The Peterson Site (39Lm215) An Earth Lodge Village In The Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

One circular earth lodge and an interhouse test trench were excavated at the Peterson Site by the Smithsonian Institution, Missouri Basin Projec;t in 1958 prior to the flooding of the area by the Big Bend Reservoir. Surface features indicated that the site was an unfortified village of about 40 lodges. The artifact inventory suggests that the village, which has been tentatively assigned to the Fort Thompson Focus, was probably occupied during the mid-18th century.     

Salvage Archaeology at a Site Near Fort Thompson. South Dakota

Abstract

Construction of dams and reservoirs along the Missouri River has resulted in an accelerated program of archaeological field-work. Many sites have been surveyed, numerous others tested, and a lesser number extensively excavated. Surveys and test excavations will add to previously gathered data in terms of the geographical distribution of diagnostic artifacts, speculative routes of migration and cultural diffusion. The minutiae from the tested sites may offer reasons for the re-evaluation of established concepts or they may strengthen current archaeological interpretations.

The Farm School site, reported here, received limited tests. The artifact inventory suggests the presence of 2 ceramic components and contributes to information regarding the Fort Thompson and Campbell Creek foci in South Dakota.     

A Fortified Earthlodge Village Near Fort Thompson,South Dakota as it Appeared in 1866

Abstract

The accounts of an observant army surgeon of a hundred years ago.

During the summer of 1863, several thousand Santee Sioux and Winnebago Indians were exiled from their traditional homes in Minnesota to the vicinity of Crow Creek on the Missouri River in the present state of South Dakota. An agency for these Indians was established, buildings erected and enclosed by a stockade, and troops stationed there to protect the agency employees and maintain order. The agency and military establishment was named Fort Thompson after Clark W. Thompson, Minnesota Superintendent of Indian Affairs, who had general supervision of the Santee removal.     

The Function Of The Old Fort In Central Missouri Oneota Subsistence And Settlement Systems

Abstract

The Old Fort is a large Oneota earthwork enclosure situated on a ridge tope overlooking the Missouri River flood-plain. The objective of this inquiry is to determine how the Old Fort functioned in central Missouri Oneota subsistence and settlement systems. Five tenable functions were formulated as hypotheses, then confronted with data from test excavations at the site. Three hypotheses are rejected; the Old Fort was not a fortified village, a redoubt, or a cemetery. Two hypotheses could not be rejected; however, circumstantial evidence supports the tobacco garden hypothesis more than the firebreak refuge hypothesis since the former can account for all of what is currently known about the Oneota enclosure whereas the latter can not. The Old Fort had no direct or obvious role in the subsistence system.     

Geology of Archeological Site 48SH312, Wyoming

Abstract

Archeological Site 48SH312 occurs upon slightly weathered shale in the uppermost portion ot the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene) of eastern Sheridan County, Wyoming. Only a trace of a paleosol is developed on the shale. Colluvium overlies the shale. The site is a small remnant of a ravine floor which existed during Kaycee time. Physiography of the present ravine and local distribution of resistant lenticular strata in the Fort Union Formation, suggest that the paleo-ravine was a box ravine with near vertical walls of 5-10 meters. Paleosol development, weathering features, and homogeneity of colluvium are interpreted as indicating a surface that represents late Kaycee time and provides a geological age for the site of 3500 to 4000 years before present.     

The Fort Lookout Trading Post Sites - A Reexamination

Abstract

A criticism is made of the identification of site 39LM57, the “Ft. Lookout II of the French Fur Trading Co.” in a recent publication of the River Basin Surveys Papers, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, No. 176. Events in the history of the upper Missouri fur trade, 1822 to 1852, are examined to show that this site was not the location of a post operated by the “French Fur Trading Co. “between 1831 and 1840, or the “La Barge Post” of 1840-1851. The evidence is presented to substantiate the view that there was no “French Company” trading in the Fort Lookout area during the time indicated. Also it is stated that during the 1840’s, the post referred to as “Fort Lookout” was actually the Yankton trading house located on the east side of the Missouri, across the river from the traditional Fort Lookout area.     

A Green Pigment from North Dakota Burial Mounds

Abstract

A clayey, green pigment was found in association with human interments in 3 mounds at the Boundary Mound site (32S11) on the Missouri River 16 miles downstream from Fort Yates, North Dakota.

Samples submitted to the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. were identified by microscopic and chemical analysis as Greensand, a sedimentary deposit containing greenish grains of glauconite. The nearest present day exposure appears to be just south of Wessington Springs, in Jerauld County, South Dakota. This report is the first identifi - cation of greensand as a pigment mineral.     

Physical Evidence on the Origin and Fate of the Panhandle Aspect People

Abstract

Comparison of the populations of four Panhandle Aspect sites (Alibates, Antelope Creek, Matthews Ranch, Footprint) using 28 non-metric traits of the skulls indicates generally close similarity among them, but the Panhandle groups show little similarity to Upper Republican. Antelope Creek and Matthews Ranch show some resemblance to the Fort Coffee skulls of the Fulton Aspect. The same two Panhandle site samples also resemble the Washita River people. Footpnnt is even more similar to Washita River.     

The Black Partizan Site (39Lm218), Big Bend Reservoir: South Dakota: A Preliminary Report

Abstract

The Black partizan Site, a large fortified village situated in the constricted neck of the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Lymar County, South Dakota, was excavated by field parties of the Missouri Basin Project, Smithsonian Institution, during the field seasons of 1957 and 1958.

In total, 15 structures or areas designated as features were investigated. These included 3 midden areas, concentrations of cache pits, sectional cuts through the defensive ditch, and a bastion strong point. Four large circular houses were investigated, 2 in an area just outside of the fortified perimeter and 2 within the village proper. An additional house, probably square, and another of indeterminate outline were also excavated from the latter area.

The artifact collection is large and varied, but to date, only the ceramic sample has been examined in detail. Slightly less than 17,000 sherds were excavated, of which 2400 were rim sections- the latter have been tentatively classified as follows: Russel Ware (plain, diagonal, horizontal incising), Campbell Creek Ware, Talking Crow Ware, Arzberger, and other collared rims. On the basis of ceramics and architectural remains, components related to both the Campbell Creek and Fort Thompson Foci are surely present. A further occupation, poorly defined as yet, seems to equate to Talking Crow C.     

A Site in the Fort Randall Reservoir1

Abstract

Site 39BR201 is an earth-lodge village located in the upper Fort Randall reservoir, Brdle County, South Dakota. Excavation of 1/2 of each of 2 circular earth-lodges, a midden area, and 8 test pits was done in the late summer of 1954 by Paul L. Cooper of the Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Surveys. Talking Crow Straight Rim, Talking Crow Indented, and Cadotte Collared pottery types make up most of the rim sherd sample. The presence of a few fragments of brass and iron in the features indicates a date in the late 17th or early 18th centuries for the occupation of the site. The ceramic material is related to that from the Two Teeth site and the Talking Crow site.     

The Redbird Focus: Cranial Evidence in Tribal Identification

Abstract

The Redbird Focus was defined in 1956, and was initially (Wood 1956) related to both Lower Loup and historic Pawnee Focus materials. Wood (1965) later took the position that Redbird was a more probable antecedent to the historic Ponca. These opposing hypotheses are tested using human crania representing the relevant populations. Samples of the following were available: Arikara from 39ST216, Pawnee from 25BU1 and 25WT1, Omaha from 25DK10 and 25DK2A, Ponca from 25KX1, and Redbird from 25KX9. Cranial measurements in a multivariate context were employed to test Wood’s suggestions regarding: (1) Ponca identification of remains from the Ponca Fort site, 25KX1, and (2) the tribal identity of the Redbird Focus crania. The Ponca Fort site is identified as historic Ponca, but with the probable presence of some Arikara females. The hypothesis that Redbird is antecedent to Ponca is found tenable on the basis of available cranial evidence.     

Temporal Ordering and the Chouteau Aspect

Abstract

Temporal ordering of closely-related sites in the Oahe, Big Bend and Fort Randall Reservoirs of South Dakota may be accomplished by a simple seriation of selected traits common to, and diagnostic of, the related sites. The resultant ordering is best interpreted as three “blocks” of time within a temporal unit. The chronology inferred from the ordering reinforces the present known dates of the Chouteau Aspect as well as sites culturally and temporally marginal to the Chouteau Aspect.     

Childhood rare diseases and the UN convention on the rights of the child

Purpose

The aim of this case control study was to evaluate the prognostic value of automatically quantified retinal vessel tortuosity from fundus images and vessel density from OCT-A in Fabry disease and to evaluate the correlation of these with systemic disease parameters.

Methods

Automatically quantified perimacular retinal vessel tortuosity (MONA REVA software), acquired by fundus imaging, and perifoveal retinal vessel density, acquired by optic coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) were compared between 26 FD patients and 26 controls. Gender and FD phenotype were analyzed to the obtained retinovascular data and correlated to the Mainz severity score index (MSSI) and plasma lyso-Gb3.

Results

Automatically quantified retinal vessel tortuosity indices of FD patients were significantly lower, reflecting an increased vessel tortuosity, compared to controls (p = 0.008). Males with a classical phenotype showed significantly lower retinal vessel tortuosity indices compared to males with an oligosymptomatic phenotype and females with a classical or oligosymptomatic phenotype (p < 0.001). The retinal vessel tortuosity index correlated significantly with systemic disease severity parameters [global MSSI (r = − 0.5; p < 0.01), cardiovascular MSSI (r = − 0.5; p < 0.01), lyso-Gb3 (r = − 0.6; p < 0.01)].

Conclusion

We advocate fundus imaging based automatically quantified retinal vessel tortuosity index over OCT-A imaging as it is a quick, non-invasive, easily assessable, objective and reproducible marker.

     

The Fort Smith Medicine Wheel,Montana

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present information on a stone configuration in southeastern Montana, the Fort Smith Medicine Wheel (Site 24BH220), and to briefly review information on other known medicine wheels in an attempt to discover the function for which it was constructed.     

Longidorus orongorongensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from subsoil of conifer/broadleaved forest

Abstract

Longidorus orongorongensis n. sp. is bisexual and recognisable from its large size (adults over 6 mm long), long odontostyle (145-172 μm), bluntly conoid lip region continuous with the body contour and especially by the posteriorly placed guide ring more than 60 μm from the oral aperture; also the female has a bluntly rounded tailless than an anal body width long. The first stage juvenile has a bluntly rounded tail. Juveniles and adults from one site below virgin forest are described.     

The Poafpybitty Site: A Late Nineteenth Century Kiowa Burial From Southwestern Oklahoma

Abstract

This report concerns the excavation of two Plains Indian burials in southwestern Oklahoma, six miles north of Fort Sill. The landowner, herself a Comanche, had been told by her father that the burials were of Kiowas killed near that place by soldiers from the fort in the latter 1800’s. Removal of the grave fill revealed the skeletons of a middle-aged female and a teenaged boy, plus a large inventory of grave goods acquired both by trade and indigenous manufacture.The grave goods confirm that the burials were Kiowas, buried between 1872 and 1875. The burials from this site are compared to other documented Plains Indian burials.     

Selection intensity in the Pahiras

Quantitative Genetic Variation: Edited by James N. Thompson, Jr., and J. M. Thoday. Academic Press, New York, 1979. $19.50

Sociobiology examined: Edited by Ashley Montagu. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1980. $19.95, cloth; $5.45, paper.

The biology of aging: Edited by John A. Behnke, Caleb E. Finch, and Gairdner B. Moment. Plenum Press, New York, 1978. $18.95     

The Independence Road to Fort Laramie: By Aerial Photograph

Abstract

Aerial photographs have been used to locate the eastern portion of the Oregon Trail, one of the earliest and most frequently used routes west. The section discussed is the section between Independence, Missouri and Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Establishment of the location of the trail resulted from historical knowledge of the approximate whereabouts. Primary sources of the route were diaries of travellers, oral information, original township land plats, and other previously published sources.

Source of the aerial photographs is discussed together with photographic requirements for the study of old roads. The photographs used to identify the Laramie road are organized geographically and are classified by the author in terms of the road visibility on the prints,     

Theodore H. Lewis and his Northeastern Nebraska “Forts”1

Abstract

The inveterate fieldman and surveyor, T. H. Lewis, visited northeastern Nebraska in his quest for archaeological sites in the fall of 1890. He recorded four earthworks there, only one of which (Ponca Fort, 25KX1) was recorded by later workers. His field maps, published here for the first time, are accompanied by comments on the success the author has had in relocating these earthworks. Only Ponca Fort is clearly identifiable today. One enclosure, near the town of Wynot, may be part of the “Bad Village” of the Omaha; another, near Hartington, has been plowed level and yields no surface remains. The fourth earthwork, near the town of Ponca, cannot be located.     

Acetylcholinesterase and ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase in the surgeonfish Acanthurus bahianus around Martinique Island (French West Indies)

Abstract

The biochemical indicators of biological effects of pollutants, ethoxyresorufin-edeethylase (EROD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in Acanthurus bahianus from 10 stations around Martinique Island (French West Indies). Strong induction of EROD was demonstrated in the bay of Fort de France in relation to organic pollution. Depression of AChE may suggest that neurotoxic compounds are having some effects along the east coast.