in the proper historical perspective; hence, a brief analysis of each record is included therein.     

Two human Skeletons from 39LM227, A Mound near The stricker Site,lyman County,south Dakota

Abstract

Two burials from a mound in central South Dakota are considered to be Arikara from a group ancestral to the Arikara, on the basis of observations and measurements.     

An Unusual Pottery Object from South Dakota

Abstract

A pottery spoon found at the Rosa Site of South Dakota is briefly described and discussed. The item is suggested to be a reinterpreted product of acculturation.     

Wakunza: Uses of Yuwipi Medicine Power in Contemporary Teton Dakota Culture1

Abstract

The Dakota belief in wakuⁿza or “supernatural retribution” is examined as an aspect of contemporary Sioux religion. Belief in this power is reported to be a significant mechanism in the maintenance of social control within Sioux communities on and off the reservation by insuring the chastisement of social deviants. Animistic spirits rather than individuals are attributed with possessing the power to administer justice and reprimand those committing transgressions of the Dakota moral order. Two alternative hypotheses regarding the uses of wakuⁿza are proposed.     

Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie Strumpel Disease)In Historic and Prehistoric Northern Plains Indians

Abstract

Ankylosing spondylitis, a form of chronic, progressive spinalarthritis, occurs in about 0.05% of the population of England today. Sporadic reports of this abnormality have appeared in literature pertaining to paleopathology, but to date there has been little opportunity to identify and study this process in large, well documented populations of all ages and.both sexes. In the study of over 2600 Indian burials from North and South Dakota (at least 1415 of which were over 16years of age at death) representing several periods in time, but primarily of Arikara origin, and showing many representative demonstrations of arthritis, we have observed only one specimen with definite Marie-Strumpel Disease (0.07%). Thisincidence compares closely with that found in modern England (0.05%).     

Fire-Cracked Rock As Tools: Wear-Pattern Analysis

Abstract

Within the last ten years, lithic studies have focused intensively on chipped stone tool technology, particularly biface reduction procedures. Recent analysis of lithic materials from a multi-component Middle Missouri Village site (32ME7) in North Dakota revealed the necessity for intensively examining another artifact class, fire-cracked rock. A considerable quantity of fire-cracked granitic stones exhibited one or more wear patterns assumed to represent wear suggesting recycled procurement and utilization of a common resource. Supplemented by archaeological analogs and analysis of secondary attributes (i.e., archaeological context and systemic context), the wear pattern study resulted in the identification of five functional classes of fire-cracked rock tools.