Attitudes Toward Companion Animals Among Hispanic Residents of a Texas Border Community

The researchers surveyed 206 residents of a Hispanic community on the Texas-Mexico border about their behaviors and attitudes toward companion animals. Selected members of the community administered a telephone survey to a systematic random sample of 206 individuals. The majority of participants believed that free-roaming dogs were a problem in their community, and nearly 81% responded that these dogs sometimes prevented them from walking outdoors. About 24% of dog guardians sometimes let their nonhuman animals roam free in the streets. Most study participants believed it was a good idea to sterilize both male and female dogs and cats, but only 11% of respondents' dogs and 27% of cats were sterilized. About 62% of households chained dogs outdoors; persons with an elementary-level education were 7 times more likely to chain their dogs than those who had completed some high school. The Hispanic population of the United States is growing rapidly; to guide officials charged with protecting animal welfare and the public health, it will become increasingly important to understand Hispanics' attitudes and behaviors toward companion animals.     

Attitudes Toward Animals Among Norwegian Adolescents

ABSTRACT

Attitudes towards a wide range of animals were measured among a sample of 562 children and adolescents, aged between 9 and 15 years, from one urban and two rural areas in Southern Norway. The respondents completed a questionnaire based on Kellert's (1996) attitude typology toward animals. The results showed that the humanistic attitude type ranked first, followed by the moralistic, ecologistic, naturalistic, negativistic, dominionistic, and utilitarian attitude types. Gender differences appeared on the moralistic and negativistic (girls highest), and the naturalistic, dominionistic, and utilitarian (boys highest) sub-scales. Scores on the ecologistic, naturalistic, and dominionistic sub-scales decreased with increasing age. Urban respondents had higher moralistic, and rural respondents had higher dominionistic sub-scale scores. Respondents who owned a pet had higher humanistic, moralistic, and lower utilitarian sub-scale scores than had non-owners.     

Attitudes Toward Animals: Origins and Diversity

Abstract

It would be difficult to overestimate the significance of animals in the social and psychological life of our species. Images of animals are everywhere: in our language, religions, dreams, television programs, and folklore. The feelings that we exhibit toward our fellow creatures are intense, complex, and paradoxical. Responses to animals range from the disgust we feel when confronted with a bloated tick to the reverence for animals as deities in so-called primitive cultures; from the love of a child for a pet bunny to the paralyzing fear of phobic experiences when confronted by a harmless spider.

In recent years there has been increasing interest in human-animal relationships by investigators from a variety of disciplines. We will not attempt a synthesis of the growing literature on attitudes toward animals, but will follow a different course. For the past decade we have been exploring the diversity and origins of human-animal relationships, and our research has taken us into some rather odd places: cockfights in the United States and Latin America, slaughterhouses, and most recently, the world of supermarket check-out-counter magazines. In this article, we will summarize some of our findings and speculations that bear on the subject of attitudes toward animals. We will also briefly examine alternative methods of gathering information that do justice to the richness of human experience with animals.     

Recent Gully Formation In Prairie Areas Of The Northern. Great Plains*

Abstract

Modern gully formation in the Great Plains and Southwestern United States has been attributed variously to overgrazing, farming, and climatic change. Pre-settlement prairie fires in the Northern Great Plains burned the protective vegetation so that gradients of drainageways were adjusted to more sediment than they receive today when wild fires are uncommon. Gully cutting may be an adjustment of the gradient to new conditions. Erosion caused by overgrazing today may not be different from that caused by wild grazing animals in the pre-settlement period.     

The Glendo Skeleton And Its Meaning In Light Of Post-Contact Racial Dynamics In The Great Plains

Abstract

A protohistoric burial from the Glendo Site in eastern Wyoming produced a nearly complete human skeleton of a young adult female. Osteological analysis of the specimen reveals predominantly Caucasoid physical characteristics. A skeleton exhibiting such an anatomical pattern, and coming from a grave clearly exhibiting Plains.lndian cultural affinities, raises interesting but somewhat difficult questions for interpretation.     

Fortified Villages In The Northern Plains*

Abstract

The varied defensive systems of villages in the northern Plains are used as the basis for an inference of change in the patterns of warfare.     

Toward a Cultural Understanding of Human Microevolution on the Great Plains

Abstract

In order to explain the patterns of similarities and differences among the Plains skeletal populations analyzed by physical anthropologists, the populations must be viewed in the context of the sociocultural systems whichproduced them. Close cooperationbetween physical anthropologists, archaeologists, ethnohistorians, and linguistsis needed if this is to be accomplished. This paper attempts to set the stage for such studies by sketching out some of the aspects of the Plains Indian cultural environment which affected population genetics, material culture, and communications systems. On this basis, an attempt is made to interpret the results of some of the other papers in this volume.     

Craniometric Variation In The Northern And Central Plains

Abstract

Cranial measurements of 13 male and 12 female samples from the Central and Northern Plains region were subjected to canonical analysis. The samples include historic or protohistoric crania that can be ascribed to the Arikara, Mandan, Pawnee, Ponca and Omaha tribes. In addition, two samples belong to the archaeologically defined St. Helena Focus. Both sexes yielded five significant canonical variates, although only four were readily interpretable. The first canonical variate is clearly a Siouan-Caddoan discriminator and reflects variation in cranial vault height. St. Helena sites associate with the Arikara on this axis, supporting previous craniometric analyses which suggest a relationship between these two groups. Subsequent canonical variates deal with more particular aspects of craniometric variation among groups, but are still interpretable in historic or evolutionary terms. The classificatory analysis shows that the Arikara sites are closely related. A major exception to this is the Sully site, which frequently misclassifies with non-Arikara groups. This suggests that the Sully crania have little collective reality; and that there may be non-Arikara components represented at the Sully Site.     

Chinese University Students' Attitudes Toward the Ethical Treatment and Welfare of Animals

An important step in ensuring ethical animal treatment and welfare is to understand people's attitudes toward them. However, research is lacking from some Asian countries, such as China. This needs improvement. In this study I asked Chinese university students about their attitudes toward animal welfare issues. The students reported strong concern for the treatment of animals across a broad spectrum of issues, although the level of concern varied according to the issue. The results are in agreement with recent research showing that Chinese society displays generally positive attitudes and behaviors toward animal welfare initiatives. This study, combined with previous work reported in the literature, suggests that the Chinese public is perhaps philosophically ready to accept and support the urgent changes needed to improve animal welfare standards in their country.     

The Great Bend Aspect: A Multivariate Investigation Of Its Origins And Southern Plains Relationships

Abstract

The origins of the Great Bend aspect as well as its relations with a series of southern Plains sites are analyzed using ceramic attributes and multivariate statistics. Although the data is inadequate in certain areas the results suggest that in-situ development from earlier cultural groups is a more likely explanation than is a migration of peoples from the southern Plains.     

Physiological Investigation of Emotional Responses In Animals And Man

This survey is not intended as an exhaustive review of investigations of Soviet authors on emotional responses in animals and man. This is not only due to the voluminousness of the factual material. We have tried to concentrate on the physiology of emotions in the strict and proper sense of the term. Such an approach immediately obviates the necessity of treating studies devoted to complex nonconditioned responses (instincts) as integral acts of adaptative behavior. It is quite clear that the involvement of the nervous mechanisms of emotions in the formation of a nonconditioned response is only one of many links in a chain of events. Moreover, the emotional component is not identical with the nonconditioned response as a whole. On the other hand, we are justified in considering the problem of needs and motivations as individually distinct components of adaptative behavior to be beyond the range of this survey. Although need [potrebnosf] is the basis of any emotional response, the mechanism of its occurrence and its transformation into goal-directed drive (motivation) have their own unique functional characteristics and their own morphological substrate.     

Demography And Disease Patterns In A Protohistoric Plains Group: A Study ofthe Mobridge Site (39WW1)

Abstract

Epidemic disease has often been cited as the major factor causing historic depopulation of Native American groups. Because a range of infectious diseases introduced by Europeans struck different tribes at different times, the effects of these diseases or the outbreak of epidemics were not uniform for all groups. The Arikara of the American Plains wereamong the last North American Indian groups to experience direct contact with Europeans. However, indirect contact with introduced infectious diseases may have reduced these Plains protohistoric groups prior to established relations with Europeans. Historic depopulation of the Arikara and a demographic study of the skeletal remains from the Mobridge site (39WW1 l are the focus of this case study of the protohistoric population dynamics of a Native American group. Disease patterns are used in the demographic analysis to aid in the interpretation of observed mortality patterns. Evaluation of the skeletal remains from the Mobridge Site includes life table reconstruction and differential diagnosis of skeletal pathology complexes. Results of these analyses show that certain underlying disease processes evident skeletally correspond to deviations in the age distribution. Thus; the protohistoric mortality patterns of Mobridge appear to reflect the early stages of impact from introduced diseases.     

Eating With Your Favourite Mother: Time And Sociality In A Brazilian Amerindian Community

This article is based on an ethnographic account of parent-child relations in a Caboclo-Indian community of south Bahia, Brazil. Raising a child by providing care and food is valued to such an extent that a child's mother may be the woman the child has chosen to be its mother. Choice is not understood as an act of free will, but as a time-frame in the sense that choosing one's mother is a way of emphasizing the possibility of the unmaking or reversibility of parent-child links. The article suggests a 'sociality of becoming a being-in-the-world' as an alternative not only to the notion of socialization but also to the theoretical link between kinship and society.

The Kid has changed the world and myself. Not in the beginning But bit by bit, As I became attached to him Andrei Tarkovskij, The sacrifice

     

The Pet Relationship Scale: Replication of Psychometric Properties in Random Samples and Association With Attitudes Toward Wild Animals

Abstract

Recent interest in the human-companion animal bond (HCAB) has been reflected in increased efforts to develop self-report attitudinal scales about affectionate relationships with pet Animals. A recent review and critique of pet attitude assessments indicated that most scale development efforts used small nonrandom samples, did not report psychometric characteristics, and paid inadequate attention to concurrent validation of the resulting measures. This article reports on the continued refinement and validation of the Pet Relationship Scales (PRS) in a large random sample independent from the two samples used to develop the scales. The random sample showed distinct differences in responses as compared with the two previously used samples, highlighting the need to test animal attitudes in samples drawn from the general population, and to examine them in greater detail in relation to other personal and situational factors that might mediate the influence of attitudes on behavior directed toward animals.     

Attitudes Toward Women Physicians: A Study of 500 Clinic Patients

A questionnaire was administered to 500 clinic patients and their replies about men and women physicians were analyzed. Ninety-six percent stated that the typical doctor is a man, and 78 percent expressed a preference for a male doctor. A significant number of patients said they would be unwilling to discuss certain subjects with a woman doctor or to follow her advice. Women physicians were considered less competent and less experienced than their male counterparts.Attitudes toward women doctors were correlated with patients'' sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, and chief complaint. Most impressive statistically were the negative attitudes of Spanish-speaking patients and the positive responses of obstetrics and gynecology patients and black women patients. Patients who had previously consulted women physicians were more favorable toward them, suggesting that increased exposure may lead to reduced prejudice.     

实验动物骨髓改良组织病理学评价

骨髓组织病理学评价能够提供关于造血系统和药物相关毒性的重要信息,对于某种损伤的诊断,可以使用很多术语。为了提高评价的一致性,近年来,世界各国药品管理和专业学术机构都非常重视诊断术语的标准化,强调使用描述性的而不是解释性的术语。美国毒性病理学会（STP）推荐的“淋巴器官改良组织病理学评价”方法,其作为能够运用的一种工具来协助毒性病理学工作者辩识评价具有免疫调控作用的药物,具有较高学术价值。文中对骨髓的标本制备,基本形态学特征,改良组织病理学诊断要点以及评价方法进行了归纳和概括性介绍,为相关领域的科研人员提供参考。     

Toward A Partial Understanding Of Complexity In Arikara Mortuary Practice

Abstract

Ethnohistorical references on Arikara mortuary practice are summarized, and the recently proposed hypothesis that Arikara mortuary practice was more complex than previously suspected is evaluated. In addition, the ethnohistorical sources are reinterpreted, and it is proposed that some Arikara mortuary complexity was directly related to season of death.