a Reexamination of Spring Deposited Lithics from Blackwater Draw Locality N0.1

Abstract

Archaeological’ excavations at Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1 from 1962 to 1964 uncovered a number of spring conduits. Several of these contained very high concentrations of Paleo-Indian lithic materials, which exhibited a high polish on their surfaces. Investigations of this phenomenon (Haynes and Agogino 1966) have suggested thatthe distributions and concentration of lithics within spring conduits. are the result of intentional discard (possibly through ritual activity) by Paleo-Indians.     

A Progress Report on a Pre-Ceramic Site at Rattlesnake Draw Eastern New Mexico

Abstract

The Rattlesnake Draw site has produced both Paleo-Indian and Archaic artifacts in a concentrated area centering about a presently dry lake basin. In addition to the artifacts discovered, the investigators have found evidence of the construction of artificial wells during the archaic period. These wells are similar to those earlier discovered at Blackwater Draw, Locality One.     

Unravelling the complexity of salt marsh ‘Fucus cottonii’ forms (Phaeophyceae,Fucales)

Genetic affiliation, nuclear DNA content, and gamete functioning were examined in small salt marsh Fucus from three localities in western Ireland. Individuals with small and dioecious receptacles were found at all localities, but production of germlings was only evident at Locality 1. Here, the Fucus vegetation formed a morphological cline from F. vesiculosus with bladders in the mid-intertidal to small Fucus individuals lacking bladders in the salt marsh of the upper intertidal. Measurements of nuclear DNA content ranged from 1–1.8 pg at this locality, with F. vesiculosus individuals in the lower range. At the two other localities, the small salt marsh Fucus consisted of distinct morphological entities. Microsatellite analyses revealed that individuals at Locality 2 were derived mainly from F. vesiculosus, whereas those from Locality 3 were hybrids between F. vesiculosus and F. spiralis with greatest affiliation to F. spiralis. While the small salt marsh Fucus forms from Locality 2 had high nuclear DNA content (c. 4 pg) and were probably octoploids, the small salt marsh Fucus from Locality 3 formed two groups: one with high (3.9–4.6 pg) and one with low (1.5–1.9 pg) nuclear DNA content. Nuclear DNA content measured in individuals from Locality 3 varied between 1.1–2.8 pg in F. vesiculosus and 2–3.5 pg in F. spiralis, and showed a more or less stepwise increase in both species, consistent with polyploidy. We hypothesize that the small salt marsh Fucus forms originate from genome size changes in the parental taxa.     

Fossil Bison and Artifacts from The Mona Lisa Site,Calgary, Alberta

Abstract

In November, 1968, salvage excavations at the site of an art gallery under construction in urban southwest Calgary, Alberta, Canada, revealed a Paleo-Indian bison kill. The single kill level lay at a depth of more than 250 em. in flood plain deposits of the Bow River, now flowing more than a mile north of the site. The bone bed was overlain by a thick deposit of Mazama Ash (6600 years B.P.). A bone radiocarbon date of 8080 ± 150 years B.P. (G.S.C.-1209) was obtained. Intermittent pedigenesis and fineness of enclosing sediments indicate an overbank flood plain situation for the kill; evidently the site area was repeatedly flooded, probably seasonally, before and after the kill episode. No evidence of a jump-off is present, although this is inconclusive at present. In the 30 square meters excavated at Locality A there was evidence for three activity loci relating to processing of carcasses. The lithic sample includes only crude butchering tools, precluding cultural assignment. Several bone tools, most of them fashioned from tibiae, appear to have been used as expedient and expendable butchering tools at the kill. Some modification of the butchering of lower limbs is noted, apparently to facilitate the production of the bone tools.     

Book Reviews

Abstract

A new genus, Picobryum (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta), including one new species, Picobryum atomicum, is described from the western Cape Province of South Africa. The new taxon is somewhat similar to Syntrichia gametophytically but differs in the trait combination: stem very short, central strand absent; leaves strongly reflexed to squarrose when moist, usually folded longitudinally on one side, bases sheathing, margins plane throughout, irregularly and weakly bordered in 1(–2) rows with somewhat thick-walled, less papillose cells; papillae large, simple to bifid, 1–2 per lumen; paroicous; seta essentially absent; capsule cleistocarpic, globose, and short-apiculate; calyptra mitrate. Locality data for the type of Acaulonopsis fynbosensis R.H.Zander &; Hedd. are corrected in an erratum.     

天山一号冰川前沿生态系统真菌群落结构演替及分布格局

【目的】分析真菌群落结构和多样性随着一号冰川退缩前沿年代序列的变化,揭示真菌群落的演替轨迹及环境因子对群落组成的影响。【方法】采用宏基因组学研究方法,结合生物信息学和统计学分析技术,对取自一号冰川末端表面冰尘,底部和前沿14个样品进行总DNA的提取,ITS基因的扩增并使用Illumina Miseq平台测序,通过相关生物地理化学特性综合分析在不同年代序列下真菌群落结构及其演替规律。【结果】经测序,筛选和质控分析获得185103条rawreads,占78.3%的非单序列在97%的相似度聚类分析共得到300个操作分类单元(OTU),共划分为6个门:子囊菌门(Ascomycota,52.7%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,16.9%)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,15.1%)、接合菌门(Zygomycota,2.4%)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota,1.2%)。从演替初期到后期阶段虽然子囊菌的序列数逐渐下降而担子菌出现缓慢上升趋势,但子囊菌随着土壤年代序列的增加始终为优势类群,壶菌在冰川底部和前沿基层普遍存在且丰度仅次于子囊菌和担子菌。我们在缺乏植被的最新退缩基层发现依靠自养型宿主存活的活体营养菌,如Taphrinomycetes、Urediniomycetes和Ustilaginomycetes。从冰川底部和前沿基层检测到丰度较高的酵母菌,而粪生真菌(coprophilous fungi)仅仅出现在冰川前沿基层,共23个操作分类单元。球囊菌仅在前沿部分样品中存在,有着十分狭小的生态位分布。【结论】一号冰川前沿随着年代序列的增加真菌群落存在明显的演替轨迹和多样性的显著变化,不同生态位真菌类群组成的相似性较低且都存在明显的指示性真菌类群。     

周口店第15地点剥片技术研究

通过对周口店第 1 5地点出土的石核与石片的形态和技术特点的研究 ,本文发现该地点的石片主要由锤击法剥片产生。砸击法的应用已退居辅佐和陪衬的地位。这与周口店第 1地点在剥片技术方面有很大的差异。第 1 5地点石核的形态特征显示两种锤击剥片方式曾应用于该地点 :多向剥片和双向交互剥片 ,表明生活于该地点的古代人类能够成熟而系统地用锤击技术开发利用脉石英材料 ,并可根据原材料的不同状态采取不同的方式生产石片加工石器。该研究认为第 1 5地点的石制品中不存在真正的勒洼娄瓦技术产品。在打片时石器制造者偶尔对石核的工作面进行修理 ,但对台面则基本不做修整 ,直接打片。     

Mayfly fauna (Ephemeroptera) and the biology of the species Potamanthus luteus (L.) in a warmed stretch of the Oslava River

Cooling waters of the Oslavany power station show a depressive effect on the species diversity of mayfly nymphs. Only seven of 35 taxons found in the study area occurred in all localities. In the warmed stretch of the river, the abundance and biomass of mayfly nymphs as well as the production of the most important speciesPotamanthus luteus decreased; a gradual regeneration of the disturbed mayfly population could be observed downstream. In Locality 5, situated 3.5 km downstream from the mouth of cooling waters, the species diversity, abundance, and biomass of mayflies were 69, 30, and 66 per cent, resp., of values found in Locality 1 with natural temperatures; the production ofPotamanthus luteus was 70 per cent of that found in Locality 1.     

Distribution of Mononchoidea (Nematoda: Enoplea) in pasture soils,with description of lotonchus stockdilli n. sp.

Abstract

Across 64 sites 8 species were found, with Clarkus propapillatus at 60 sites, C. composticola at 7, Prionchulus muscorum at 3, Mylonchulus ubis at 7, M. sigmaturus at 1, Cobbonchus australis at 9, lotonchus basidontus at 4, and I. stockdilli n. sp. at 3 sites. Sampling effort varied at the sites and significant annual and management effects have previously been reported on mononchid populations. No clear geographic or soil factor is apparent in the distributions, but more species may occur at sites with higher annual rainfall. lotonchus stockdilli n. sp. is a large (female L = 3.05–5.90 mm), bisexual species with dorsal tooth at the posterior of the sclerite, female tail about 400 μm or 14%, and no cuticular pores in the vulval region.     

Preparation and Properties of a New Type of Acyclic,Achiral Nucleoside Analogue

Abstract

Preparation of the nucleoside analogues 1 and incorporation of 1, B = T, in deoxyribooligonucleotides by the phosphoramidite method is described. A two-step deprotection procedure was developed to reduce cleavage of the modified allylic unit. The binding properties of the modified oligonucleotides towards complementary DNA and RNA has been evaluated by T_m measurements showing a ΔT_m of ?2 to ?6.5°C per modification. An oligonucleotide with two modifications at the 3′-end showed considerable resistance towards cleavage by a 3′-exonuclease. No antiviral activity against HIV-1 or HSV-1 was found for 1, B = G or T, or for any of the trihydroxy derivatives 5.     

Hemiacodon engardae, a new species of omomyid primate from the earliest Uintan Turtle Bluff Member of the Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA

In this paper, we describe a new species of Hemiacodon known only from University of Colorado Museum Loc. 92189 (Donna's Locality) in the Turtle Bluff Member of the Bridger Formation, Green River Basin, southwestern Wyoming. Donna's locality has yielded a diverse mostly small-bodied mammalian assemblage of Bridgerian and first appearance Uintan mammalian taxa, as well as range-through taxa. Together with H. engardae sp. nov., the faunal assemblage from Donna's Locality and more recently discovered localities in the same stratigraphic interval provides the first conclusive paleontological evidence of an earliest Uintan age (Ui1A biochron) for the Turtle Bluff Member of the Bridger Formation.The new species is represented by a sample of 11 specimens consisting of well-preserved upper and lower premolars and lower molars. H. engardae is distinct from H. gracilis on the basis of overall larger size as well as a combination of features of the premolars and molars related to a greater development of shearing crests. This suggests that H. engardae may have incorporated more foliage into its diet than the Bridgerian species, H. gracilis.     

百色大梅遗址第一地点发掘简报

大梅遗址位于百色右江区东南的右江北岸,最初发现于1982年。该遗址包括三个地点,分别位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级河流阶地上。2005年8月至2006年1月,广西文物保护与考古研究所对该遗址进行抢救性考古发掘,其中第一地点(A区)发掘面积1100m~2,第二地点(包括B、C、E区)发掘面积1900m~2,第三地点(D区)发掘面1000m~2,总揭露面积4000m~2。该点出土石制品314件,包括砾石、石核、石片、石锤、石器等。石制品原料以石英岩为主,剥片和修理主要采用锤击法,工具多用砾石直接加工而成,类型有砍砸器、手镐、刮削器、尖状器等,刮削器数量最多。根据地层和出土石制品的特征推断,第一地点的时代应为旧石器时代晚期。     

河南郑州老奶奶庙第3地点初步研究

老奶奶庙第3地点位于河南省郑州市,年代距今约4.5万年或稍早。2016年度的发掘,发现动物化石575件,石制品66件。从遗物的密度和分布情况来看,本遗址应为第1地点或其它中心营地外围的临时性地点,古人类曾在此活动,但并不频繁。动物化石的种属组合揭示出当时应为草原-疏林景观。石制品属于典型的华北地区小石片石器工业,与本区MIS3阶段其他遗址工业面貌相似,应属于同一技术体系。     

宁夏水洞沟遗址第2地点发掘报告

水洞沟第2地点是水洞沟遗址群的重要遗址之一, 自2003年来共进行了4次发掘, 揭露面积约100m2, 发现7个文化层, 包含用火遗迹、石制品、动物化石、串珠装饰品和磨制骨针等。本文观察和研究的石制品1万余件, 总体上显示中国北方石片石器工业的技术特征, 但最下部第7文化层出土1件具有水洞沟第1地点特征的石叶石核。动物化石比较破碎, 集中分布于火塘内部或周围, 反映了古人类围绕火塘进行肉类资源利用的行为。综合水洞沟第2地点的AMS14C及光释光测年数据,该地点主要文化层年龄集中在距今41ka-20ka BP之间。     

Thiosugars. X. Novel Nucleoside Analogues Derived from 4-Thio-L-lyxofuranose

Abstract

1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-4-thio-L-lyxofuranose 1 was transformed into O-benzyl- and O-acetyl-protected 1-(4-thio-L-lyxofuranosyl) nucleoside derivatives by use of the TMSOTf method. Debenzylation with boron tribromide or deacetylation with sodium methoxide yielded the corresponding pyrimidine (7–11, 17, 18, 26 and 27) and purine (29 and 34) nucleoside analogues. The anomeric configurations were determined by NMR spectroscopy and, in the case of the 5-halo- (7–9) and nitrouridine derivative 11 and the 6-methylcytidine derivative 27, by X-ray structural analyses. – The unprotected nucleosides were not antivirically inhibitory at 250 µM.     

Constituents of the Essential Oil of Chrysanthemum japonense var. debile

One hundred fifty strains of actinomycetes were isolated from soils on plate cultures containing beet arabinan as the sole carbon source. About one-third of the culture fluids were found to have arabinosidase activity. A wild-type strain, Streptomyces sp. No. 17-1, was selected as the best producer of arabinosidase. The highest enzymatic activity was obtained in the culture fluid when the initial pH was adjusted to 9.0. An α-l-arabinofuranosidase was highly purified from the culture filtrate of No. 17-1 by combining column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be about 92, 000, and its isoelectric point was pH 4.4. The enzymatic activity was maximum at pH 6.0 and was completely inhibited by Hg²⁺. The apparent Km value of the enzyme for p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside was determined to be 3.6 mM.     

Nucleosides and Nucleotides. 192. Toward the Total Synthesis of Cyclic ADP-Carbocyclic-Ribose. Formation of the Intramolecular Pyrophosphate Linkage by a Conformation-Restriction Strategy in a Syn-form Using a Halogen Substitution at the 8-Position of the Adenine Ring

Abstract

The synthesis of cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose (2), as a stable mimic for cyclic ADP-ribose, was investigated. Construction of the 18-membered backbone structure was successfully achieved by condensation of the two phosphate groups of 19, possibly due to restriction of the conformation of the substrate in a syn-form using an 8-chloro substituent at the adenine moiety. SN2 reactions between an optically active carbocyclic unit 8, which was constructed by a previously developed method, and 8-bromo-N ⁶-trichloroacetyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine 9c gave N-1-carbocyclic derivative, which was deprotected to give 5′,5′-diol derivatives 18. When 18 was treated with POCl₃ in PO(OEt)₃, the bromo group at the 8-position was replaced to give N-1-carbocyclic-8-chloroadenosine 5′,5′-diphosphate derivative 19 in 43% yield. Treatment of 19 with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride gave the desired intramolecular condensation product 20 in 10% yield. This is the first chemical construction of the 18-membered backbone structure containing an intramolecular pyrophosphate linkage of a cADPR-related compound with an adenine base.     

Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of C-5 Substituted Analogues of D4T Bearing Methylamino- or Methyldiamino-Linker Arms

Abstract

A general strategy is reported for the preparation of C-5-methylamino- or methyldiamino-d4T analogues of “different sizes”. Reactions of the 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-C-5 hydroxymethyl precursor (7) with either polymethylene diamines (n = 6, 8, 10 and 12) or propargylamine proceed regioselectively via subtitution reactions at the C-5 position of uracil. The compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. No significant activity was observed for compounds 9, 11, and 13, but 10 and 12 exhibited a weak activity against HIV-1.     

山东平邑第四纪裂隙中哺乳动物群及其生态学意义

平邑动物群产自4个地点（裂隙）、3个层位,由14属15种（分属食虫类、翼手类、兔形类、啮齿类、食肉类和偶蹄类）构成。这些化石反映出该地中更新世期间有一个从温暖的森林环境向干冷的荒漠草原环境又向温暖的灌丛草原环境转化的过程。     

Location on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium of genes governing pyrimidine metabolism. II. Uridine kinase, cytosine deaminase and thymidine kinase

Summary The remaining unmapped genes encoding known functions of the pyrimidine salvage pathways have been located on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium. The gene, cod, encoding cytosine deaminase, udk, encoding uridine kinase and tdk, encoding thymidine kinase were located at 108, 69, and 53 min respectively. The following gene orders were established: serA-metC-argE-cod-strA; cdd-metG-udk-his; and pyrF-cysB-trp-tdk-his. The gene tdk lies in that region of the S. typhimurium chromosome which is inverted with respect to E. coli; its mapping further defines the limits of the inverted segment.Paper No. 1 of this series: Beck, C. F. and J. L. Ingraham, Molec. Gen. Genetics 111, 303–316 (1971).